प्रयोग वार्ता:Target
Target se sanbandhit samagri yahaan rakhean.
bharatiy prakshepan yanoan dvara upagrah prakshepan
kram | prakshepak yan | upagrah | prakshepan tithi | parinam |
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darshan
darshan | pravartak/rachiyata |
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pramukh naharean
rajy | nahar | nadi |
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panjab | sarahind nahar |
satalaj nadi |
oopari bari doab nahar |
ravi nadi | |
naangal baandh nahar |
satalaj nadi | |
bist doab nahar |
satalaj nadi | |
bhakh da nahar |
satalaj nadi | |
poorvi nahar | ravi nadi | |
hariyana | pashchimi yamuna nahar |
yamuna nadi |
gu dagaanv nahar |
yamuna nadi | |
uttar pradesh | poorvi yamuna nahar |
yamuna nadi |
agara nahar | yamuna nadi | |
oopari ganga nahar |
ganga nadi [1] | |
nichali ganga nahar |
ganga nadi [2] | |
sharada nahar |
sharada nadi | |
betava nahar | betava nadi [3] | |
bihar | poorvi son nahar |
son nadi |
pashchimi son nahar |
son nadi | |
triveni nahar |
gandak nadi | |
gandak baandh yojana | tirahut nahar, saran nahar | |
pashchim bangal | midanapur nahar |
kosi nadi |
edan nahar |
damodar nadi | |
tilapa da baandh ki naharean |
mayoorakshi nadi (virabhoom zila) | |
damodar nadi ki naharean | damodar nadi (durgaprur) | |
rajasthan | bikaner nahar |
satalaj nadi [4] |
kalisil pariyojana |
kalisil nadi | |
gambhiri pariyojana |
gambhiri nadi (chittau dagadh), sookari nadi | |
parvati pariyojana |
parvati nadi | |
goodha pariyojana |
meja nadi | |
morel pariyojana |
morel nadi | |
jaggar pariyojana |
jaggar nadi | |
indira nahar |
satalaj, vyas nadi [5] | |
maharashtr | godavari nahar |
godavari nadi [6] |
mootha nahar |
phaiph jhil [7] | |
bhandaradara baandh ki naharean |
pravara nadi [8] | |
moola pariyojana |
moola nadi | |
vir pariyojana | nira nadi | |
tamilanadu | kaveri delta nahar |
koleroon nadi [9] |
periyar pariyojana |
periyar nadi | |
maitoor pariyojana |
kaveri nadi | |
nichali bhavani nahar |
bhavani nadi [10] | |
keral | malamapuja baandh ki naharean |
malamapuja nadi [11] |
valayar yalashal ki naharean |
valayar nadi [12] | |
mangalam yojana ki naharean |
malabar zila | |
andhr pradesh | godavari delta ki naharean |
gomati, godavari tatha vishisht godavari [13] |
krishnaa delta ki naharean |
krishnaa nadi | |
krishnaa sianchaee yojana ki naharean |
krishnaa nadi [14] | |
ramapad sagar pariyojana |
godavari nadi [15] | |
tuangabhadra pariyojana |
tuangabhadra nadi [16] | |
krishnaa-pennar pariyojana |
krishnaa, pennar nadi |
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vanoan ki sthiti
rajy[17] | bhaugolik kshetr[18] | van kshetr[19] | vastavik[20] | anupat[21] |
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andhr pradesh | 2,75,069 | 63,821 | 44,419 | 16.15 |
arunachal pradesh | 83,743 | 51,540 | 68,019 | 81.22 |
asam | 78,438 | 27,018 | 27,826 | 35.47 |
bihar | 94,163 | 6,473 | 5,558 | 5.91 |
jharakhand | 79,714 | 23,605 | 22,716 | 28.49 |
gova | 3,702 | 1,224 | 2,156 | 58.23 |
gujarat | 1,96,022 | 19,113 | 14,946 | 7.63 |
hariyana | 44,212 | 1,558 | 1,517 | 3.43 |
himachal pradesh | 55,673 | 37,033 | 14,353 | 25.78 |
jammoo-kashmir | 2,22,235 | 20,230 | 21,267 | 9.57 |
karnatak | 1,91,791 | 43,084 | 36,449 | 19.01 |
keral | 38,863 | 11,268 | 15,577 | 40.08 |
madhy pradesh | 3,08,245 | 95,221 | 76,429 | 24.79 |
chhattisagadh | 1,35,191 | 59,772 | 55,998 | 41.42 |
maharashtr | 3,07,713 | 61,939 | 46,865 | 15.23 |
manipur | 22,327 | 17,418 | 17,219 | 77.12 |
meghalay | 22,429 | 9,496 | 16,839 | 75.07 |
mizoram | 21,081 | 16,717 | 18,430 | 87.43 |
nagalaind | 16,579 | 8,629 | 13,609 | 82.08 |
u disa | 1,55,707 | 58,136 | 48,366 | 31.06 |
panjab | 50,362 | 3,084 | 1,580 | 3.14 |
rajasthan | 3,42,239 | 32,488 | 15,826 | 4.63 |
sikkim | 7,096 | 5,841 | 3,262 | 45.97 |
tamilanadu | 1,30,058 | 22,877 | 22,643 | 17.41 |
tripura | 10,486 | 6,293 | 8,093 | 77.18 |
uttar pradesh | 2,40,928 | 16,826 | 14,118 | 5.85 |
uttarakhand | 53,483 | 34,662 | 24,465 | 45.74 |
pashchim bangal | 88,752 | 11,879 | 12,343 | 13.91 |
andaman evan nikobar | 8,249 | 7,171 | 6,964 | 84.42 |
chanhdigadh | 114 | 34 | 15 | 13.15 |
dadara tatha nagar haveli | 491 | 204 | 225 | 45.83 |
daman aur div | 112 | 1 | 8 | 7.14 |
dilli | 1,483 | 85 | 170 | 11.46 |
lakshadvip | 32 | 23 | 71.87 | |
puducheri | 480 | 40 | 8.33 |
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vesh bhoosha
bharat ke sabhi prantoan ki alag-alag veshabhoosha hai. yah veshabhoosha sthaniy mausam tatha avashyakatanusar vikasit huee hai. udaharan ke lie, poore uttar pradesh mean kisan dhoti-kurta pahanate haian aur sir par pag di dharan karate haian. nagar ke shikshit yuvak peant-kamiz pahanate haian. mahilaean sa di ya soot pahanati hai. dakshin bharat mean purushoan ki dhoti ka aandaj badal jata hai.
