सल्तनत काल का प्रशासन

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is lekh ka punarikshan evan sampadan hona avashyak hai. ap isamean sahayata kar sakate haian. "sujhav"

saltanat kal mean bharat mean ek nee prashasanik vyavastha ki shuruat huee, jo mukhy roop se arabi-farasi paddhati par adharit thi. saltanat kal mean prashasanik vyavastha poorn roop se islam dharm par adharit thi. prashasan mean ulemaoan ki mahattvapoorn bhoomika hoti thi. ‘khalifa’ islamik sansar ka paigambar ke bad ka sarvochch neta hota tha. pratyek sultan ke lie avashyak hota tha ki, khalifa use manyata de, phir bhi dilli saltanat ke turk sultanoan ne khalifa ko namamatr ka hi pradhan mana. iltutamish dilli saltanat ka pahala sultan tha, jisane 1229 ee mean bagadad ke khalifa ko ‘naib’ (sahayak) kaha. alauddin khilaji ne apane ko khalifa ka naib nahian mana. qutubuddin mubaraq khilaji pahala aisa sultan tha, jisane khilafat ke mithak ko to dakar svayan ko khalifa ghoshit kiya. muhammad tugalaq ne apane shasak kal ke prarambh mean khalifa ko manyata nahian di, kintu shasan ke antim charan mean usane khalifa ko manyata pradan kar di. firozashah tugalaq ne apane sikkoan par khalifa ka nam utkirn karavaya tha.

sultan

sultan ki upadhi turki shasakoan dvara prarambh ki gayi. mahamood gazanavi aisa pahala shasak tha, jisane sultan ki upadhi dharan ki. dilli mean adhikaansh ne apane ko khalifa ka nayak pukara, parantu kutubuddin mubarak khilaji ne svayan ko khalifa ghoshit kiya. khizr khaan ne taimoor ke putr shaharukh ka prabhutv svikar kiya aur 'raiyyat-e-ala' ki upadhi dharan ki. usake putr aur uttaradhikari mubarak shah ne is pratha ko samapt kar diya aur shah sultan ki upadhi grahan ki. sultan kendriy prashasan ka mukhiya hota tha. saltanat kal mean uttaradhikar ka koee nishchat niyam nahian tha, kintu sultan ko yah adhikar hota tha ki, vah apane bachchoan mean kisi ek ko bhi apana uttaradhikari chun sakata tha. sultan dvara chuna gaya uttaradhikari yadi ayogy hai to, aisi sthiti mean saradar naye sultan ka chunav karate the. kabhi-kabhi shakti ke prayog se sianhasan par adhikari kiya jata tha. dilli saltanat mean sultan poorn roop se nirankush hota tha. usaki sampoorn shakti sainik bal par nirbhar karati thi. sultan sena ka sarvochch senapati evan nyayalay ka sarvochch nyayadhish hota tha. sultan ‘shariyat’ ke adhin hi kary karata tha.

amir

saltanat mean sabhi prabhavashali padoan par niyukt vyaktiyoan ki samany sanjna amir thi. amiroan ka prabhav sultan par hota tha. sultan ko shasan karane ke lie amiroan ko apane anookool kiye rahana avashyak hota tha. amiroan ka prabhav us samay badh jata tha, jab sultan ayogy, nirbal ya alpavayask ho. vaise balaban aur alauddin khilaji ke samay mean amir prabhavahin ho gaye the. prayah naye rajavansh ke satta mean ane par purane amiroan ko ya to mar diya jata tha ya phir unhean chhote pad de diye jate the. muhammad tugalaq ke kal mean hue vidroh mean amiroan ka sarvadhik yogadan tha. isalie usane purane amiroan ko kamazor karane ki drishti se mishrit janajatiy adhikar par padadhikariyoan ki ek nee vyavastha sthapit ki. amiroan ka prashasan mean mahattvapoorn yogadan hota tha. lodi vansh ke shasan kal me amiroan ka mahattv apane charamotkarsh par tha.

mantriparishad

yadyapi satta ki dhuri sultan hota tha, phir bhi vibhinn vibhagoan ke karyoan ke kushal sanchalan hetu use ek mantriparishad ki avashyakata p dati thi, jise saltanat kal mean ‘majalis-e-khalavat’ kaha jata tha. mantriparishad ki salah manane ke lie sultan badhy nahian hota tha. parantu sultan nirbal ya ayogy ho to sari shakti mantri apane hath mean kendrit kar lete the. vah inaki niyukti evan padamukti apani ichchhanusar kar sakata tha. ‘majalis-e-khas’ mean ‘majalis-e-khalavat’ ki baithak hua karati. yahaan par sultan kuchh khas logoan ko bulata tha. ‘bar-e-khas’ mean sultan sabhi darabariyoan, khanoan, amiroan, malikoan, aur any reeansoan ko bulata tha. ‘bar-e-ajam’ mean sultan rajakiy karyoan ka adhikaansh bhag poora karata tha. yahaan par vidvan mulla, qazi bhi upasthit rahate the.

