हिन्दी की संवैधानिक स्थिति और उसका विकासशील स्वरूप -विजयेन्द्र स्नातक
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- lekhak- pro. vijayendr snatak
sanvidhan aur hindi
bharatavarsh vishv ka sabase b da janataantatrak, bahubhasha bhashi desh hai. bharat ke vibhinn pradeshoan mean boli jane vali boliyaan (dailektras) ki sankhya to shatadhik hai kiantu sanvidhan mean svikrit bhashaoan ki sankhya chaudah hai, inamean sangh ki rajabhasha hindi hai aur usaki lipi devanagari hai. is sanghiy rajabhasha hindi ko apane vikas aur sanvardhan ke lie avashyakata hone par mukhyatah sanskrit tatha gaunatah any bharatiy bhashaoan se shabd grahan karane ki poori chhoot hai. sanvidhan mean hindi ke prachar prasar, sanvardhan ki to vyavastha hai kiantu sahabhasha ke roop mean niyat kalavadhi tak svikrit aangreji ke vikas, prachar, prasar ya samriddhi ka koee sanket nahian hai. sanvidhan nirmataoan ne tatkalik kary sanchalan ke lie aangreji ko sahabhasha ka darja dete hue bhi usake sanvardhan ke lie kisi prakar ki suvidha pradan karane ka pravadhan sanvidhan mean nahian kiya. pratyut asha yah ki gee thi ki sanh 1965 tak hindi sampoorn rashtr mean rajabhasha ka upayukt sthan grahan kar legi aur aangreji ke sahayog ki use avashyakata nahian rahegi.
meri manyata hai ki sanvidhan nirmataoan ki drishti hindi (rajabhasha), aangreji aur pradeshik matribhashaoan ke sanbandh mean atyant svachchh aur spasht thi. ve aangreji ko videshi bhasha hi manate the aur yah bhi janate the ki do pratishat janata ki yah bhasha is vishal rashtr ki lokapriy bhasha nahian ban sakati. lekin vigat 32 varshoan ka itihas batata hai ki sanvidhan ka palan jis paddhati se hua vah aangreji aur aangreziyat ko hamare desh se door karane mean saphal nahian ho saka. rashtrabhasha or rashtriy bhasha ko ham vo sthan nahian de sake jo svantatrata prapti ke bad use milana chahie tha. aangreji ke prachar ke sath aangreziyat ka bhi prachar hamare desh mean hua. aangreziyat ek sanskriti hai, ek sanskar hai jo bharatiy janata ko b de akarshan ke sath adhunikata aur vijnan ke nam par sikhaya ja raha hai. aangrej, aangreji aur aangreziyat in tinoan mean sabase adhik ghatak bharatiy janata ke liye aangrezit hi hai, jo hamare jatiy sanskar aur rashtriy gaurav ko thes pahuancha kar hamean asmita shoony banane mean sakriy hai. mahatma gaandhi isilie aangreziyat aur aangreji ko bharat se bahishkrit karana chahate the. ve janate the ki aangrejoan ke bharat se vida lene ke bad aangreji aur aangreziyat yahaan bani rahi to hamare desh mean svabhasha, svasanskriti or svadeshabhiman kabhi utpann nahian ho sakega.
rashtrabhasha aur hindi
svatantr rashtr mean rashtradhvaj, rashtragan aur rashtriy vesh to pratikatmak roop se rashtr ki pahachan hai, vastav mean rashtrabhasha hi rashtr ki dhamaniyoan mean sancharit hone vali rashtriyata ki jivant dhara, rudhir dhara hai. rashtrabhasha ke bina jan jan ka n to parasparik sanpark sambhav hai aur n deshavasioan mean ekata ki bhavana hi panap sakati hai. rashtr kar bhavatmak ekata ki bat karane vale upadeshta rajanitijnoan ko smaran rakhana chahie ki videshi bhasha ke madhyam se svedeshi bhavana ka prachar akash kusum sooanghane ka prayas karana hai. is tathy se parichit hone ke karan hi sanh 1925 mean kanapur ke kaangres adhiveshan mean akhil bharatiy star par hindi bhasha ke prayog ka prastav parit kiya tha. us samay sabhi pradeshoan ke sadasyoan aur bharat ke vibhinn bhasha bhashioan ka vahaan jamav da tha aur sarvasammati se hindi ko rashtrabhasha pad ka gaurav dekar kaangres kameti ne akhil bharatiy vyavahar ki bhasha thaharaya tha. yah kary jis prem, sadbhav vishvas aur rashtrahit ko dhyan mean rakhakar kiya gaya vah aj bhi hamean prerana pradan karata hai. yah rashtragaurav aur rashtriy asmita ki sahi pahachan thi.
