जन की विकासशील भाषा हिन्दी -भागवत झा आज़ाद
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
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- lekhak- shri bhagavat jha azad
mahatma gaandhi ne hindi ko janata ki jahnavi kaha tha. gaandhi ji bhashavidh ya sahityakar nahian the. kiantu ve unhean bhali bhaanti janate v pahachanate the, jinake jatiy nirman ke sath sath bhasha ka udbhav hota hai. unake jnan ke pichhe sudirgh anubhav aur vyapak jan sanpark ka adhar tha. gangotri se udit hokar haridvar ke samatal tak ate ate ganga mean kee nadiyaan milati haian, jaise piandar, alakananda, mandakini, bhagirathi adi. thik isi prakar hindi bhi kee janapadiy evan mahajanapadiy boliyoan aur bhashaoan ke milan ka pratiphal hai. jatiy vikas ke sath sath bhasha ke vikas ka itihas bhi nirmit hota rahata hai. isalie bhasha ki vikas katha mean kisi bhi samaj ka saanskritik, arthik aur rajanitik pratibianb jhalak marata hai. hindi jis madhy desh ki udar aur pavan punit dharati se upaji hai, usi dharati ne bharat ke vyaktitv ko ‘vasudhaiv kutumbakam’ aur ‘satyamev jayate’ ki garima se mandit kiya hai. yahaan kee janapadoan aur mahajanapadoan ka maha sangam hai. isi dharati ke anuroop yahaan ki yah bhasha hindi anekanek bhashaoan, boliyoan ki saras dharaoan ke sammilan se gahari, vyapak aur udar ban gee hai.
bhasha vaijnanikoan ka mat hai ki manav samaj jab jan arthath kabile ke roop mean sangathit ho raha tha, tabhi us jan ki bhasha vikasit hone lag gee hogi. bhasha ka nirman tabhi ho gaya hoga, jab jan ghumantoo jivan vyatit karane ka adi tha. kririshi sabhyata ke ate ate vibhinn janoan ki boliyoan athava bhashaoan ne ek nishchit svaroop grahan kar liya hoga. isamean hajaroan sal lage hoange. is kram mean ek bhasha ka doosare jan ki bhasha par prabhav p dana svabhavik tha. ek jan ka doosare jan se milan hota hi hoga, unake sath vicharoan ka adan pradan bhi anivary tha. is prakar do ya tin boliyoan athava bhashaoan ke bich shabdoan ka adan pradan bhi hone laga hoga.
krishi sabhyata ke avirbhav ke bad vibhinn vyavasayoan ke karan vyapar ki shuruat huee hogi. vyapar ki prakriya tab tak poori nahian ho sakati jab tak koee bazar n ho. is bazar ke karan vibhinn bhashaoan aur boliyoan ke vikasit aur samriddh hone ki asim sambhavanaean utpann ho geean hoangi. bazar ek aisa keandr tha jahaan ek janapad ke log hi nahian, vibhinn janapadoan ke log (jan) ekatr hote hoange. aisi sthiti mean in janoan mean se kisi ek ki bhasha apani tejasvita aur kshamata ke adhar par, apane janapad ki sima ka atikraman karake vibhinn janapadoan ki sanpark bhasha ban jati hogi. sansar ki jitani bhi samriddh evan sashakt bhashaean huee haian unaka vikas kafi had tak isi kram mean hua hai.
achary dandi ke anusar, ‘yah srishti aandhakar mean doob gee hoti, yadi vani ka avirbhav n hua hota.’ is kathan mean atishanyokti ho sakati hai, kiantu isaki sarthakata par sandeh nahian kiya ja sakata. bhasha hamean ek doosare se jo dati hai. isake madhyam se ham n keval apane parivar aur samaj se ju date haiaian balki isase apani pahachan bhi sthapit karate haian. bhasha hamare manavochit gunoan aur buddhi ke vikas me svabhavik roop se sahayak siddh hoti hai. bhasha ke madhyam se ham keval apane vicharoan ka adan pradan hi nahian karate haian balki, hamara aantarik chiantan bhi bhasha ki sahayata se hi sanbhav hota hai. yahi karan hai ki jatiy sanskriti aur usaki bhasha mean gahara sanbandh hai.