saltanakalin mantriparishad mean 4 mantri mahattvapoorn the. ye nimnalikhit haian-

1. vazir (pradhanamantri)
2. divan-e-arij
3. divan-e-iansha
4. divan-e-rasalat

(1) vazir (pradhanamantri)

mantriparishad mean vazir shayad sarvapramukh hota tha. usake pas any mantriyoan ki apeksha adhik adhikar hota tha aur vah any mantriyoan ke karyoan par nazar rakhata tha. vazir rajasv vibhag ka pramukh hota tha, use lagan, kar vyavastha, dan sainik vyay adi ki dekhabhal karani p dati thi. vah prantapatiyoan ke rajasv lekha ka nirikshan karata tha tatha prantapatiyoan se atirikt rajasv ki vasooli karata tha. sultan ki anupasthiti mean use shasan ka prabandh karana p data tha. vah divan-e-virajat (rajasv vibhag), divan-e-imarat (lok nirman vibhag), divan-e-amir kohi (krishi vibhag) vibhag ke mantriyoan ka pramukh hota tha. mustaufi-e-mumalik evan khazin (khazaanchi), hote the. tugalaq kal “muslim bharatiy vazirat ka svarn kal” tha. uttaragami tugalaqoan ke samay mean vazir ki shakti bahut badh gayi thi. aantim tugalaq shasak mahamood tugalaq ke samay mean jab ashaanti phaili to, ek naye karyalay vaqil-e-sultan ki sthapana huee. saiyyadoan ke samay mean yah shakti ghatane lagi tatha afaganoan ke adhin vazir ka pad mahattvahin ho gaya.

• nayab vazir

'nayab vazir', vazir ka sahayogi hota tha tatha vazir ki anupasthiti mean usake karyoan ka nirvahan isake dvara hi kiya jata tha.

• musharif-e-mumalik (mahalekhakar)

prantoan evan any vibhag se prapt hone vali ay evan usake vyay ka lekha-jokha rakhane ka dayitv 'musharif-e-mumalik' ka hota tha. najir isaka sahayak hota tha.

• mustaufi-e-mumalik (mahalekh parikshak)

musharif dvara taiyar kiye gaye lekha-jokha ki jaanch ke lie 'mustaufi-e-mumalik' ke pad ki vyavastha thi. kabhi-kabhi yah musharif ki tarah ay-vyay ka nirikshan bhi karata tha.

• khazin (khazaanchi)

yah koshadhyaksh ke roop mean kary karata tha.

• divan-e-vaqoof

jalaluddin khilaji dvara sthapit is vibhag ka mukhy kary vyay ki kagazat ki dekh-bhal karana hota tha.

• divan-e-mustakharaj

vitt vibhag se sambandhit is vibhag ki sthapana alauddin khilaji ne ki thi. isaka kary atirikt matra mean vasool kiye ge kar ka hisab rakhana hota tha.

• divan-e-amir kohi

muhammad tugalaq dvara sthapit is vibhag ka mukhy kary malaguzari vyavastha ki dekhabhal karana evan bhoomi ko kheti yogy banana hota tha.

uparyukt samast vibhag 'divan-e-vijarat' vibhag se niyantrit hote the. divan-e-vijarat, vazir ka karyalay hota tha. vijarat ko ek sanstha ke roop mean prayog karane ki prerana abbasi khalifaoan ne faras se li tha. dilli saltanat ke prarambhik vaziroan mean kutubuddin aibak, tajuddin eldoj, nasiruddin qabacha adi the. vazir ka pad dilli saltanat mean firozashah tugalaq ke samay mean apane charamotkarsh par tha. firozashah tugalaq ke vazir khvaja hisamuddin ne vibhinn sooboan ka daura karane ke pashchath samast khalasa bhoomi ka rajasv chhah karo d pachasi lakh tanka nishchit kiya tha. lodi vansh ke shasan kal mean yah pad mahattvahin ho gaya.

(2) divan-e-arij

'arij-e-mumalik' sainy vibhag ka pramukh adhikari hota tha. isaka mahattvapoorn kary sainikoan ki bharti karana, sainikoan evan gho doan ka huliya rakhana, rasad ki vyavastha karana, sena ka nirikshan karana evan sena ki saj-sajja ki vyavastha karana hota tha. arij-e-mumalik ke vibhag ko ‘divan-e-arj’ kaha jata tha. is vibhag ki sthapana balaban ne ki thi tatha alauddin khilaji ke samay isaka mahattv badh gaya.