hindi ka vikashasil svaroop
hindi ke vikas, prachar, prasar aur sanvardhan ke lie shasakiy sahayata, sanbal, prayatn aur shasakiy anudan kabhi prerak nahian rahe. yadi hindi ka atit itihas chho d bhi diya jae aur keval vigat do sau varshoan ko, 18vian aur 19vian shati ka itihas dekha jae to spasht lakshit hoga ki british shasanakal mean hindi ke vikas mean sarakari udyam se koee pragati nahian huee kiantu hindi apani abhyantar oorja se, apani sarvabhom lokapriyata se vikas ke path par nirantar pragati karati rahi. rajyashray ki n to hindi ne kabhi kamana ki aur n use sahaj roop se kabhi rajyashray sulabh hi hua. paratantr bharat mean hindi ko jo sthiti thi, vah sarvatha dayaniy nahian thi. videshi vyapariyoan ke samane bharat mean madhyam ka prashn aranbh se tha aur aangrej, phreanch, dach, purtagij adi sabhi ne apani apani soojh-boojh ise hal kiya tha. maian is sanbandh mean kuchh udaharan dekar hindi ke vikasanashil roop ko pathakoan ke lie spasht karana chahata hooan.
d aau. suniti kumar chatarji ne apani pustak mean ek dach yatri j aaun ketelar ka ullekh kiya hai, jo sanh 1685 ee0 mean soorat mean vyapar ke lie aya tha. bhasha-madhyam usake samane samasya tha. vah svayan dach bhashi tha kiantu soorat ke asapas vyapari varg mean jo bhasha boli jati thi vah hindi gujarati ka mishrit roop tha aur usaka vyakaran hindi parak tha. atah j aaun ketelar ne dach bhasha mean hindi ka pratham vyakaran likha. sanh 1719 mean eesaee pracharak benajamin shulge madras mean aya aur usane ‘gehrametika hindostanik’ nam se devanagari aksharoan mean hindi vyakaran ki rachana ki. usi samay herasim levedeph namak eesaee padari ne brahmanoan ko guru banakar shuddh aur mishrit poorvi hindustan ki boliyoan ka vyakaran aangreji mean likha. dekhana yah hai ki soorat (gujarat), madras (tamilanadu) jaise ahindi pradeshoan mean jin videshi vidvanoan ne bhasha jnan ke lie evan madhyam bhasha ke lie vyakaran granthoan ka nirman kiya ve hindi vyakaran the. arthath us bhasha ke vyakaran the jo do sau varsh pahale is desh ki lokapriy, sarvabhaum bhasha thi. usaka vikas kisi dabav, lalach, shasakiy prabanch ya prerana se n hokar vikas ki anivaryata se avashyakatanusar svayan ho raha tha.