bhasha
bharatiy sanskriti ki ekata usaki bhasha mean bhi vyakt hoti hai. yahaan ke hinduoan, musalamanoan, eesaeeyoan, sikkhoan, bauddhoan, jainoan ki bhashaean saman hai. ek prant ke sabhi nivasi ek-si bhasha ka vyavahar karate hai. panjab ka musalaman yadi panjabi bolata hai to tamil ka musalaman tamil bolata hai. isase pata chalata hai ki chahe yahaan ke logoan ke dharm bhinn hoan, parantu unaki sanskriti saman hai. bharat mean 18 many rashtriy bhashaean haian aur anek boliyaan haian. hiandi hamari rashtrabhasha hai.
khel
varsh | sthal | vijeta | dvitiy vijeta | antar |
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adhunik bharat mean anek prakar ke khelakood prachalit haian, jaise- h aauki, futabal, tenis, baidamintan, golph, basketab aaul, kabaddi, kushti, kriket adi. sabhi ko koee n koee khel pasand hota hai sabhi apani roochi ke anusar vibhinn khel khelate haian ya unhean dekhakar apana manoranjan karate haian. sabhi kheloan ka apana mahattv hota hai tatha sabhi hamare svasthy ke lie labhadayak haian. vibhinn desho mean alag-alag khel lokapriy haian. jese yoorop mean futabal aur tenis vikhyat hai, to amerika mean basketab aaul, besab aaul aur ragabi vikhyat hai. bharat ka rashtriy khel h aauki hai.
chitr
- ↑ haridvar ke samip
- ↑ naraura, bulandashahar
- ↑ jhaansi ke samip parichchha namak sthan se
- ↑ firizapur ke samip husainivala se
- ↑ satalaj evan vyas nadiyoan ke sangam par sthit hari ke bairaz
- ↑ bel jhil ke samip
- ↑ khadakavasala namak sthan se
- ↑ pashchimi ghat parvat
- ↑ kaveri nadi ki shakha
- ↑ kaveri ki sahayak nadi
- ↑ malabar zila
- ↑ periyar ki sahayak nadi
- ↑ delta kshetr mean godavari ki shakhaean
- ↑ krishnaa enikat se 18 mil oopar
- ↑ polavaram namak sthan
- ↑ krishnaa ki sahayak nadi
- ↑ rajy/sangh shasit kshetr
- ↑ varg kimi.
- ↑ kul van kshetr
- ↑ vastavik vanachchhadit kshetr
- ↑ kul bhaugolik kshetr ka vastavik vanachchhadit kshetr
chitr sangrahalay mathura
[[chitr:Buddha-3.jpg|buddh
Buddha|thumb|80px|left]]
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paramanu vidyutaghar
kram | paramanu vidyutaghar | sthiti | nirman varsh | kshamata (megav aaut) |
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paramanu
kram | riektar | sthiti | nirman varsh | kshamata/varsh |
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bharatiy udyog
prachin kal se hi vibhinn prakar ke prakritik sansadhanoan ki sampannata ke karan bharat ki ganana vishv ke pramukh audyogik kshetroan mean ki jati thi. itana avashy tha ki us samay ki utkrisht vastuoan ka nirman bhi kutir udyogoan ke star par hi kiya jata tha. sooti evan reshami vastr, lauh-ispat udyog evan any dhatuoan se nirmit vastuean videshoan mean bhi prasiddhi prapt kar chuki thian. desh mean audyogik vikas ka prarambh aangrejoan ke agaman ke pashchat hi hua aur svatantrata-prapti ke bad isamean abhootapoorv pragati huee hai. aj desh audyogik vikas ke marg par agrasar hai. desh ke pramukh nirman udyogoan evan unaki avasthiti par kachche maloan, bhautik evan manaviy dashaoan adi ka paryapt prabhav p da hai aur desh mean hi adhikaansh utpadoan ka bazar bhi upalabdh hai. sanchar evan parivahan ke sadhan bhi desh ki audyogik pragati mean paryapt sahayog pradan kar rahe haian.
sangrahalay
kram | nam | sthan | pradesh |
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hindi sahity
hiandi mean pahali pramukh pustak 12vian sadi mean lahaur ke chandabaradaee ka prithviraj rasoan mahakavy hai, jisamean islami akraman se pahale dilli ke aantim hiandoo raja prithviraj ke sahasik karyoan ka varnan kiya gaya hai, yah pustak rajapootoan ke darabar ki bhat paranpara par adharit hai, farasi kavi amir khusaro ki kavitaean bhi ullekhaniy haian, jinhean unhoanne avadhi mean likha. hiandi mean adhikatar praranbhik sahity ki prerana dharm par adharit hai. hiandi ke mahan kavi tulasidas (mri.-1623) rajapur ke brahman the, jinhoanne jivan ke shuroo mean hi sansar tyag diya aur banaras (vartaman varanasi) mean bhakt ke roop mean din vyatit kie. unhoanne adhikatar lekhan kary avadhi bhasha mean kiya aur ram ki pooja ko hiandoo dharm ka keandr banaya, unaki sabase mahattvapoorn rachana ramacharitamanas hai, jo sanskrit ramayan se prerit hai. yah hiandibhashi kshetr ka pavitr hiandoo granth ban gaya hai tatha pratyek sal lokapriy ramalila ke roop mean isaka manchan hota hai. madhyayug mean darshanik evan bhaktimarg ke samarthak vallabh anuyayiyoan mean netrahin kavi sooradas (mri.-1563) sarvashreshth haian, jinhoanne krishna aur radha ki stuti mean anaginat bhajan rache. inhean soorasagar mean sankalit kiya gaya hai, halaanki bhakt kaviyoan mean se anek samany parivaroan se the, lekin jodhapur ki rajakumari mirabaee apavad thian, jinhoanne hiandi aur gujarati, donoan mean apane prasiddh git likhe. poorv avadh praant ke muslim kavi jayasi dvara rachit dharmik mahakavy padmavat (1540) atyant mahattvapoorn rachana hai. avadhi mean rachit yah mahakavy sanskrit kavyashaili ke anuroop racha gaya hai. is yug ke any rachanakaroan mean rahim, rasakhan, keshavadas, nandadas ke nam ullekhaniy haian.