• vakil-e-sultan

muhammad tugalaq (tugalaq vansh ka antim shasak) dvara sthapit is mantri ka kary shasan vyavastha evan sainik vyavastha ki dekh-bhal karana hata tha. yah vibhag kuchh din bad hi astitvahin ho gaya.

(3) divan-e-iansha

yah vibhag ‘dabir-e-mumalik’ ke antargat tha. shahi patr vyavahar ke lie kary ka bhar is vibhag dvara hota tha. yah sultan ki ghoshanaoan evan patroan ka masavida taiyar karata tha. sabhi rajakiy abhilekh isi karyalay mean surakshit rakhe jate the. dabir evan lekhak isake sahayogi hote the. firozashah tugalaq ke samay mean isaka star mantri ka nahian rah gaya. minahaj-us-siraj is vibhag ko “divan-e-asharaf” kahakar sanbodhit karata tha. is vibhag ka kary atyant gopaniy hota tha.

(4) divan-e-rasalat

is vibhag ke karyoan ke bare mean vivad hai. kuchh itihasakaroan ke anusar, yah vibhag videshoan se patr vyavahar tatha videshoan ko bheje jane vale evan videsh se ane vale rajadootoan ki dekhabhal karata tha. kuchh itihasakaroan ke anusar yah dharm vibhag se sambandhit tha. khilaji vansh ke sultan svayan is vibhag ka kary dekhate the. isake lie kisi amir ki niyukti khilaji kal mean nahian huee. uparyukt mantriyoan ke atirikt bhi kuchh mantri hote the. ye nimnalikhit haian-

• nayab (nayab-e-mumalikat)

is pad ki sthapana iltutamish ke putr muizuddin baharamashah ke samay mean usake saradaroan dvara ki gee. is pad ka mahattv ayogy sultanoan ke samay mean adhik raha, aisi sthiti mean yah pad sultan ke bad mana jata tha. nayab ke pad par asin hone vala pratham vyakti aitagin tha. nayab ke pad ka sarvadhik prayog balaban ne kiya.

• sadr-us-sadoor

yah dharm vibhag evan dan vibhag ka pramukh hota tha. rajy ka pradhan qazi evan sadr-us-sadur prayah ek hi vyakti ko diya jata tha. musalaman praja se lie jane vala kar ‘zakat’ par is adhikari ka adhikar hota tha. yah masjidoan, makataboan evan madarasoan ke nirman ke lie dhan muhaiya karata tha.

• qazi-ul-kujat

sultan ke bad nyay ka sarvochch adhikari qazi-ul-kujat hota tha. prayah muqadamean isi ke nyayalay mean shuroo kiye jate the. yah apane se niche ke qaziyoan ke nirnay par phir se vichar karane ka adhikar rakhata tha. prayah yah pad sadr-us-sadoor ke pas hi rahata tha. muhammad bin tugalaq yadi qazi ke nirnay se santushth nahian hota tha to, us nirnay ko badal deta tha.

• divan-e-barid

barid-e-mumalik guptachar vibhag ka pradhan adhikari hota tha. isake adhin guptachar, sandeshavahak evan dak chaikiyaan hoti thian.

• divan-e-risayat

sultan alauddin khilaji ne bazar niyantran ke lie ek vibhag sthapit kiya gaya tha.

• divan-e-amir kohi

muhammad tugalaq dvara krishi ke vikas ke lie yah vibhag sthapit kiya gaya tha.

• divan-e-mustakharaj

is vibhag ki sthapana alauddin khilaji ne ki thi. isaka pramukh kary bakaya rajasv vasoolana tha.

• divan-e-nazar

isaki sthapana muhammad bin tugalaq dvara ki gee thi. isaka kary upahar vitarit karana tha.

raj darabar se sambandhit pad nimnalikhit the-

• vakil-e-dar

yah pad atyant mahattvapoorn hota tha. yah shahi mahal evan sultan ki vyaktigat sevaoan ki dekhabhal karata tha.

• barabak

yah darabar ki shan-o-shaukat evan rasmoan ki dekh-rekh karata tha.

• amir-e-hajib

yah sultan se milane valoan ki jaanch-p datal karata tha. isake atirikt yah darabari shishtachar ke lie uttaradayi tha.

• amir-e-shikar

yah sultan ke shikar ki vyavastha kiya karata tha.

• amir-e-majalis

yah shahi utsavoan evan davatoan ka prabandh karata tha.