hindi ka vikas aur videshi vidvan
hindi ko british shasan kal mean svayamev vikasit hone ke lie jo sadhan sulabh hue vah svadeshi kam, videshi adhik the. jin videshi vidvanoan ne us samay hindi ke mahatv ko samajh kar hindi vyakaran athava hindi ki pathy pustakean likhian, unaki dooradarshata ki hamean sarahana karani chahie. is paranpara mean, yadi ganana ki jae to do darjan nam un vyaktiyoan ke haian jo bharat mean vyapar, dharmaprachar, prashasan, adhyapan, chikitsa adi karyoan ke lie ae the aur unhoanne hindi ke prachalan ke adhar par use bharat ki rashtrabhasha manakar isake vikas mean yogadan diya tha. ek darjan vyakaran pustakean isaka praman haian. hindi sahity ke vividh pakshoan par pustak lekh adi likhane vale pashchimi vidvanoan ki charcha bhi isi sandarbh mean ki jae to hindi vikas ka doosara kshitij udghatit hota hai. edavin gribs, graus, griyarsan, griphith, harnali, rudalph, tesitari, oldaham, pinakat adi vidvanoan ne hindi ke paksh samarthan mean tatha hindi ke bharat mean vikasit hone ke lie jo prayatn kiye ve kadapi bhulae nahian ja sakate. vyakaran ke kshetr mean jaise viliyam, grais, saiandaphort anart, jems ar velatain adi ka kary hai vaise hi sahity aur sanskriti ke kshetr mean kary karane vale urpayukt vidvanoan ka bhi pranshaniy kary hai jo hindi ki vikasanashil chetana ka dyotak hai. jo vidvan bharat ki bhashaoan par kshetr, sima, janasankhya, sanpreshaniyata adi par vichar kar tatasth bhav se apana nirnay de ge haian ve sabhi hindi ke paksh mean likh ge haian. apavad roop hindi virodh mean likhane vala vidvan 19 shati tak paida nahian hua tha.
ahindi bhashi vidvanoan ki hindi seva
bharat mean hindi ki jo sthiti aj hai usaki charcha n karate hue hindi vikas mean yog dene vale un bharatiy vidvanoan, rajanitijnoan aur mahapurushoan ka nam nirdesh hi paryapt hoga jin ki drishti mean hindi bharat ki rashtrabhasha hai, hone ka poora adhikar rakhati hai, samarthyayukt sanpreshaniy bhasha hai. bihar mean hindi prachar ka kary karane vale punyaslok bhoodev mukharji, bangal mean raja ramamohan ray, keshavachandr sen, bankimachandr, jastis shyamacharan mishr, rameshachandr datt, araviand ghosh, maharashtr mean lakshman narayan garde, babooram vishnu paradakar, madhavarav sapre, panjab mean lala lajapataray, lala hansaraj, svami shraddhanand, rajasthan mean lajjaram mehata, gau hi ojha, gujarat mean to svami dayanand ka tatha gaandhi ka hi nam paryapt hai. in namoan ke pariganan ka keval ek hi uddeshy hai ki rashtr ki chetana se sanprikt, rashtriy jagaran mean vishvas karane vale svadeshabhimani bharatiyoan ne hindi ko rashtriy jivan ki abhivyakti ke madhyam ke roop mean svikar kiya tha. unaki apani apani pradeshik matribhashaean thian kiantu rashtr ko ek sootr mean baandhane ke lie unhean hindi ki hi apeksha thi isilie isake vikas ke ve akaankshi the. phalatah inamean kuchh mahapurush to aise bhi hue jinhoanne vyapak janasanpark ki drishti se apani matribhasha ko chho dakar hindi mean hi granth pranayan, bhashan, lekhan adi ka kary kiya. gujarati, panjabi aur marathi bhashi lekhakoan ka yogadan is sandarbh mean sadaiv avismaraniy rahega. unake granthoan se hindi bhasha samriddh huee hai. hindi ke vikasanashil svabhav ke karan hi yah sambhav hua hai.