sarvavidit hai ki bharat mean char bhasha parivar haian, ary bhasha parivar, dravi d bhasha parivar, kol bhasha parivar aur naga bhasha parivar. 1931 ki janaganana ke anusar ary bhasha bhashi 73 pratishat, dravi d bhasha bhashi 20 pratishat, nishad (kol) ary bhasha bhashi 1.3 pratishat aur kirat (naga) bhasha bhashi 0.85 pratishat the. 1961 ki janaganana ke anusar 1200 bhashaoan ko matribhasha ke roop mean likhaya gaya tha. in bhasha parivaroan mean kafi bhinnata rahi hai, kiantu yah nahian kaha ja sakata ki ek bhasha ka doosari bhasha par prabhav bilkul nahian p da. bhasha vaijnanikoan ke anusar dravi d bhasha parivar ki bahut si dhvaniyaan yooropiy bhashaoan mean parilakshit hoti haian, jabaki unamean ary parivar ki ki sanskrit ki dhvani ka prabhav hai. isalie yah kahana thik nahian hoga ki ary bhasha parivar aur dravi d bhasha parivar mean poori tarah sanskritigat bhinnata hai. pashchimottar bharat mean dravi d bhasha parivar ki upasthiti ke praman mile haian.
idhar bahut se vidvanoan ne ary dravi d bhashaoan ki moolabhoot ekata vishayak shodh kary ke aantargat ary bharatiy boliyoan ki prakriti aur ary dravi d shabd bhandar ka samy darshaya hai. in vidvanoan mean pramukh haian prophesar em. bi. emenyoo (keliphorniya), daॅ. bhagavanadas, prophesar jitr sundar reddi, daॅ. kailashachandr bhatiya adi.
prachin kal se bharat ka madhyadesh dharmik, saanskritik, arthik aur rajanitik kary kalapoan ka pramukh keandr raha hai. madhy pradesh vastav mean vah bhaugolik ikaee thi, jisaki pratishtha vaidik, saanskritik ekata ke adhar par huee. bikaner (jahaan sarasvati aantardhan huee) se lekar ganga yamuna tak ke pradesh aur bihar mean sadanira (gandaki) tak ke kshetr isaki sima mean ate the. isi madhy desh mean bharat ki vibhinn sashakt bhashaoan chhaandas, sanskrit, pali, prakrit, shauraseni, apabhransh adi ka nirman hua. yahi ram, krishna, mahavir aur buddh ki janmabhoomi thi aur yahian vedoan aur brahman granthoan ki rachana huee.
sabase prachin granth rrigved ki rachana pashchimottar bharat mean shuroo huee aur ganga yamuna ke doab mean akar poori huee. yah granth chhaandas bhasha mean hai. kuchh vidvanoan ka mat hai ki chooanki rrigved chhand mean likha gaya hai, isalie isaki bhasha ko chhaandas kaha gaya hai. bhasha vaijnanikoan ke anusar, pratyek yug mean parinishthit bhasha ke samanaantar koee n koee tejasvini, sashakt, lokabhasha bhi vikasit hoti rahati hai. koee bhasha tabhi tak chahuanmukhi vikas kar pati hai jab tak usaka sanpark am janata se rahata hai. jivit bhasha nirantar vikasashil rahati hai. vyakaran ki maryadaoan mean abaddh hone ke bad parinishthit athava sahityik bhasha janata se door hone lagati hai aur vah any lok bhashaoan ke shabd bhandar udaratapoorvak grahan karane mean asamarth ho jati hai. isalie kuchh vidvanoan ka vichar hai ki chhaandas ke samanaantar lokabhasha ke roop mean kabhi n kabhi sanskrit prachalit rahi hogi. is ukti me kuchh vidvanoan ka matabhed hai. daॅ. suniti kumar chaturjya aur pan. chandradhar sharma guleri jaise vidvanoan ke vichar se yahaan mool bhasha prakrit rahi hogi. prakrit ko sanskarit karake hi sanskrit bhasha ka nirman hua hoga, kiantu ek bat nishchit si hai ki parinishthit athava sahityik bhasha am bolachal ki bhasha nahian hoti.
bhagavan buddh ke avirbhav ke samay sanskrit ek parinishthit aur sahityik bhasha ke roop mean sanpoorn aryavart mean phail chuki thi. bhagavan buddh ke anuyayiyoan ne unake upadeshoan ke prachar prasar ke lie sanskrit ko madhyam n banakar, pali bhasha ko hi upayukt samajha. isaka matr karan yahi tha ki pali un dinoan sarvavyapi lokabhasha thi. bauddh dharm ka madhyam banakar pali bhasha bharat se bahar any deshoan lanka, chin, barma mean bhi ja pahuanchi, jahaan bauddh dharm ka prakash ja pahuancha tha.