bhaktikal ke bad ritikal ka sootrapat hua, jisake rachanakaroan ne samakalin aitihasik sanvedanaoan ko abhivyakti di. bhog-vilas, prem-sauandary aur shrriangarikata se paripoorn is yug ki kavitaoan ko jin rachanakaroan ne roop diya, unamean matiram, keshav, bihari, ghananand, bodha adi ka nam ullekhaniy hai. premachand (mri.-1936) ke sahity evan laghu kahaniyoan mean samany gramin jivan ka varnan hai, tatha banaras ke bharateandu harishchandr (mri.-1885), jinhoanne brajabhasha mean likha, ke sahity mean apani parakashtha tak pahuanchi. adhunik hiandi sahity ki j de kavita evan natak mean harishchandr ke sahity mean: alochana aur any gady lekhan mean mahavir prasad dvivedi tatha katha sahity mean premachand ke sahity mean haian, 19vian sadi ke uttararddh ki is avadhi mean mukhy roop se sanskrit, baangla aur aangreji se anuvad ka jor raha. rashtravad evan ary samaj ke samajik sudhar aandolan se prabhavit hokar lanbi varnanatmak kavitaean, jaise maithilisharan gupt ki, jayashankar prasad dvara natak tatha chaturasen shastri evan vriandavanalal varma dvara aitihasik upanyas rache ge. in upanyasoan ki prishthabhoomi mukhyat: maury, gupt evan mugalakalin thi. is avadhi ke bad mahatma gaandhi ke satyagrah evan asahayog aandolanoan ka daur aya, jisane makhanalal chaturvedi, maithilisharan gupt evan subhadra kumari chauhan jaise kaviyoan tatha premachand v jainedr kumar jaise upanyasakaroan ko prerit kiya. atant: gaandhivadi prayog se mohabhang tatha yooropiy sahity par marksavad ke badhate prabhav ne yashapal, raangey raghav aur nagarjun jaise lekhakoan ko prabhavit kiya. 1930 ke dashak ke sarjanatmak kaviyoan sumitranandan pant, prasad, nirala aur mahadevi varma ne aangreji evan baangla kavita ki. svachchhandatavadi tatha madhyakalin hiandi kavita ki rahasyavadi paranpara se prerana li. pratikriyasvaroop marksavadi kavi ramavilas sharma aur nagarjun tatha hiranand sachchidanand vatsyayan ajney evan bharat bhooshan agraval jaise prayogavadi kavi samane ae. nirala, jinaka vikas rahasyavadi, svachchhandatavadi se yatharthavadi evan prayogavadi kavi ke roop mean hua. 1950 ke dashak ke sarvashreshth kavi the. 1960 ke dashak mean muktibodh, sarveshvar dayal saksena evan raghuvir sahay jaise maulik kavi hue. premachand evan jaineandr kumar ke sahity ka pratinidhitv karane vali do pravrittiyaan hiandi katha sahity ko do bhinn dishaoan mean le geean: jabaki samajik yatharthavadiyoan, jaise yashapal, upeandranath ashk, amritalal nagar, mohan rakesh, rajeandr yadav, kamaleshvar, nagarjun evan phanishvaranath renu ne bharatiy samaj ke badalate parivesh ka eemanadari se vishleshan kiya. ilachand joshi, ajney, dharmavir bharati, krishna sobati aur shrikaant varma jese lekhakoan ne vyaktigat manovijnan ki, jaroori nahian ki bharatiy sandarbh mean hi ho, gaveshana ki. 1930 evan 1940 ke dashakoan ke natakakaroan mean goviand ballabh pant aur seth goviand das bhi the: unaki atyadhik sanskritayukt bhasha ke karan unake natakoan ke darshak simit the. any sahityakaroan mean namavar sianh, kedaranath sianh, nirmal varma, bhishm sahani, mannoo bhandari, nasira sharma, jnanaranjan, vinod kumar shukl, mangalesh dabaral, viren dangaval, uday prakash adi anek mahattvapoorn nam haian.
bharat ke rajanaitik dal
lokataantrik shasan vyavastha ke antargat rajanitik daloan ka atyadhik mahattv hai kyoanki is vyavastha ke antargat sarakaroan ka gathan us rajanitik dal dvara hi kiya jata hai, jo chunav mean bahumat prapt prapt karata hai. lokasabha ke chunav mean bahumat prapt karane vala dal kendr mean sarakar banata hai tatha rajy vidhanasabhaoan ke chunav mean bahumat prapt karane vala rajyoan mean sarakar ka gathan karata hai. bharat mean vastavik arth mean rajanitik dal ka gathan 1885 mean hua, jab kaangres astitv mean ayi. svatantrata sangram ke dauran kee rajanitik daloan ka gathan hua, lekin unaka astitv n ke barabar raha. svatantrata prapti ke bad bhi karib 1967 tak sampoorn bharat mean kaangres ka hi prabhuttv raha, lekin 1967 mean kaangres ko anek rajyoan ki ki vidhanasabhaoan ke chunav mean bahumat nahian prapt hua tatha 1977 mean paanch daloan ke vilay se gathit janata parti ne kaangres ko kendr se bhi satta se hata diya lekin janata parti mean apasi matabhed ke karan kaangres pun: kendr mean sattaroodh huee. vi.pi. sianh dvara kaangresi pradhanamantri par lagaye gaye arop ke karan kaangres disambar, 1989 se joon, 1991 tak bhi kendr mean sattaroodh nahian rahi lekin joon, 1991 se mee 1996 tak pun: kendr mean sattaroodh rahi. rajanitik daloan ka panjikaran- rajanitik daloan ka panjikaran nirvachan ayog dvara kiya jata hai aur panjikrit rajanitik daloan, chahe rashtriy star ke hoan ya rajy-star ke hoan, ko arakshit chunav chinh abantit kiya jata hai. 1952 mean nirvachan ayog dvara 14 daloan ko rashtriy dal ke roop mean tatha 60 daloan ko rajy stariy dal ke roop mean manyata di gayi thi, 30 siantabar, 2000 ko nirvachan ayog dvara marksavadi kamyunisht parti, janata dal (yoonaited) aur janata dal (sekular) ka rashtriy rajanitik dal ka darja samapt karane ke nirnay ke karan yah sankhya ghatakar kramash: 4 aur 48 ho gayi. bad mean 1 disambar, 2000 ko nirvachan ayog dvara chunav chinh (arakshan evan avantan), 1968 mean sanshodhan ki ghoshan karate hue marksavadi kamyunisht parti ko rashtriy dal ki manyata pradan kar di. is prakar vartaman mean rashtriy rajanitik daloan ki sankhya badhakar 5 aur rajy stariy rajanitik dal ki sankhya 47 ho gee hai. inake atirikt bharat mean panjikrit lekin gair-manyata prapt 612 rajanitik dal haian.