hindi ki boliyaan
hindi ke vikasanashil svabhav ki charcha karate samay hindi ki boliyoan aur upabhashaoan par dhyan jana svabhavik hai. dasavian shatabdi se aj bisavian shatabdi tak hindi ne anek roop aur anek vidhaoan ko svikar kiya hai. apabhransh aur prachin ke raso granthoan ki sudirgh paranpara mean hokar hindi rajasthani, avadhi, braj maithili, bhojapuri adi bhasha boliyoan mean apana svaroop vikasit karati rahi. rajasthani mean anek vir kavy likhe ge kiantu yah rajasthani hindi ka hi roop vikas tha. isi prakar maithil kokil vidyapati ne bhojapuri mishrit bhasha mean lalit padavali ka nirman kiya, vah bhi hindi ke aanchal mean hi panapati rahi. brajabuli nam se bangal mean jis kavy bhasha ka vikas hua vah bhi hindi ka hi ek mishrit roop tha. isi prakar nathapanthiyoan aur siddhoan ki apabhransh moolak bhasha bhi hindi ka hi prachin evan praranbhik bij roop tha. kabir, nanak, raidas, malookadas adi sant kaviyoan ne jis bhasha ko abhivyakth ka madhyam banaya vah pradeshik shabdavali se otaprot hone par bhi hindi hi thi. jayasi, kutaban, manjhan adi muslim soophi kaviyoan ne pharasi ke sthan par avadhi bhasha mean kavyasrijan kiya. gosvami tulasidas ne ramacharitamanas ki rachana avadhi mean hi ki thi. brajabhasha mean kavy rachana karane vale to sahasadhik kavi madhyakal mean utpann hue. bhakti, niti, shrangar, vir, hasy adi vividh vishayoan ki rachanaane pichhale paanch sau varshoan se nirantar brajabhasha mean hoti chali a rahi hai. hindi ke vikas ki yah paranpara sarvavidit hai isaki avritti karana anavashyak hai.
lok sahity aur hindi
hindi ke vikas ke jo naye ayam bisavian shatabdi mean udghatit hue haian un par drishtikon karana maian avashyak samajhata hooan. hindi ka lok sahity (phok litarechar) is shatabdi se pahale prayah upekshit raha hai. gramagitoan aur lok kathaoan mean maukhik roop se jivit rahane par bhi abhijat sahity se use sanyukt nahian kiya gaya tha. lok sahity mean adhyetaoan ko jab sahity ke lagabhag sabhi tatv lakshit hue tab lokagitoan, lok kathaoan aur lokanatyoan dvara isaka adhyayan praranbh hua. is sahity ko ekatr kiya jane laga aur isake samajik, saanskritik evan sahityik pakshoan ka gaveshanatmak drishti se adhyayan shuroo hua. aj lok sahity hindi ka ek sabal paksh ban gaya hai aur usaki prachur samagri prakash mean a gee hai. ashchary hai ki bharat ki bhavatmak evan saanskritik ekata ki sthapana ke lie jitani prabhoot samagri is gram aanchal mean bikhare hue lok sahity mean upalabdh hai utani anyatr kahian nahian. lok sahity mean bhasha bhed boli (dailekt) ka hi hai. atah hindi ki vyapak paridhi mean ise samavisht karana avashyak ho jata hai. videshi vidvanoan nean bhi hindi bhasha aur sahity ke is samriddhi paksh ko svikar karana praranbh kar diya hai aur anek videshi shodhakarta bhi is disha mean prayatnashil haian.
hindi ke vikas ki yah disha vastav mean sarvatha nee n hone par bhi is shatabdi ki hi den hai. ab in upabhashaoan aur boliyoan ka kshetr nirantar badhata ja raha hai. rajasthani, bhojapuri, braj, avadhi, buandeli, bagheli, maithili, kumaooanni, gadhavali, marava di, baangadoo, hariyanavi adi pradeshik prabhavoan se hindi ke roop ka vistar ho raha hai. isaka maukhik sahity shanaiah shanaiah prakash mean a raha hai aur apane janapadiy roop ke sath hindi ko samriddh bana raha hai. in janapadiy boliyoan ke pradeshik vyavahar se hindi ke stariy roop ko koee khatara nahian hai. haan khatara prithakavadi andolan se ho sakata hai jo apani boli ko sanvaidhanik darja dilane aur hindi se prithakh svatantr bhasha manane ka agrah karate haian. kh di boli ki vikasanashil prakriti in boliyoan se tadatmy karane lagi hai.