vistar mean n jakar yahaan itana likhane se kam chal jaega ki pali bhasha ke parinishthit aur maryadit hone ke bad prakrit shauraseni aur apabhransh jaisi lokabhasha ka parinishthit bhasha ke roop mean vikas hua aur kalaantar mean dasavian sadi ke as pas navy bharatiy ary bhashaoan ka avirbhav hua. in navy bharatiy ary bhashaoan ne dasavian se chaidahavian sadi ke bich svaroop grahan kar liya. in bhashaoan mean pramukh thi hindi, bangala, gujarati, marathi, panjabi, asamiya, u diya, siandhi adi. desh ka rajanitik, saanskritik aur arthik keandr aur madhy desh ki pramukh bhasha ke roop mean hindi ko hi pratishtha mili, jo vibhinn janapadiy bhashaoan ke shabd bhandar aur sahity ki sahayata se vikasashil aur pravahaman bani rahi.
bharat mean hindi ko keval bhasha nam se abhihit kiya jata tha. samast bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie arabi pharasi mean ‘hindavi’ shabd ka upayog chhathi shatabdi ke badashah nausheravaan (531-579 ee0) ke darabar me rahane vale vidvanh hakim bajaroya ki pustak mean milata hai. hakim bajaroya ne panchatantr ka anuvad ‘kalila v dimana’ (karakatak v damanak) nam se kiya tha. is pustak ki bhoomika nausheravaan ke mantri bujarch mihir ne likhi thi. unhoanne bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie ‘hindavi’ shabd ka pahale pahal prayog kiya tha. kuchh vidvanoan ka mat hai ki bharat mean pahali bar, amir khusaro ne chaidahavian sadi mean madhyadesh ki bhasha ke lie ‘hindi’ shabd ka prayog kiya.
kiantu ham dekhate haian ki khusaro ke bahut bad kabir, jayasi, tulasidas, keshavadas adi mahakaviyoan ne madhyadesh ki sarvadeshik bhasha (‘hindi’) ke lie keval ‘bhasha’ shabd ka hi prayog kiya. udaharan ke lie:-
sanskrit kabira koop jal, bhasha bahata nir -kabir
adi ant jasi kaththa ahai, likhat bhasha chaipaee kahe -jayasi
bhasha bhanati mor mati thori -tulasidas
baharahal hindi shabd ke bhanvar jal mean n phasakar yah dekhana chahie ki madhyadesh ki yah bhasha kab sarvadeshik bhasha huee. kuchh vidvanoan ki manyata hai ki kh di boli hindi ke adi kavi amir khusaro ka janm san 1253 mean uttar pradesh ke eta zile mean hua tha. unake pita turki ke kisan the. jahir hai inaki matribhasha n to hindi thi aur n pharasi. yah bhi ajib bat hai ki bahar se ane vale turk, pathan ya mugal mean se kisi ki matribhasha pharasi nahian thi kiantu in lagoan ne bharat mean shasan sthapit karane ke bad pharasi ko hi rajabhasha banaya kyoanki un dinoan pharasi ka saanskritik prabhutv n keval eeran mean, balki arab aur afaganistan mean bhi sthapit ho gaya tha. isase yah siddh hota hai ki bhasha ka sanbandh sanskriti se gahare roop se ju da hai, dharm se nahian, anyatha un sabhi deshoan ki rajabhasha arabi hoti, jahaan musalamanoan ka shasan tha. amir khusaro ne pharasi aur sanskrit ke atirikt hindi mean bhi rachanaean ki thi. unaki paheliyaan aur mukariyaan aj tak prachalit haian. amir khusaro nijamuddin auliya ke shishy the aur jab unhoanne auliya ke nidhan ka samachar suna to du:kh se vayagr hokar likha:
gauri sovat sej par mukh par dare kes
chal khusaro ghar apanoan, rain bhayo chahu des
nishchay hi aj hindi mean aur khusaro ki in panktiyoan mean bahut aantar nahian hai. madhyadesh ki lokabhasha hindi ka prabhav maharashtr aur gujarat tak ja pahuancha tha. maharashtr ke sant jnaneshvar (1275-76) ki panktiya, is sandarbh mean padhane yogy haian.
sab ghat dekha manik maula
kaise kahooan maian kala dhavala
pancharang se nyara koee,
lena ek aur dena doee..
isi prakar sant jnanadev ji gujarat ke narasianh mehata ne is bhasha mean bhajan likhe. madhyadesh ki yah bhasha maharashtr ke santoan tak hi simit nahian thi, balki tamasha namak lok naty ke madhyam se am janata tak ja pahuanchi thi. tamasha ke ek patr chh didar ki bhasha ka namoona dekhie:
chh didar: ham chh didar, poshak pena (pahana) j didar, gale mean dala bhav motin ka har,
jnan dhyan ki baandhi talavar bhagavan ke nam pukarooan lalakar,
ye hi chh didar kahalate haian.
