माध्यमिक दर्शन

madhyamik darshan (shoonyavad)

paribhasha

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• sattv (satta) aur asattv (asatta) ke madhy mean sthit hona 'madhyamik' shabd ka arth hai arthat sabhi dharm paramarthat: (satyat:) sat nahian haian aur sanvritit: (vyavaharat:) asat bhi nahian haian- aisi jinaki manyata hai, ve 'madhyamik' kahalate haian.
• madhyamikoan ke bhed-madhyamik do prakar ke hote haian, yatha-

1. svatantrik madhyamik evan
2. prasangik madhyamik.

• 'svatantrik' aur 'prasangik'- yah namakaran bhot desh ke vidvanoan dvara kiya gaya hai. bharatiy mool granthoan mean yadyapi unake siddhantoan ki charcha aur vad-vivad upalabdh hote haian, kintu uparyukt namakaran upalabdh nahian hota.

svatantrik madhyamik

vyavaharik satta ki sthapana mean matabhed ke karan inake bhi do bhed hote haian, yatha-

1. sootrachar svatantrik madhyamik evan
2. yogachar svatantrik madhyamik.

sootrachar svatantrik madhyamik
ye log vyavahar ki sthapana pray: sautrantik darshan ki bhaanti karate haian. isalie inhean 'sautrantik svatantrik madhyamik' bhi kahate haian arthat atharah dhatuoan mean sangrahit dharmoan ki sthapana vyavahar mean ye sautrantikoan ki bhaanti karate haian. achary bhavavivek ya bhavy evan jnanagarbh adi is mat ke pramukh achary haian.

• vichar bindu— inake matanusar vyavahar mean bahyarth ki satta many hai. indriyaj jnan mithyakar nahian hote, apitu satyakar hote haian. ve (jnan) apane vishay ke akar ko grahan karate hue un (vishayoan) ka grahan karate haian.
• sootrachar svatantrik madhyamik poorvaparakalik karyakaranabhav manate haian, samakalik nahian arthat karan aur kary ka ek kal mean (yugapadh) samavasthan nahian hota.
• dashabhoomak sootr ke 'chittamatran bho jinaputra yadut traidhatukamh' is vachan ka arth ye log aisa nahian manate ki isake dvara bahyarth ka nirakaran aur chittamatrata ki sthapana ki gee hai, apitu is vachan ke dvara chitt se atirikt koee eeshvar, maheshvar adi is lok ka karta hai, jaisa tairthik (bauddhetar darshanik) manate haian, us (manyata) ka khandan kiya gaya hai, bahyarth ka nahian.
• lankavatar sootr ke :

drishyan n vidyate bahyan chittan chitran hi drishyate.
dehabhogapratishthanan chittamatran vadamyahamh॥ -(lankavatar, 3:33)

• is vachan ka abhipray bhi bahyarth ke nishedh mean nahian hai, apitu bahyarth ki paramarthat: satta nahian hai- itana matr arth hai. itana hi nahian, jitane bhi sootravachan vijnaptimatrata ka pratipadan karate hue se drishtigochar hote haian, bhavavivek ke matanusar unaka vaisa arth nahian hai. arthath vijnaptimatrata kisi bhi sootr ka pratipady arth nahian hai.
• svalakshanapariksha— vijnanavadiyoan ke matanusar prajnaparamitasootroan mean pratipadit sarvadharmani:svabhavata ka tatpary yah hai ki parikalpitalakshan lakshanani:svabhav haian, paratantralakshan utpattini:svabhav haian tatha parinishpannalakshan paramarthani:svabhav haian.
• bhavavivek vijnanavadiyoan se poochhate haian ki us parikalpit lakshan ka svaroop kya hai, jo lakshanani: svabhav hone ke karan ni:svabhav kahalata hai. yadi roopadivishayak shabd evan kalpanabuddhi se isaka tatpary hai to yah mahanh apavadak hoga, kyoanki shabd aur kalpanabuddhi panchaskandhoan mean sangrahit hone vali vastu haian.
• yogachar svatantrik madhyamik— ye log ni:svabhavatavadi madhyamik hote hue bhi vyavahar ki sthapana yogachar darshan ki bhaanti karate haian, at: 'yogachar svatantrik madhyamik' kahalate haian. ye vyavahar mean bahyarth ki satta nahian manate, at: tinoan dhatuoan ki vijnaptimatr vyavasthapit karate haian. achary shantarakshit, kamalashil adi is mat ke pramukh achary haian. inake siddhant is prakar haian, yatha-