vaijnanik shabdavali tatha pathy pustakean
hindi ke vikas ki disha mean svatantrata prapti ke bad jo kary hua hai vah hai vaijnanik evan takaniki vishayoan ki pustakoan ki rachana. sabase pahale yaha kam kosh rachana dvara praranbh hua. vijnan ke vividh vishayoan ki shabdavali ko ekatr kar usake lie hindi shabdoan ka nirman kiya gaya. isaka mukhy adhar to aangreji shabd samooh hi raha aur un shabdoan ke liye hindi shabdoan ke sath paribhashik shabdavali bhi taiyar ki gee. abhi tak sabhi vaijnanik evan takaniki vishayoan ke atirikt manaviki, samajavijnan, krishi, ganit, vijnan, prashasan, rajanay adi vishayoan se sanbaddh ek lakh se adhik shabdoan ka hindi mean chayan ho chuka hai. hindi ke vikas ki yah disha svatantryottar paridhi mean hi ati hai. isi ke sath snatak tatha snatakottar kakshaoan ke lie vijnan, medisan, krishi, arthashastr, rajanitishastr, itihas bhoogol adi ki pathy pustakoan ka nirman ho chuka hai. hindi bhashi pradeshoan mean sarakari anudan se sthapit akadamiyoan tatha hindi samitiyoan dvara bhi lagabhag bis hajar uchchastariy pustakean taiyar karaee geean hai. aangreji ke suprasiddh uchchastariy granthoan ka anuvad bhi inamean shamil hai. yadi in pustakoan ka samuchit roop se upayog kiya jaye to hindi ke prachar prasar ko to bal milega hi, rashtrabhasha hindi ke vishay mean asamathry ki bat ka bhram bhi door hoga. hindi ki kshamata ki pariksha prayog hi ho sakati hai.
anuvad kary aur hindi
hindi ke vikas mean parasparik adan pradan ka bhi mahatvapoorn sthan hai. adan pradan ka tatpary hai bharatiy bhashaoan ke manak granthoan ka hindi roopaantaran aur videshi bhashaoan ke shreshth granthoan ka anuvad. hindi mean bangala, marathi, gujarati, urdoo aur panjabi ke shreshth kathakaroan ke upanyas natak anoodit ho chuke haian. kuchh kaviyoan ki uttam rachanaean bhi hindi mean prakashit huee haian kiantu abhi yah kam ek taraph se arthath hindi ki or se hi ho raha hai. prasad, premachand, nirala, pant, mahadevi, dinakar adi sahityakaroan ki rachanaean abhi any bharatiy bhashaoan mean us anupat se anoodit nahian huee haian jis anupat se hindi mean any bhashaoan ki huee hai. phir bhi hindi ke vikas ki yah disha hai jo adan pradan ki panrapara se hindi ko vishv hindi ka roop deti hai. vishv ke prasiddh sahityakaroan ki mahatvapoorn kritiyaan bhi hindi mean anoodit hoti haian, aur yah kram nirantar jari hai.
videshoan mean hindi ka adhyayan
bharat se bahar videshoan ke lagabhag sau vishvavidyalayoan mean kisi n kisi roop mean hindi ke adhyayan adhyapan ki vyavastha ho chuki hai aur kee vishvavidyalayoan mean uchchastariy shodh kary bhi ho raha hai. kuchh shodh prabandh bharatiy sahityakaroan tatha shreshth kritiyoan par likhe ge haian. inake lekhak videshi (roosi, jarmani, amariki adi) shodh chhatr haian. yah thik hai ki hindi ke prachar prasar ki disha mean yah ek pragatishil kadam hai kiantu bhasha ke vikas ke lie ham ise sarvatobhaven vikas ka sanket nahian thahara sakate. isaka ek suphal yah avashy hoga jab hindi madhyam se videshi chhatr shodh prabandh likhegean, unaki apani matribhasha ki chhata bhi hindi vikas mean yog degi.