bharat ke prasiddh khila di
bharat ki pratham mahila
karyapalika
sansad
bharat mean sansadatmak shasan pranali svikar ki gee hai. at: sansad ki sarvochchata bharatiy shasan ki pramukh visheshata hai. sansad ko vidhayika athava vyavasthapika nam se bhi jana jata hai.
gathan sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 79 ke anusar sangh ke lie ek sansad hogi, jo rashtrapati aur do sadanoan se mil kar banegi. uchch sadan rajyasabha tatha nimn sadan lokasabha kahalati hai. is prakar sansad 1- rashtrapati, 2- rajyasabha tatha 3- lokasabha se milakar gathit hai. rashtrapati sansad ka abhinn bhag hai. ise sansad ka abhinn bhag isalie mana jata hai kyoanki isaki anumati ke bina rajyasabha tatha lokasabha dvara parit koee bhi vidheyak adhiniyam ka roop nahian lega. kuchh aise vidheyak bhi haian, jinhean rashtrapati ki anumati ke bina lokasabha mean pesh nahian kiya ja sakata. rashtrapati ko rajyasabha tatha lokasabha ka satr bulane, usaka satravasan karane aur lokasabha ko vighatit karane ka adhikar hai.
rajyasabha(Rajya Sabha)
gathan bharatiy sanvidhan ke pravartan ke bad kauansil aauph stets (rajyasabha) ka gathan sarvapratham 3 aprail, 1952 ko kiya gaya tha. isaki pahali baithak 13 mee, 1952 ko huee thi. isaki adhyakshata tatkalin uparashtrapati d aau. sarvapalli radhakrishnan ke dvara ki gee thi. 23 agast 1954 ko sabhapati ne sadan mean ghoshana ki ki ‘kauansil aauph stets’ ko ab rajyasabha ke nam se jana jaega. jaega. sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 80 ke anusar rajyasabha ka gathan 250 sadasyoan dvara hoga, inamean se 12 sadasy rashtrapati dvara namanirdeshit kiye jate haian. tatha shesh 238 ka chunav rajy tatha sangh rajyakshetroan ki vidhan sabhaoan ke sadasyoan dvara kiya jata hai. rajyasabha mean rajyoan tatha sangh rajyakshetroan ki vidhan sabhaoan ke lie avantit sthan ko sanvidhan ki chauthi anusoochi mean antarvisht kiya gaya hai. is anusoochi mean keval 233 sthanoan ke sambandh mean ullekh kiya gaya hai, jisase spasht hota hai ki vartaman samay mean rajyasabha ki prabhavi sankhya 245 (rashtrapati dvara namit sadasyoan sahit) hai. ve 12 sadasy jinhean rashtrapati dvara rajyasabha ke lie namanirdeshit kiye jate haian, unhean sahity, vijnan, kala tatha samaj seva ke kshetr mean vishesh jnan ya vyavaharik anubhav hona chahie.
apratyaksh chunav- rajyasabha ke sadasyoan ka chunav apratyaksh roop se hota hai. rajyoan ke pratinidhiyoan ka chunav rajyoan ki vidhanasabha ke sadasyoan dvara anupatik pratinidhitv paddhati ke anusar ekal sankramaniy mat dvara kiya jata hai tatha sangharajy kshetroan ke pratinidhiyoan ka chunav us dhang se kiya jata hai, jise sansad vidhi banakar vihit kare. rajyasabha mean keval do sangh rajyakshetroan yatha rashtriy rajadhani rajy kshetr dilli tatha pandicheri, ke lie sthanoan ko avantit kiya gaya hai. in rajy kshetroan ki avantan mean rajyasabha ke sthanoan ko bharane ke lie nirvachakaganoan ko gathit karane ke sambandh mean lok pratinidhitv adhiniyam, 1950 ki dhara 27-k mean sansad dvara us dhang ko vihit kiya gaya hai, is dhara ke anusar pandicheri sangh rajyakshetr ke lie avantit sthan ko is sangh rajy kshetr ke vidhan sabha ke sadasyoan dvara chune gaye vyakti se bhara jaega tatha dilli sambandh mean is dhara mean kaha gaya tha ki dilli sangh rajyakshetr ke rajyasabha sadasy ka chunav mahanagar ke parishad ke nirvachit sadasyoan dvara kiya jaega. lekin dilli mean vidhanasabha ke gathan ke bad sthiti mean parivartan ho gaya hai.
avadhi- rajyasabha ka kabhi vighatan nahian hota. isake sadasy 6 varsh ke lie chune jate haian. isake sadasyoan mean se ek tihaee sadasy pratyek doosare varsh padamukt ho jate haian. isake sadasyoan mean se ek tihaee sadasy pratyek doosare varsh padamukt ho jate haian tatha padamukt hone vale sadasyoan ke sthanoan ko bharane ke lie pratyek doosare varsh chunav hota hai. yadi koee sadasy tyagapatr de deta hai ya usaki akasmik mrityu ke karan koee sthan rikt hota hai, to is rikt sthan ke lie upachunav hota hai.
adhiveshan- rajyasabha ka ek varsh mean do adhiveshan hota hai. lekin isake adhiveshan ki antim baithak tatha agami adhiveshan ki pratham baithak ke lie niyat tithi ke bich 6 mah ka antar nahian hona chahie. samanyataya rajyasabha ka adhiveshan tabhi bulaya jata hai, jab lokasabha ka adhiveshan bulaya jata hai, parantu sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 352, 356 tatha 360 ke adhin apat kal ki ghoshana ke bad tab rajy sabha ka vishesh adhiveshan bulaya ja sakata hai, jab lokasabha ka vighatan ho gaya ho.