1. paramarthat: pudgal aur dharmoan ki svabhavasatta par vichar,
2. vyavaharat: bahyarth ki satta par vichar,
3. aryasandhinirmochanasootr ka vastavik arth tatha
4. paramarthat: satta ka khandan karane vali pradhan yukti ka pradarshan.

paramarthat: pudgal aur dharmoan ki svabhavasatta par vichar
ary sandhinirmochanasootr mean lakshanani:svabhavata evan utpattini:svabhavata ki charcha upalabdh hoti hai. usaki jaisi vyakhya achary bhavavivek karate hean, usi tarah ka arth madhyamakalok mean bhi varnit hai, at: aisa pratit hota hai ki achary shantarakshit bhi vyavahar mean svalakshanat: satta svikar karate haian. jnat hai achary shantarakshit hi is mat ke pur:sthapak haian. inake mat mean bhi ve hi yuktiyaan prayukt haian, jinaka achary dharmakirti ke sapt pramanashastroan mean kary-karan ki sthapana ke sambandh mean ullekh kiya gaya. isase pratit hota hai ki ye vyavahar mean svabhavasatta manate haian. phalat: inake matanusar pudgal aur dharmoan ki paramarthat: satta nahian hoti, kintu unaki vyavaharat: satta many hai.

vyavaharat: bahyarth satta par vichar
achary shantarakshit ne apane madhyamakalankar bhashy mean kary aur karan ki saanvritik satta ke svaroop par vichar kiya hai. unhoanne vahaan yah poorvapaksh upasthit kiya hai ki sanvritisath dharm matr chittachaittatmak (vijnaptimatratmak) haian ya unaki bahyarthat: satta hoti haian? isaka samadhan karate hue unhoanne likha hai ki unaki bahyarthat: satta kathamapi nahian hoti arthath unaki bahyat: satta manana nitant yuktiviruddh hai. isake lie unhoanne sahopalambh yukti ka vahaan prayog kiya hai tatha svapn, maya adi drishtantoan ke dvara vyavaharat: unaki vijnaptimatratmakata pratipadit ki hai.

aryasandhinirmochanasootr ka vastavik arth
'parikalpitalakshan lakshanani:svabhav haian tatha avashisht donoan lakshan arthat paratantr aur parinishpann lakshan vaise nahian haian'- aryasandhinirmochan ke is vachan ka achary shantarakshit yah arth grahan karate haian ki paratantr lakshan aur parinishpann lakshan lakshanani:svabhav nahian hai, apitu unaki svalakshan satta hai. kintu unaki vah svalakshan satta paramarthik nahian, apitu vyavaharik (saanvritik) hai. paratantr aur parinishpann ki paramarthat: satta manana nitant parikalpit hai aur us parikalpit ki paramarthat: satta shashashrringavath sarvatha alik hai. ashay yah hai ki paratantr aur parinishpann ki paramarthat: satta parikalpit hai aur vah parikalpit lakshanani:svabhav (shashashrringavath) hai. vijnan ke garbh mean unaki vyavaharik (sanvritit:) svalakshanasatta manane mean apatti nahian hai. jo akash adi parikalpitalakshan haian, ve shashashrringavath sarvatha alik nahian haian, apitu unaki saanvritik satta hoti hai. paramarthik satta ki to saanvritik satta bhi nahian hai.