• sar-e-jaandar

yah sultan ke aang rakshakoan ka adhikari hota tha.

• amir-e-akhur

yah ashvashala ka adhyaksh hota tha.

• shahana-e-pil

yah hastishala ka adhyaksh hota tha.

• divan-e-istihaq

yah peanshan vibhag kaha jata tha.

• divan-e-khairat

ise dan vibhag kaha jata tha.

• divan-e-bandagan

ise das vibhag kaha jata tha.

• mutasarriph

yah karakhanoan ke pramukh ka pramukh hota tha.

divan-e-istihak, divan-e-khairat v divan-e-bandagan, ye tinoan vibhag firozashah tugalaq dvara sthapit kiye gaye the.

prantiy prashasan

ikta vyavastha dilli saltanat ki ek mukhy visheshata thi. isaka mukhy uddeshy bharat mean prachalit samanti pratha ko nasht karana aur samrajy ke doorasth pradesh ko kendr se jo dana tha. isaka praranbh iltutamish ke shasanakal mean hua. dilli saltanat anek prantoan mean banti thi, jise ‘ikta’ kaha jata tha. yahaan ka shasan ‘nayab vali’ v ‘mukti’ dvara sanchalit kiya jata tha. usake pas nishchit sankhya mean sena hoti thi, jise avashyakata ke samay sultan ko upalabdh karaya jata tha. mukti prant ke adhikariyoan ki niyukti, sthanantaran adi karata tha. vali ya mukti ka pad vanshanugat nahian tha. vittiy mamaloan mean vali ki sahayata ‘khvaja’ namak adhikari karata tha. khvaja namak adhikariyoan ki niyukti balaban ne iktadaroan ke bhrashtachar ko rokane ke lie ki thi. muhammad tugalaq ke kal mean mukti se rajasv adhikar lekar ek any kendriy adhikari 'vali-ul-kharaj' ko pradan kar diye gaye. ibn batoota ke anusar is samay-ikta mean do adhikari the, ek amir ya mukti tatha doosara ;bali-ul-kharaj'. amir ya mukti sainik adhikari hota tha tatha 'khali-ul-kharaj' ikta ki ay ekatrit karata tha. mukti aur bali ke sambandh sultan ki ichchha par nirbhar karata tha.

sthaniy prashasan

lagabhag 14 vian shatabdi mean prashasakiy suvidha ke lie iktaoan ko shikoan (ziloan) mean vibhajit kiya gaya. prant shik mean, shik paragana tatha paragana gaanvoan mean vibhakt the. yahaan ka shasan amir apane any sahayogiyoan ke sath karata tha. ek shahar ya sau gaanvoan ke shasan ki dekh-bhal ‘amir-e-sada’ namak adhikari karata tha. isaki sahayata ke lie mutasarrif, karakoon, balahar, mukaddam, chaudhari, patavari, piyada adi hote the. shasan ki sarvadhik ikaee gaanv hota tha, jahaan ka shasan panchayatean karati thian. gaanvoan mean mukaddam (mukhiya), patavari v karakoon hote the. prantoan ke atirikt kuchh kendr shasit pradesh the, jinamean shik aur shahar shamil the. isake prabhavi adhikari 'shahana' (adhikshak) thean. yah sultan dvara niyukt hote the. is kshetr se ekatr kiya gaya rajasv sidhe kendr ke khazane mean jata tha. pratyek upakshetr mean amil nam ka ek padadhikari hota tha, jo rajasv ikattha karake rajakosh mean jama karata tha.

sainy sangathan

turki shasan vyavastha mukhyatah sainy shakti par adharit thi. ek vishal, sangathit, shaktishali sena ki avashyakata sultan ko rahati thi. aisi sena ki avashyakata ke karanoan mean turki amiroan, saradaroan dvara kiye gaye vidroh ko kuchalane, rajapoot rajaoan ki vidrohatmak pravritti se nipatane, mangoloan ke akraman ko rokane evan sultan ki samrajy vistar ki niti ko saphal banana adi shamil the aur in karyoan ke lie vishal evan sangathit sthayi sena ki avashyakata rahati thi.