patil: tumane kahaan naukari banaee ?
chh didar: dashavatar mean.
patil: kaun se dash avatar mean ?
chh didar: machchh, kachchh, varah, narasianh, vaman, parashuram, ram, shrikrishna, bauddh kalanki aise maharaj ke desh avatar me naukari banaee.
kaha to yah jata hai ki maharashtr mean hindi vani mahanubhav panth ke pravartak chakradhar (1194-1273) ke madhyam se hi pahuuanch gee thi. idhar bangal mean prachalit brajabuli ke sanbandh mean sarvavidit hai ki yah maithili aur brajabhasha ke milan se nirmit bhasha thi. daॅ. suniti kumar chatujrya ke anusar turk logoan ke ane se pahale bangal mean matribhasha ke alava shauraseni ya pachhaee apabhransh mean bhi vahaan ke bauddh brahman dharm kavi kavy rachana karate the. bangal se pathan rajy ki samapti ke bad mugal rajy ke prachar prasar ke sath hi bangal mean hindi ko badhava mila. daॅ. suniti kumar chatujrya ne 1948 mean peris ki ek sabha mean hindi ki vakalat karate hue kaha tha ki ise rashtrasangh ki bhasha banaya jana chahie. n jane bad mean chalakar unhean kya hua ki ve hindi ke virodhi ho gaye.
guru gorakhanath ne apane dharm ka prachar karane ke lie jis bhasha (rekhta, sadhubhasha) ka upayog kiya vah hindi hi thi, kyoanki usi bhasha ke madhyam se desh ke vibhinn kshetroan tak vicharoan ka adan pradan kiya ja sakata tha. aj bhi dakshin ke nathapanthi mathoan mean hindi ki paandulipiyaan upalabdh haian. keral mean usi bhasha ko ‘gosaee bhasha’ ke nam se pukara jata tha. sach to yah hai ki dakshin mean hi adhunik hindi ka lalan palan hua.
alauddin khilaji dakshin abhiyan, aur tugalak ke rajadhani parivartan (dilli se devagiri) ke karan dilli ke bahut hindi bhashi nivasi dakshin ja pahuanche aur vahian bas gaye. in logoan ke sath jo bhasha hindavi ke nam se dakshin mean gee vah vahaan ‘dakkhini’ nam se prachalit huee dakshin mean bahamani samrajy ne usi hindavi ko rajakaj ki bhasha banaya. akabar ke shasan se pahale tak, dakshin mean nivas karane vale manishiyoan, kaviyoan ka soophiyoan ne isi bhasha mean apani rachanaean prastut kian. is bhasha mean madhyadesh mean boli jane vali vibhinn bhashaoan ke shabd bhandar udaratapoorvak shamil kie jate the. jis hindi ka udbhav aur vikas uttar bharat mean hua, use tamam uttar bharat ke santoan, soophiyoan aur manishiyoan ne apane vicharoan ki abhivyakti ka madhyam banaya, us hindi ko dilli ke shasakoan ne rajabhasha ka darja nahian diya, lekin dakshin mean jakar use yah pratishtha mil gee.
hindi apane udbhav kal se hi vibhinn pradeshoan ki sanpark bhasha ke roop mean prayukt hone lagi thi. mugal shasan ke dinoan mean pharasi beshak rajabhasha bani rahi, kiantu shasakoan ke mahaloan mean hindi hi bolachal ki bhasha thi. daॅ. ramavilas sharma ke anusar akabar ke mahal mean bolachal ki bhasha hindi thi. jab aurangajeb ne shahajahaan ko jel mean dal diya tab shahajahaan ne apana du:kh ek hindi savaiye mean vyakt kiya tha, jo is prakar hai:-
janmat hi lakh dan diyo,
aru nam rakhyo navarang bihari.
balahi so pratipal kiyo,
aru des mulukk diyau bal bhari..
so sut ber bujhe man mean,
dhari hath diyo bandh sar mean dari..
aangreji hukoomat sthapit ho jane ke bad aangrej aphasar hindi sikhate the taki ve am logoan se sampark sthapit kar sakean. dilli ke asisteant rejideant maitakaph ne bhi hindi sikhi thi aur usane apane guru gilakraist ko patr likhakar soochit kiya tha ki vah bharat mean jahaan kahian bhi gaya, hindi ki janakari hone ke karan use lagoan se sanpark sthapit karane mean koee kathinaee nahian huee.