padadhikari- rajyasabha ke nimnalikhit padadhikari hote haian-
sabhapati- bharat ka uparashtrapati rajyasabha ka paden sabhapati hota hai. yah rajyasabha ki karyavahi ke sanchalan tatha sadan mean anushasan banaye rakhane ke lie uttaradayi hota hai. sabhapati rajyasabha ke naye sadasyoan ko pad ka shapath dilata hai. uparashtrapati dvara karyakari rashtrapati ke roop mean kartavyoan ke nirvahan ke dauran rajyasabha ke sabhapati ke roop mean upasabhapati dvara dayitvoan ka nirvahan kiya jata hai.
upasabhapati- rajyasabha apane sadasyoan mean se kisi ko apana upasabhapati chunegi aur jab upasabhapati ka pad rikt hota hai, tab rajyasabha kisi any sadasy ko apana upasabhapati chunegi. is prakar chuna gaya upasabhapati sabhapati ki anupasthiti mean usake karyoan ka nirvah karata hai. 14 mee, 2002 ko sansad dvara parit vidheyak ke anusar upasabhapati ko kendriy rajy mantri ke saman bhatta dene ka pravadhan kiya gaya hai. up sabhapati nimnalikhit sthiti mean apana pad rikt kar sakata hai-
- jab vah rajyasabha ka sadasy n rah jay,
- jab vah sabhapati ko apana tyagapatr de de,
- jab tak vah rajyasabha ke tatkalin samast sadasyoan ke bahumat se parit sankalp dvara apane pad se n hata diya jay, lekin aisa koee sankalp tab tak prastavit nahian kiya jaega, jab tak ki is sankalp ko prastavit karane ke ashay ki kam se kam chaudah din poorv soochana n de di gee ho.
any vyakti- jab sabhapati tatha upasabhapati donoan anupasthit hoan, to rajyasabha ke sabhapati ke karyoan ka nirvahan rajyasabha ka vah sadasy karega, jise rashtrapati nam nirdeshit kare aur rajyasabha ki baithak mean vah vyakti sabhapati ke karyoan ka nirvah karega, jise rajyasabha ki prakriya ke niyamoan dvara ya rajyasabha dvara avadharit kiya jay.
lokasabha(Lok Sabha)
gathan pratham lokasabha ka gathan 17 aprail, 1952 ko hua tha. isaki pahali baithak 13 mee, 1952 ko huee thi. lokasabha ke gathan ke sambandh mean sanvidhan ke do anuchdedoan, yatha 81 tatha 331 mean pravadhan kiya gaya hai. mool sanvidhan mean lokasabha ki sadasy sankhya 500 nirdharit ki gayi thi, parantu bad mean isamean vriddhi ki gayi. 31vean sanvidhan sanshodhan, 1947 ke dvara lokasabha ki adhikatam sadasy sankhya 547 nishchit ki gayi. vartaman mean gova, daman aur div punargathan adhiniyam, 1987 dvara yah abhinirdharit kiya gaya ki lokasabha ki adhikatam sadasya sankhya 552 ho sakati hai. anuchchhed 81 (i) (k) tatha (kh) ke anusar lokasabha ka gathan rajyoan mean pradeshik nirvachan kshetroan se pratyaksh nirvachan dvara chune hue 530 se adhik n hone vale sadasyoan tatha sangh rajy kshetroan ka pratinidhitv karane vale 20 se adhik n hone vale sadasyoan dvara kiya jaega. is prakar lokasabha mean bharat ki janasankhya dvara nirvachit 550 sadasy ho sakate hai. anuchchhed 331 ke anusar yadi rashtrapati ki ray mean lokasabha mean aangl-bharatiy samuday ko paryapt pratinidhitv n mila ho, to vah aangl-bharatiy samuday ke do vyaktiyoan ko lokasabha ke lie namanirdeshit kar sakata hai. at: lokasabha ki adhikatam sadasy sankhya 552 ho sakati hai. yah sankhya lokasabha ke sadasyoan ki saiddhantik ganana hai aur vyavaharat: vartaman samay mean lokasabha ki prabhavi sankhya 530 (rajyoan ke pratinidhi)+13 (sangh rajy kshetroan ke pratinidhi)+2 rashtrapati dvara nam nirdeshit= 545 hai.