saltanat kalin sainy vyavastha ke antargat iltutamish dvara sthapit sena ko ‘ishm-e-kalb’ (kendriy sena) ya ‘kalb-e-sultani’ kaha jata tha, jabaki samantoan v prantapatiyoan ki sena ko ‘hashm-e-ataraf’ kaha jata tha. shahi ghu dasavaroan ki sena ko 'savar-e-kalb' kaha jata tha. sena ke lie 'divan-e-arj' ki sthapana balaban ki thi. saltanakalin sena ka dhaancha rashtriy nahian tha, balki isamean turk, amir, eerani, mangol, afagan evan bharatiy musalaman shamil hote the. saltanat kal mean char prakar ke sainik hote the. pratham, ve sainik hote the, jinako svayan sultan niyukt karata tha. yah sultan ki sthayi sena hoti thi. ise ‘khasakhel’ ka nam diya tha. alauddin khilaji ke samay mean lagabhag paune paanch lakh ki sthayi sena thi. dvitiy, ve sainik hote the, jo prantoan evan soobedaroan ki sena mean bharati hote the. prantiy arij is sena ki dekh-bhal iktadaroan ke netritv mean karate the. yah sena varsh mean ek bar sultan ke samaksh nirikshan hetu prastut ki jati thi. sainik do prakar ke hote the. pratham vajahis, jo sthayi sainik the, dvitiy gair vajahis, jo asthayi the. tritiy, ve sainik hote the, jinhean yuddh ke samay asthayi roop se bharti kiya jata tha. inako yuddh kal tak hi vetan evan rasad prapt hota tha. chaturth ve sainik hote the, jo muslim svayansevakoan ke roop mean kafiroan se yuddh karate the, inhean koee vetan nahian milata tha, balki loot ki sampatti mean hissa milata tha.

sainy vibhajan

saltanat kalin sena mukhyatah tin bhagoan mean vibhajit thi-

1. ghu dasavar sena
2. gaj (hathi)
3. padapit (paidal), sena ya ‘payak’

pad vibhajan

mangol sena ke vargikaran ki dashamalav pranali ko saltanakalin sainy vyavastha ka adhar banaya. saltanatal kal mean sena ka gathan, padoan ka vibhajan adi dashamalav pranali par hi adharit the. 10 ashvarohiyoan ki ek tuk di ko ‘sar-e-khel', 10 sar-e-kheloan ki ek tukadi ke oopar ek ‘sipahasalar’, 10 sipahasalaroan ke oopar ek ‘amir’, 10 amiroan ke oopar ek ‘malik’ aur 10 malikoan ke oopar ek ‘khan’ hota tha.

saltanat kal mean barood ki sahayata se gola pheankane ki mashin ko ‘mangalik’ tatha ‘arrat’ kaha jata tha. sultanoan ke pas navoan ka ek be da hota tha. navoan ke be doan ka sanchalan ‘mir bahar’ namak adhikari ke netritv mean hota tha, jisaka upayog sainik saman ko dhone mean kiya jata tha. ‘sahib-e-barid-e-lakhkar vibhag’ yuddh ke samay ki samast janakari rajadhani bhejata tha. 'tale-ah' evan ‘yajki’ namak guptachar shatru sena ki gatividhiyoan ki soochana ekatr karata tha. ‘charkh’ (shila prakshepastroan), phalakhoon (gulel), garagaj (chalayaman manch), sabat (surakshit ga di) jaise yuddh ke samay prayukt hone vale sadhanoan ka ullekh milata hai.

vetan vyavastha

khusaro khaan ne apane shasan kal ke dauran sainikoan ko atyadhik dhan vitarit kiya. sainik sudhar ki drishti se alauddin khilaji kal sarvadhik mahattvapoorn mana jata hai. alauddin apane sainikoan ko nakad vetan dene ke sath hi 6 mahine ka vetan inam ke daur par deta tha. alauddin ne gho doan ko dagane ki aur sainikoan ka huliya rakhane ki pratha chalayi. sikandar shah lodi ne sainikoan ke huliya ke sthan par chehara shabd ka prayog kiya. balaban sena ko chust rakhane ke lie use shikar par le jati tha. alauddin khilaji ke bad mukti log apane sainikoan ke vetan se kuchh kamishan kat lete the. gayasuddin khilaji ne is pratha ko samapt kiya aur vetan rajistar (vasiyat-e-hashm) ki svayan jaanch karane laga. alauddin ne ikta pratha ko samapt kar diya tha, parantu firozashah tugalaq ke samay mean sainikoan ko nakad vetan ke sthan par ikta dene ki pratha punah prarambh kar di gee, kalantar mean sainikoan ka pad anuvanshik ho gaya. firozashah tugalaq ne sena mean dasoan ko bharti karana shuroo kiya. pita ki mrityu ke bad ikta ka hakadar usaka putr, putr n hone ki sthiti mean damad, damad ke n hone par das aur das bhi nahian hai to nikat ka sambandhi hota tha. is vyavastha ka dushparinam firozashah tugalaq ke shasan kal mean dekhane ko mila. alauddin ki sainy vyavastha khusaravashah ke samay tootakar bikhar gayi. isane kirae par sainikoan ko bharti kiya.

nyay evan dand vyavastha

saltanat kal mean sultan rajy ka sarvochch nyayadhish hota tha. is samay nyay islami qanoon shariyat, quran evan hadis par adharit tha. muslim qanoon ke char mahattvapoorn srot the - quran, hadis, ijama evan kayas.