is prakar ham dekhate haian ki madhyadesh ki jo hindi dasavian sadi ke as pas ek simit kshetr soorasain pradesh (mathura ke as pas) mean boli jati thi, vah vikasit hote hote itani saksham aur praanjal ho gee ki use bharat ke vibhinn pradeshoan ki sanpark bhasha ke roop mean saharsh svikar kar liya gaya. aj yadi ham philm udyog ko ek mapadand mane to isase yah siddh hota hai ki bharat ki adhikaansh janata hindi ka samajhati hi nahian, balki pyar bhi karati hai. san 1951 ki janaganana ke anusar bharat mean jitani bhi philmean banati thian, unamean se adhi se adhik keval hindi bhasha mean banati thian aur shesh bharat ki any sabhi bhashaoan mean.
jab hamean apane desh ki mahanata ka parichay dena hota hai tab ham ved, upanishad, ramayan, gurugranth adi ka nam lete haian, sant tulasidas, kabir, soor, kutaban, manjhan, jayasi, rasakhan adi kaviyoan ka nam lete nahian thakate, kiantu jab rashtrabhasha ka prashn ata hai to kuchh kshetroan mean avaj uthati hai ki yah bhasha abhi vikasit nahian hai, saksham nahian hai. ise ham ek vidanbana hi maneange. mahatma gaandhi ne kaha tha ‘jis bhasha mean tulasidas ne ramayan likhi, vah pavitr aur mahanh bhasha hai.’
kisi bhi bhasha ke nirman, vikas aur usake pratishthapan mean am logoan ka pramukh hath rahata hai. gaandhi ji ne is saty ka anubhav kiya. dakshin aphrika mean, jahaan bharat se gaye hue tamil, telagoo, bihari, gujarati mazadoor jab apas mean mil baithakar bate karate the, to unaki bhasha ek tarah ki hindi hi hoti thi. maॅrishas mean bhi gaandhi ji ko yahi anubhav hua, jahaan bharat se, visheshakar bihar se kafi sankhya mean mazadoor jakar bas ge the.
aj bhi sthiti vahi hai. door sudoor dakshin ke tamilanadu ya keral ka jan man haridvar mean badri vishal ki mahima ka git gata sunaee p data hai. isi bhasha mean kachchh ki janata kamaroop mean kamakhya ke charanoan me arghy chadhati hai to isi hindi bhasha mean jay ghosh karati hai. bihar, bangal ki bholi bhali janata kanyakumari ki pooja archana karati huee vahaan ki janata se prem sanvad isi bhasha mean karati hai. koee viddhan koee neta, koee naukarashah inake bich nahian chahie. dubhashie ki koee avashyakata nahian.
vishal bharat desh ki janata aj jitani spasht aur sudridh hai vah isi pyari janata ki adhyatmik, saanskritik ekata ke karan. aangreji ya aangrejidaan ka gar bas chala hota to pata nahian kya hua hota.
tritiy vishv hindi sammelan hindi ke isi gun aur gunatmak shakti ka parichayak hai. chini, hindi, aangreji sansar ki un bhashaoan mean hai jinakean bolane vale sansar ke any bhashabhashiyoan se adhik haian. aur bhasha ki naee hindi bhi kisi vichar, kisi bhavana, kisi vidya, kisi jnan vijnan ke kshetr ko ujagar karane mean samarth hai. any bhasha ke vidvanh hindi ke prati apani ajnanata ko hindi asamarthata ka paryayavachi man lete haian. yah unaki bhari bhool hai. kanth langoti aur dhoomrapan shakat vishram sthan, hindi ka ‘n’ adi hai, ‘n’ aant aur ‘n’ aantaral. hindi isase pare hai. jan jan ki bhasha, gaanv ganvee ki bhasha, desh ki koti koti bahubhashi janata ke hriday ki bhasha jo avashyakata p dane par gaya, tirupati, somanath, shri shaile mallikarjun mean vibhinn bhasha bhashiyoan mean svayan prakat ho uthati hai.
yadi svaraj aangreji padhe bharatavasiyoan ka hai aur keval unake lie hai to sanpark bhasha avashy aangreji rahati rahegi. yadi vah karo doan bhookhe logoan, karo doan nirakshar logoan, nirakshar deviyoan, sataye hue achhootoan ke lie hai to sanpark bhasha keval hindi hi ho sakati hai.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
| kramaank | lekh ka nam | lekhak |
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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