bharat mean nyayapalika
prajatantr ki nirantarata ke lie avashyak hai ki rajy ki shaktiyoan ka vibhajan karyapalika, vidhayika tatha nyayapalika ke madhy kiya jay. bharat mean sanvidhan dvara sanvaidhanik prajatantr ki sthapana ki gayi hai, jisamean shaktiyoan ka vibhajan n keval karyatmak drishti se balki bhaugolik drishti se bhi kiya gaya hai. karyatmak drishti se shakti ka vibhajan vidhayika, karyapalika tatha nyayapalika ke madhy kiya gaya hai. bharat ki nyayapalika ekikrit prakar ki hai jisake shirsh par uchchatam nyayalay sthapit hai. uchchatam nyayalay ko aantim nyay-nirnayan ka adhikar prapt hai. pratyek rajy ya kuchh rajyoan ke samooh par uchch nyayalay gathit haian. uchch nyayalay ke tahat shrenibaddh adhinasth nyayalay haian. kuchh rajyoan mean panchayat nyayalay ka bhi gathan kiya gaya hai. ye nyayalay alag-alag namoan yatha- nyay panchayat, panchayat adalat, gram kachahari adi se kam karate haian. pratyek rajy mean zila staroan par zila nyayalay sthapit kiye gaye haian. isake adhyaksh jila evan satr nyayadhish hote haian jo zile ka sarvochch nyayik adhikari hota hai. zila nyayalay mool adhikari kshetr ke pramukh divani nyayalay hote hai. in nyayalayoan mean mrityudand diye ja sakane vale aparadhoan tak ki sunavaee hoti haian. in nyayalayoan mean mrityudand diye ja sakane vale aparadhoan tak ki sunavaee hoti hai. isake adhin divani nyayalay hota hai jise vibhinn rajyoan mean muansiph nyayalay kaha jata hai. phaujadari nyayalayoan mean mukhy nyayik majistret hote haian. in sabake atirikt desh mean vibhinn adhikaran tatha ayog bhi sthapit kiye gaye haian jo paranparik nyayalay bhale hi n ho parantu ve vidhik prakriya ke dvara anek vivadoan ko hal karane mean sakriy bhoomika nibhate haian. bharatiy nyayapalika sanvidhan ke rakshak ke roop mean- yadyapi bharat mean ianglaind ki sansadiy shasan pranali ke adhar par sansadiy sarakar ki sthapana ki gayi hai. lekin ianglaind, jahaan sansadiy sarvochchata ko manyata di gayi hai, ke viparit bharat mean sanvidhan ki sarvochchata ke siddhant ko svikar kiya gaya hai. bharat mean sanvidhan ko desh ki maulik vidhi mana jata hai aur yah kendr tatha rajy sarakaroan ki rajanitik satta ki strot tatha nagarikoan ke adhikaroan evan kartavyoan ka nirdharak hai. uchchatam nyayalay sanvidhan ke pravadhanoan ke ullanghan ko rokata hai. bharat ke sanvidhan dvara uchchatam nyayalay tatha uchch nyayalayoan ko nyayik punarvilokan ka adhikar pradan kiya gaya hai, jisake dvara ye nyayalay kendr tatha rajy sarakaroan dvara banaye gaye kanoonoan ki sanbaidhanikata ka parikshan karate haian. yadi is parikshan ke parinamasvaroop koee qanoon, jo vidhayika dvara ya karyapalika dvara nirmit ho, sanvidhan ke kisi pravadhan ke viruddh paya jata hai, to nyayalay use amany kar sakate haian. is prakar bharat mean vidhayika ya karyapalika keval unhian vishayoan par qanoon bana sakati haian, jo sanvidhan dvara unhean sauanpe gaye haian aur yadi ve isake viparit qanoon ka nirman karate haian, to nyayalay aise qanoon ko asanvaidhanik nirnit kar usako pravartit kiye jane se rok sakati hai.
bharat ke vibhinn rajyoan mean milane vali pramukh janajatiyaan
rajy | janajatiyaan |
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bharat ka videshi vyapar
varsh | niryat vriddhi dar | ayat vriddhi dar |
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2000 - 01 | 21.0 | 1.7 |
2001 - 02 | -1.6 | 1.7 |
2002 - 03 | 20.3 | 19.3 |
2003 - 04 | 21.1 | 27.3 |
2004 - 05 | 30.8 | 42.7 |
2005 - 06 | 23.4 | 33.8 |
2006 - 07 | 22.6 | 24.5 |
2007 - 08 | 28.9 | 35.4 |
2008 - 09 | 3.6 | 14.4 |
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janasankhya ka dharmanusar vargikaran
rajy/sangh shasit kshetr | hindoo | muslim | eesaee | sikh | any |
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bharat ki jalavayu
samanyataya bharat mean manasooni jalavayu payi jati hai, kyoanki yah manasoon pavanoan ke prabhav kshetr ke antargat ata hai. phir bhi bharatiy jalavayu ko do prabhukh tatvoan ne sarvadhik prabhavit kiya hai jinamean pahala haian- uttar mean himalay parvat ki upasthiti, jisake karan madhy eshiya se ane vali shital havaean bharat mean nahian a patian tatha bharatiy jalavayu mahadvipiy jalavayu ka svaroop prapt karati hai. doosara mahatvapoorn tatv hai- dakshin mean hind mahasagar ki upasthiti evan bhoomadhyarekha se samipata, jisake karan ushn katibandhiy jalavayu apane adarsh svaroop mean payi jati hai, jisaki pramukh visheshataean haian- dainik tapantar ki nyunata, atyadhik ardrata vali vayu tatha sampoorn desh mean nyoonadhik roop mean varsha ka hona. ulleshaniy hai ki bharat ki sthiti bhoomadhyarekha ke uttar mean hai evan kark rekha isake madhy bhag se hokar gujarati hai. kark rekha ke dakshin vala bhag ushn katibandh mean ata hai evan hind mahasagar, bangal ki kha di tatha arab sagar ki samipata ke karan yahaan ki jalavayu mean ek prakar ki samanata ke darshan hoti haian. is jalavayavik samanata mean himalay parvat ki jalavayu-avarodhak ke roop mean upasthiti bhi mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhati hai. uchchavachan sambandhi vividhataean, jal evan sthal ka asaman vitaran, vanaspati-avaran evan sthiti aise mahatvapoorn karak haian, jo bharat ki jalavayu ko prabhavit karake isamean vibhinnata utpann karate haian. is vividhata par sarvadhik vyapak prabhav shit tatha grishmakal mean parivartit ho jane vali manasoon havaoan ka p data hai. lagabhag sampoorn desh par manasoon pavanoan ka itana spasht prabhav p data hai ki yahaan varsh bhar mean char pramukh rrituean payi jati haian. manasoon pavanoan dvara samay-samay par apani disha poornataya parivartit kar lene ke karan ye rrituean bhi kramanusar chakravat parivartit hoti rahati haian. bharat mean milane vali char prabhukh rrituean nimnalikhit haian- (1) shit rritu (15 disambar se 15 march tak) (2) ushn evan shushk grishm (12 march se 15 joon) (3) varsha rritu (16 joon se 15 sitambar) (4) sharad rritu (15 sitambar se 15 disambar).