1. quran - musalamanoan ka pavitr granth evan muslim qanoon ka mukhy srot.
2. hadis - paigambar ke karyoan evan kathanoan ka ullekh, quran dvara samasya ka samadhan n hone par ‘hadis’ ka sahara liya jata tha.
3. ijama - ‘mujatahid’ v muslim vidhishastriyoan ko muslim qanoon ki vyakhya ka adhikar prapt tha. isake dvara vyakhyayit qanoon, jo allah ki ichchha mana jata tha, ko ‘ijama’ kaha jata tha.
4. kayas - tark ke adhar par vishleshit qanoon ko ‘kayas’ kaha jata tha.

qanoon

sultan 'sadr-us-sudoor', 'qazi-ul-kujat' adi nyay se sanbandhit sarvochch adhikari hota tha. sultan 'divan-e-kaja' tatha 'divan-e-majalis' bhi nyay ka kary poora karata tha. 'divan-majalis' ka adhyaksh 'amir-e-dad' hota tha. 'divan-e-mamalik' sultan ko qanooni paramarsh deta tha. prantakhyakshoan ki sahayata qazi ya ‘sahib-e-divan’ karate the. dharmik muqadamoan ke nirnay ke samay sultan mukhy sadr (sabhapati, adhyaksh) evan mufti ki sahayata leta tha, jabaki any muqadamoan ke nirnay ke samay qazi ki sahayata liya karata tha. kasboan evan gaanvo ki sahayata ke madhyam se sthaniy panch log jhag doan ka nipatara karate the. saltanat kal mean dand vyavastha kathor thi. aparadh ki ganbhirata ko dekhate hue kramashah mrityudand, aang-bhang evan sampatti ko h dapane ka dand diya jata tha. saltanat kal mean mukhyatah 4 prakar ke qanoon ka prachalan tha -

1. samany qanoon - vyapar adi se sambandhit ye qanoon muslim evan gair muslim donoan par lagoo hote the. parantu samanyatah yah qanoon keval musalaman janata par lagoo hota tha.
2. desh ka qanoon - muslim shasakoan dvara shasit desh mean prachalit sthaniy niyam qanoon.
3. faujadari qanoon - yah qanoon muslim evan gair muslim donoan par saman roop se lagoo hota tha.
4. gair muslimoan ka dharmik evan vyaktigat qanoon - hindoo janata ke samajik mamaloan mean dilli saltanat ka ati sookshm hastakshep hota tha. unake muqadamoan ki sunavaee panchayatoan mean vidvan, purohit evan brahman kiya karate the.

muslim dand vidhi ko ‘fiqah’ (islami dharmashastr) mean bataye gaye niyamoan ke anusar kathorata se lagoo kiya jata tha. quran ke niyamoan ke anusar muslimoan ka sabase mahattvapoorn kartavy hai - moorti poojakoan ko nasht karana, jihad (dharmayu़ddh) l dana evan ‘darul-harb’ (kafiroan ke desh) ko ‘darul islam’ (islam desh mean badalana).

vitt vibhag

saltanat kalin vitt vyavastha sunni vidhi-visheshajnoan ki hanifi shakha ke vitt siddhantoan par adharit thi. dilli saltanat ke sultanoan ne gazanavi ke poorvadhikariyoan se yah parampara grahan ki thi. saltanat kal mean bhoomi char bhagoan mean vibhakt thi-

1. madad-e-mash - dan mean di gayi bhoomi. isase koee rajasv nahian liya jata tha.
2. muktiyoan ya iktadaroan ko di gayi bhoomi - isamean pratyek iktadar apana kharch nikalakar adhishesh shahi khazane mean bhej deta tha.
3. adhinasth hindoo rajaoan ki adhin bhoomi - yahaan se ek nishchat dhanarashi kendr ko bheji jati thi.
4. khalasa bhoomi - isaki samast ay shahi kosh mean sidhe jati thi. muslim vidhivijnoan ne saltanat kal mean vasool kie jane vale karoan ko dharmik evan dharmanirapeksh bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya. dharmik kar mean 'zakat' evan dharmanirapeksh kar mean 'jaziya', 'kharaj' evan 'khums' adi ate the.