hindi ki vikasashilata ka rahasy
hindi ke vikasashil svaroop ko samajhane ke lie moolatah bhasha ki prakriti (jiniyas) ki yahi pahachan avashyak hai. hindi ka sidha aur sahaj sanbandh prakrit aur apabhransh se hai. vibhinn prakrit aur apabhranshoan mean hindi ne apana koee roop nirdharit nahian kiya dhire dhire prayoganuroop hindi apani pradeshik roopachhaviyoan ke sath svaroop dharan karati huee kh di boli ke stariy pad par pahuanchi hai. isaki sabase b di visheshata yahi hai ki shabd chayan mean sanskrit-moolak hone par bhi arabi, pharasi, turki aur ab aangreji se bhi shabd grahan karane mean is sankoch nahian hai. hindi ka sarvabhaum roop jyoan-jyoan vikasit hoga, hindi bharatiy bhashaoan se bhi shabd, muhavare, lokoktiyaan adi ka adan karegi. bhasha ke pravahi aur lokapriy roop ke lie yahi hitavah shaili hai. isilie bhasha ko bahata nir kahate haian. jo bhasha apane vyakaranik niyamoan tatha simit shabd samooh mean simatakar kathor anushasan mean bandhakar shuddhata ka agrah rakhati hai vah sarvabhaum nahian ban sakati. aise kathor anushasan ki bhasha ko kripajal kahate hai. hindi kripajal n hokar ganga ka bahata nir hai, jisamean adan pradan ki prakriya ka nairantary bana rahata hai. hindi ki lipi saral hone ke sath vaijnanik hai. lipi aur uchcharan ki drishti se to yah lipi vishv ki sarvadhik sugam, vaijnanik evan sookshm lipi hai. roman lipi mean aksharoan ki sankhya kam avashy hai kiantu lipibaddh shabd aur uchcharan mean talamel n hone se usake aksharoan ki sankhya nyoonatam vyarth ho jati hai.
pratyek bhasha apane vikas ke lie kshetr ka sandhan kar leti hai. arthath bhasha samajik sanskar ko sath lekar yatra karati hai. bharat se bahar jin deshoan aur dvipoan mean bharatiy ge vo apana bhasha sanskar sath le ge. parinam yah hua ki shatabdi poorv jo hindi bhashi bharatiy phiji, m aaurishas, surinam, malaya, barma adi deshoan mean gaye ve poorvi hindi ya bhojapuri ka sanskar sath le ge. vah sanskar aj bhi vahaan jivit hai. bhasha ke madhyam se sanskriti aur bharatiyata donoan hi vahaan apani sarthakata ka praman haian. hindi bhasha ke svaroop vikas mean in deshoan ki bhasha bhangimaane bhi samavisht hoti ja rahi haian.
hindi ke vikasashil svaroop ki charcha mean yah smaran rakhana chahie ki hindi keval paanch-chhah pradeshoan tak simit nahian hai. bolachal aur kamakaj ki bhasha ke roop mean isaka prayog kalakatta, aur ahamadabad jaise mahanagaroan mean paryapt matra mean hota hai. aur tinoan praantoan ki pradeshik ka put hindi mean dekha ja sakata hai. kalakattiya aur banbiya hindi to sarvatr vikhyat hai. hindi ki yah vikasanashin kshamata hai jo ahindi pradeshoan mean bhi apani abhyantar oorja se sarvagrahy banakar prayog mean ati hai. bangal, maharashtr, gujarat, rajasthan aur panjab ke sant kaviyoan ne jis sahaj sneh se hindi ko svikar kar apani dharmik abhivyakti ka madhyam banaya vah vismayakarak hai. guru goviand sianh ki hindi rachanaoan ko padhakar is bhasha ke mardav aur oj ki samahar shakti achchha parichay milata hai. hindi ke adi kavi khusaro se lekar, kabir, jayasi, rahim, rasalin adi ne is bhasha mean jo vividh roop chhataean di haian ve majahab aur panth ki sankirnata se oopar haian. lokajivan ke sath sanyukt rahane vali yadi bharat mean koee sarvadeshik bhasha hai to vah hindi hai. usaki vividh boliyaan haian, upabhashaean haian aur un sabaka starikaran aj kh di boli hindi mean ho gaya hai kyoanki yah vikasanashil bhasha ki amit sanbhavanaoan se paripoorn hai.
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