mittiyaan
bharat ki mrida sampada par desh ke uchchavach tatha jalavayu ka vyapak prabhav parilakshit hota hai. desh mean inaki vibhinnataoan ke karan hi anek prakar ki mittiyaan payi jati haian. yahaan ki mitti ki visheshataoan mean milane vali vibhinnata ka sambandh chattanoan ki sanrachan, uchchavachoan ke dharataliy svaroop, dharatal ka dhal, jalavayu, prakritik vanaspati adi se sthapit hua hai. bharat mean milane vali mitti ki pramukh kismean is prakar haian.- (1) jalodh mitti (2) kali ya regur mitti (3) lal mitti aur (4) laitarait mitti
sudoor sanvedi upagrah
kram | upagrah | prakshepan tithi | prakshepak yan | parinam | sthiti |
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bharatiy chitrakala
bharatiy chitrakala ka itihas atyant prachin hai. yadyapi adhunik shaili ki chitrakala ko adhik purani ghatana nahian mana jata, parantu bharat mean chitrakala ke bij to adimanav ne hi dal diye the. pashan kal mean hi manav ne gufa chitran karana prarambh kar diya tha, jisake praman hoshangabad aur bhimavetaka adi sthanoan kandaraoan aur gufaoan mean mile haian. in chitroan mean shikar, striyoan tatha pashu-pakshiyoan adi ke drishy chitrit haian. siandhu ghati sabhyata mean bhavanoan ke dhvast ho jane ke karan chitrakala ke praman spasht nahian haian. tatpashchath pratham sadi eesa poorv se chitrakala ke adhik spasht praman milana shuroo ho gaye. ajanta ki gufaoan mean ki gee chitrakari kee shatabdiyoan mean taiyar huee thi, parantu isaki sabase purani chitrakari ee0 poo0 pratham shatabdi ki hai. in chitroan ki vishay vastu bhagavan buddh ke vibhinn janmoan ki kathaoan arthath jatak ko banaya gaya hai. chhathi shatabdi mean chalukyoan dvara badami mean, satavian shatabdi mean pallavoan dvara manamalai mean, navian shatabdi mean paandyoan dvara sittannavasal mean, barahavian shatabdi mean choloan ke dvara tanjaur mean tatha solahavian shatabdi mean vijayanagar samrajy ke shasakoan dvara lepakshi mean bhitti chitrakari ke utkrisht namoone taiyar karavaye gaye. isi prakar keral mean bhi is kala ke kee utkrisht udaharan milate haian. bangal ke pal shasakoan ke kal dasavian aur barahavian shatabdi mean ta d ke pattoan tatha bad mean kagaz par laghu chitrakari ka prachalan badha. mugal kal ki chitrakala apani utkrishtata ke lie vishv vikhyat hai. akabar ke darabar mean anek farasi tatha bharatiy maujood the. is kal ki kala ki ek ullekhaniy visheshata thi ek hi chitr ko vibhinn kalakaroan ke dvara milakar taiyar kiya jana. ek kalakar chitr ka rekhaankan karata tha, doosara usamean rang bharata tha aur tisara taphasil karata tha. akabar ne ramayan aur mahabharat ka anuvad karake use chitrakari se sazane ka adesh diya tha. jahaangir ke kal mean chitrakala apani parakashtha par pahuanch gee.
mugal darabar mean anek naye chitrakar bhi prashikshit hue aur ve vibhinn rajapoot rajyoan ki rajadhaniyoan mean apani kala ka pradarshan karane lage. in chitrakaroan ne desh ki mahan kathaoan aur akhyanoan, ram tatha krishna ki kathaoan, bhagavath tatha gitagovind ke akhyanoan adi ka akarshak chitran kiya. kishanagadh shaili tatha kota shaili aisi hi chitrakala shaili thi. isi prakar himalay, kulloo aur kaang da ghatiyoan mean bhi utkrisht chitrakala ka vikas hua.
parantu british kal mean chitrakala ke vikas mean kuchh mandi a gee. ravivarma, avanindr nath taigor adi ne dhire-dhire is kala ko punah pragati ki lok par lane ka prayas kiya. tatpashchath ganganendr nath taigor, amrita sheragil, nandalal bos, jaimini ray tatha ravindranath taigor adi kalakaroan ne bharatiy chitrakala ko naye ayam pradan kiye. maqabool fida husain, e0 ke0 haladar, kshitiandranath mojoomdar, sharada uqil adi bhi adhunik bharatiy chitrakala ke pramukh unnayak haian. bharatiy chitrakala ki kuchh pramukh shailiyoan ka sankshipt parichay yahaan prastut hai.
- jainashaili
- pal shaili
- apabhransh shaili
- mugal shaili
- patana ya kampani shaili
- dakkan shaili
- gujarat shaili
- rajapoot shaili
- meva d shaili
- jayapur shaili
- bikaner shaili
- malava shaili
- kishanagadh shaili
- booandi shaili
- alavar chitrakala shaili
9. paha di chitrakala shaili
- basohali shaili
- guleri shaili
- gadhaval shaili
- jammoo shaili
- kaang da shaili
10. nathadvara shaili 11. sikkh shaili
bharatiy chitrakala ke pramukh udaharan
uparyukt chitrakala shailiyoan ke udaharan bharat ke vibhinn kshetroan mean dekhane ko mil jate haian. vastav mean pratyek chitrakala shaili ke kuchh vishisht udaharan vishisht kshetr mean avasthit haian aur unhian ke adhar par vishisht shaili ki pramukh visheshataoan ka nirdharan kiya gaya hai. unhian udaharanoan mean se kuchh pramukh is prakar haian—
- ajanta ki gufaean
- elora ki gufaean
- bagh ki gufaean
- eliphainta ki gufaean
- badami ki gufaean
- sittanavasal
- bhimabetaka, adamagadh evan mahadev
bharat ke pramukh chitrakar
19-20vian shatabdi mean bharatiy chitrakala mean naye ayam sthapit hue. is kal ki kala apani prachinata ke sath-sath pashchaty vicharoan se bhi prabhavit thi. adhunik kal ki chitrakala ke vikas mean anek mahatvapoorn vibhootiyoan ka yogadan ullekhaniy raha hai. unamean se kuchh pramukh ka sankshipt parichay is prakar hai—
- avanindr nath taigor
- asit kumar haldar
- raja ravi varma
- nandalal bos
- ke0 veankatappa
- j aaurj kit
- sharada uqil
- jamini ray
- bhavesh sanyal
- manishi de
- satish gujaral
- d aau0 slatoslav rorik
- sudhir ranjan khastagir
- shobha sianh
- devi prasad ray chaudhari
- narayan shridhar bendre
- amrita sheragil
- maqabool fida husain (em0 eph0 husain)
- j0 em0 ahivasi
- ee0 kumaril svami
sanchar praudyogiki
do ya adhik madhyamoan ke bich vicharoan ke adan-pradan ki kriya sanchar kahalati hai. is arth mean sandeshoan ka prachar-prachar hi sanchar hai. prachin kal se hi sanchar vyavastha manushyoan ki moolabhoot avashyakata rahi hai. us samay jab atyadhunik sanchar suvidhayean upalabsh nahian thi, tab dhol-naga doan ko pitakar sandeshoan ka prasar kiya jata hai. manav ko vikas gati ke sath-sath vaijnanik pragati ne sanchar ke nirantar nee vidhiyoan tatha madhyamoan ko janm diya. adhunik yug mean sanchar ko sarvasulabh banane ke lie prasambh mean jahaan samachar-patr, mudrit patr-patrikayean, lok kala, rangamanch, film adi ka sahara liya jata tha vahian aj telivishzan, faiks, ee-mel, rediyoan pejar, supar kampyutar, selular fon adi ka prachalan jan-jan tak vyapt ho gaya hai.