zakat

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musalamanoan se liya jane vala yah dharmik kar keval sampann varg ke musalamanoan se liya jata tha. is kar ki vasooli mean bal prayog poornatah varjit tha. zakat kar ay ka 2.5 pratishat liya jata tha. is kar ka sampoorn bhag musalamanoan ke kalyan par kharch kiya jata tha. ek any dharmik kar ‘sadaka’ ka bhi ullekh milata hai, jise kabhi-kabhi zakat hi man liya jata tha.

ushr

keval musalamanoan se liya jane vala yah kar bhoomi ki upaj par liya jata tha. is kar se vakph, nabalig evan das bhi mukt nahian the. is kar ki vasooli mean bal prayog kiya ja sakata tha. yah kar prakritik sadhanoan se sianchit bhoomi ki upaj ka 1/10 bhag tatha manushyakrit sadhanoan se sianchit bhoomi ki upaj ka 1/5 bhag liya jata tha.

jaziya

gair musalamanoan se vasoole jane vale is kar par kafi vivad hai. kuchh musalaman ise dharmik kar manate haian, kyoanki yah gair musalamanoan ko unaki sampatti, samman ki suraksha evan sainik seva se mukt rahane ke lie dena hota tha, parantu adhunik itihasakaroan ne ise dharmanirapeksh kar manate hue kaha hai ki, yah kar gair muslimoan ko isalie dena hota tha, kyoanki ve sainik seva se mukt the. is kar se striyaan, bachche, bhikhari evan lang de mukt the. firozashah tugalaq ne is kar ko brahman logoan par lagaya. yah kar sampann varg se 40 taka, madhyam varg se 20 taka evan samany varg se 10 taka prativarsh liya jata tha.

kharaj

yah gair musalamanoan se liya jane vala bhoomi kar tha. is kar ke roop mean upaj ka 1/3 se 1/2 bhag tak vasool kiya jata tha. alauddin khilaji anivary roop se 1/2 bhag vasool karata tha, jabaki poore saltanat kal mean kisanoan se unaki paidavar ka 1/3 bhag liya jata tha.

khums

khums loot ka dhan hota tha. is dhan ka 1/5 rajakosh mean tatha 4/5 bhag sainikoan mean baant diya jata tha, lekin alauddin khilaji evan muhammad tugalaq loot ke dhan ka 4/5 bhag rajakosh mean jama karavate the tatha shesh 1/5 bhag sainikoan mean vitarit kar diya jata tha.

uparyukt karoan ke atirikt vyaparik kar ke roop mean musalamanoan se 2.5 pratishat evan gair muslimoan se 5 pratishat liya jata tha. gho doan ke vyapar par 5 pratishat kar lagata tha. alauddin khilaji ne makan evan charagah par tatha firozashah tugalaq ne sianchaee ke sadhanoan par kar lagaya, jo paidavar ka 10 pratishat tha.

lagan vyavastha

lagan vyavastha ke aantargat kee prakar ki bantaeeyoan ka ullekh milata hai-

• bantaee

bantaee lagan nirdharit karane ki ek pranali thi, jisamean rajy ki or se pratyaksh roop se zamin ki paidavar se hissa liya jata tha. isaki do vidhiyaan thian - ek fasal taiyar hone ke samay sarakari adhikari kul paidavar ka mooly nirdharit karake karoan ko tay karate the aur doosara taiyar fasaloan ki map-taul ke adhar par kar ka nirdharan kiya jata tha. doosari vidhi ko bantaee, 'kisamat-e-galla', 'galla bakhshi' v 'hasil' kaha gaya hai. saltanat kal mean nimn tin prakar ki bantaee vidhi prachalan mean thi-

1. khet bantaee - kh di fasal ya buvaee ke bad hi khet baantakar kar ka nirdharan karana.
2. lank bantaee - khet katane ke bad khaliyan mean laye gaye anaj se bhoosa nikale bina hi krishak evan sarakar ke bich bantavara ho jata tha.
3. ras bantaee - khaliyan mean anaj se bhoosa alag karane ke bad sarakari hisse ko nirdharit kiya jata tha.