doorasanchar ke sadhan
doorasanchar ke sadhan ke roop mean nity naye-naye avishkaroan ne is kshetr mean kraantikari parivartan la diya hai. doorasanchar ke kuch prachalit sadhan nimnalikhit haian-
- teligraf
- telipriantar
- teleks
- telifon
- vidiyoan kanpheanshiang
- iantaranet- iantaranet sanchar ka sarvadhik lokapriy sthan hai. yaha vishv bhar mean phaile chhote-b de kampyootaroan ka ek virat netavark hai, jo teliphon lainoan ke madhyamoan se ek doosare se ju de hote haian. vishv ke sabhi sanchar netavark iantaranet se ju de hote haian. is prakar isake dvara vishv ke kisi bhi kampyootar ya usaki sait se ju dana saral hota hai.
iantaranet ke madhyam se apane kampyootar par baithehue vishv bhar ki soochanaean minatoan mean prapt ki ja sakati haian. isake dvara ee-mel, varld vaid veb, ephatipi, ee-k aaumars adi ki suvidhaean upalabdh hoti haian. iantaranet ka upayog karane valoan ki sankhya ke adhar par vishv mean bharat ka sthan chautha hai. vartaman mean bharat mean iantaranet ka upayog karane valoan ki sankhya 8 karo d 1 lakh hai. isake bavajood vishvabhar ke upabhoktaoan mean bharat ka hissa keval 6.1% hai. desh mean kul janasankhya ke matr 7.2% logotak hi iantaranet ki pahuanch hai.
- rediyo- sanchar kranti ke is yug mean bhi rediyo soochana prasaran ka sabase sasta aur sashakt madhyam hai. isake avishkar ne 20vian shatabdi ka paridrishy hi badalakar rakh diya. rediyoan ka avishkar 1895 mean 21 varshiy ek chhatr gugalliyoan makani dvara kiya gaya. is madhyam ko aupacharik manyata 1901 mean mili. yah ek aisa mashyam hai jo ek hi samay mean vishv ke ek kone se doosare kone tak sampark banata haian.
rediyoan dhvani tarangoan ka madhyam hai. yah is siddhant par adharit hai ki khule vatavaran mean vidyut chumbakiy tarangoan ke roop mean ek sthan tak prakritik roop se hota hai. atah dhvani tarangoan ko vidyut-chumbakiy tarangoan ke roop mean ek sthan se doosare sthan tak asani se pahuanchaya ja sakata hai. yadi shravy avrittiyoan ki kisi prakar rediyoan avritti ke sath mila diya jaye to rediyo-tarangoan ke sanchar ke sath shravy-avritti ki tarangean bhi sancharit ho jayeangi. isake bad upakaranoan dvara manachae sthanoan par is shravy avritti ko is mishran se alag kar suna ja sakata hai.
- telivishzan - telivishzan jan-sanchar ka drishy-shravy madhyam hai. dhvani ke sath-sath chitroan ke sajiv prasaran ke karan yah apane karyakram ko suchikar bana deta hai jisaka samuh par prabhavashali aur pratyaksh prabhav p data hai. telivishzan mukhy roop se drishti-nirbandh ke siddhant par adharit hai. jis vastu ya vyakti ka bimb telivishzan ke madhyam se prasarit karana hota hai, us par bahut tez prakash dala jata hai. vastu ya vyakti ki tasvir ko kram mean vibhakt kar chhote-chhote vibhinn ghanatvoan vale avayav mean badal diye jate hai tatha unaki sangat tarangoan ka madulan kar ek nishchit disha mean preshit dvara sancharit kiya jata hai. grahi dvara chhote-chhote usi kram mean in avayavoan ko jo dakar mool tasvir prapt kar li jati hai. jaisa ki hamari aankhoan ke samane ek sekend mean 20-25 kramik parivartan vale chitr ke gujarane par vah gatiman chitr ke roop mean dikhaee deta hai.
telivishzan prasaran ke lie mukhy roop se tin vidhiyaan prayog mean laee jati haian–
- ayan mandal se rediyoan tarangoan ke paravartan dvara.
- sookshm tarangoan ke prayog se kairiyar phrikvaiansi transamishan vidhi dvara.
- rediyo tarangoan ke upayog par kritrim upagrah ke madhyam se.
vastav mean telivishzan pranali dvara bheje gaye chitroan ko prapt karane ka ek sashakt madhyam hai. photo ilektranik prabhav ke dvara bimboan ki prakash kiranoan ko vidyut tarangoan mean parivartit kar diya jata hai. phir inhean sudoor sthanoan tak prasarit kiya jata hai. ye tarange telivishzan set par phir chitroan mean badal jati haian. isi ke sath-sath rediyo pranali dvara dhvani tarangean bhi jati haian.
telivishzan ka avishkar 1944 mean amerika ke vaijnanik j aaun l aaugi beyard ne kiya tha. bharat mean sarvapratham telivishzan ka prayog 15 sitambar, 1959 ko dilli mean dooradarshan kendr ki sthapana ke sath hua. isaka vyapak prasar 1982 mean bharat mean ayojit eshiyad kheloan ke ayojan se hua. vartaman mean dooradarshan ki pahuanch 86% logoan tak hai jo isake madhyam se apana manoranjan karate haian.
- ↑ manipur ke sainapati zile ke tin upaziloan mao maram, paomata aur purul ke aank de shamil nahian haian.