• muktaee - saltanat kal mean lagan nirdharan ki mishrit pranali ko ‘muktaee’ kaha jata tha.

alauddin khilaji ko bazar niyantran ke lie anaj ki avashyakata thi, isalie vah lagan ke roop mean anaj leta tha.

masahat

bhoomi ki nap-jokh karane ke uparant usake kshetraphal ke adhar par upaj ka lagan nishchit kiya jata tha. is pranali ki shuruat alauddin khilaji ne ki. gayasuddin tugalaq ke kal mean khetoan ki map dvara kar nirdharan karane ki vyavastha ko chho dakar ‘hukm-e-hasim’ ko apanaya gaya. dilli sultanoan mean sarvapratham gayasuddin tugalaq ne krishi ko protsahan dene ke vichar se naharean banavayian tatha kee bag lagavayean. muhammad bin tugalaq ne punah bhoomi paimaish ko lagan ka adhar banaya. firozashah tugalaq dvara banavayi gayi sabase mahattvapoorn naharoan mean ‘rajavahi’ aur ‘uloogakhani’ pramukh thi. saltanat kal mean rajy ki samast bhoomi 4 vargoan mean vibhakt thi-
(1) khalasa bhoomi - is prakar ki bhoomi poornatah kendr ke niyantran mean rahati thi. is bhoomi se kar vasool karane ke lie rajasv vibhag ke padadhikari chaudhari evan mukaddam hote the. pratyak shik (zile) mean ek ‘amil’ nam ka adhikari hota tha, jo kar vasool kar sultan ko bheja karata tha. alauddin khilaji ke samay mean khalasa bhoomi mean paryapt vriddhi huee.
(2) ikta ki bhoomi - ikta ki bhoomi ki dekh-bhal ‘mukti’ karate the. is bhoomi se ‘mukti’ v ‘vali’ lagan vasoolate the. lagan vasool karane ke bad mukti apana kharch alag kar shesh dhan ko sarakari khazane mean jama kar deta tha. chhoti ikta ke pramukh ko 'iktadar' tatha b di iktaoan ke pramukh ko 'mukti' ya 'vali' kahate the. muhammad tugalaq ne ikta vyavastha mean sudhar karate hue mukti ya vali se adhikar lekar 'vali-ul-kharaj' namak adhikari ko de diya. firozashah tugalaq ke samay mean sarvadhik iktaean dan mean di gayian. bharat mean ikta pranali ki shuruat muhammad gori ne ki thi. firozashah tugalaq ke samay ikta pratha anuvanshik ho gee thi. balaban ne ikta dharakoan ki dekharekh ke lie ek any qadam uthaya. usane mahattvapoorn prantoan par apane putroan ko garvanar ke roop mean niyukt kiya aur khvaja ke pad ka srijan kiya. is prakar balaban ne prantoan mean simit roop se dvaidh shasan ki sthapana ki.
(3) samantoan ki bhoomi - yah bhoomi adhinasth hindoo samantoan v rajaoan ki bhoomi thi, jo prativarsh ek nishchit matra mean dhan sarakari kosh mean jama karate the.
(4) inam v vakph - yah kar mukt bhoomi hoti thi, jo vishesh logoan ko dan mean di jati thi. bhoomi ko prapt karane vale ka bhoomi par vanshanugat adhikar hota tha. saltanat kal mean kisanoan ko upaj ka 1/3 se lekar 1/2 bhag tak rajy ko kar ke roop mean dena hota tha. alauddin khilaji ke samay bhoomi kar ko 50 pratishat kar diya tha. alauddin evan muhammad tugalaq ne bhoomi ki paimaish ke adhar par lagan ko nirdharit kiya. alauddin ne dan ke roop mean di gee adhikaansh bhoomi ko chhin kar khalasa bhoomi mean parivartit kar diya. usane lagan ko dilli ke as-pas ke kshetroan evan doab se anaj ke roop mean vasool kiya. firozashah tugalaq ne navin kar, 'sianchaee kar' lagaya.

arthik vikas

saltanat kal mean bharat arthik drishti se vikasit tha. videshoan se vastuean mangaee evan bheji jati thian. vyapar jal evan sthal donoan margoan se hota tha. is samay bharat se videshoan mean bheji jane vali mahattvapoorn vastuean loha, hathiyar, anaj, sootivastr, j di-booti, masale, phal, shakkar evan nil adi thian. bahar se ayat ki jane vali mahattvapoorn vastuoan mean gho de (arab, turkistan, roos, eerani), astr-shastr, das, meve phal adi shamil the.

vyaparik kendr

saltanat kal ke mahattvapoorn vyaparik kendr ke roop mean dilli, thatta, deval, sarasuti, anhilava d, satagaanv, sonar gaanv, agara, varanasi, lahaur adi prasiddh the. deval saltanat kal mean antarrashtriy bandagah ke roop mean prasiddh tha. sarasuti achchhe qism ke chaval ke lie, anhilava d vyapariyoan ke tirthasthal mean roop mean satagaanv reshami rajaiyoan ke lie, agara nil utpadan ke lie, evan banaras sone, chaandi evan jari ke kam ke lie prasiddh tha. avagaman ke sadhan ke roop mean bailaga di, khachchar, ooant, rath tatha naukaoan ka prayog kiya jata tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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