paramarthat: satta ka khandan karane vali pradhan yukti
jnat hai ki madhyamik shoonyatavadi haian. shoonyata ke dvara jisaka nishedh kiya jata hai, us nishedhy ka pahale nishchay kar lena chahie. tabhi shoonyata ka svaroop spasht hota hai, kyeanki nishedhy ka nishedh hi shoonyata hai. nishedhy mean farq hone ke karan madhyamikoan ke antarik bhed hote haian. at: is mat ke anusar nishedhy ke svaroop ka nirdharan kiya ja raha hai.

prasangik madhyamik

jo madhyamik keval 'prasang' ka prayog karate haian, ve prasangik madhyamik kahalate haian. sabhi bharatiy darshanoan mean svapaksh ki sthapana aur parapaksh ke nirakaran ki vidha drishtigochar hoti haian madhyamik sabhi dharmoan ko ni:svabhav (shoony) manate haian. prasangik madhyamikoan ka kahana hai ki jab hetu, sadhy, paksh adi sabhi shoony hai to aisi sthiti mean yah uchit nahian hai ki shoonyata ko sadhy banakar use hetu prayog adi ke dvara siddh kiya jae. is sthiti mean ek hi upay avashisht rahata hai ki jo darshanik hetuoan ke dvara vastusatta siddh karate haian, unake prayogoan (anumanaprayogoan) mean dosh dikhakar yah siddh kiya jae ki unake sadhan unake sadhy ko siddh karane mean asamarth haian. is upay se jab svabhav satta (vastusatta) siddh nahian hogi to yahi ni:svabhavata ki siddhi hogi arthat svabhavasatta ka nishedh hi ni:svabhavata ki siddhi hai. isalie parapaksh ka nirakaran matr madhyamik ko karana chahie. svatantr roop se hetuoan ka prayog karake svapaksh ki siddhi karana madhyamikoan ke vicharoan ke vatavaran ke sarvatha viparit hai. at: parapaksh nirakaran matr par bal dene ke karan ye log 'prasangik' madhyamik kahalate haian. jabaki bhavavivek, shantarakshit adi madhyamik achary in vicharoan se sahamat nahian haian, unaka kahana hai ki sabhi dharmoan ke paramarthat: ni:svabhav (shoony) hone par bhi vyavahar mean unaki satta hoti hai, at: svatantr roop se hetu, drishtant adi ka prayog karake shoonyata ki siddhi ki ja sakati hai. at: ye log 'svatantrik' madhyamik kahalate haian. jnat hai ki prasangik vyavahar mean bhi vastu ki satta nahian manate. inhian uparyukt batoan ke adhar par svatantrik aur prasangik madhyamikoan ne apane-apane dhang se apane-apane darshanoan ka vikas kiya hai.

dharmanairatmy

• achary buddhapalit ka kahana hai ki in sab vachanoan ke dvara bhagavan ne sabhi dharmoan ko anatm kaha hai. unhean maya, marichi, svapn evan pratibimb ki tarah kaha hai. in sabhi sanskaroan mean tathyata arthat sasvabhavata nahian hai, sabhi mithya aur prapanjatmak hai- aisa kaha hai.
• buddhapalit kahate haian ki yahaan 'anatm' shabd ni:svabhav ke arth mean hai, kyoanki 'atma' shabd svabhavavachi hai. isalie 'sabhi dharm anatm haian' ka arth 'sabhi dharm ni:svabhav haian'- yah hota hai. uparyukt buddhavachan hinayan pitak mean bhi haian, at: vahaan bhi dharmanairatmy sapratipadit haian.
• achary chandrakirti bhi buddhapalit ke uparyukt vyakhyan se sahamat haian. unaka bhi kahana hai ki shravakapitak mean bhi dharmanairatmy pratipadit hai.

pudgalanairatmy

• vaibhashik se lekar svatantrik madhyamik paryant sabhi svayoothy siddhantavadiyoan ke mat mean yah mana jata hai ki 'pudgal skandhoan se bhinn lakshanavala, svatantr evan dravyasath nahian haian'. ise (prithakh dravyat: satta ke abhav ko) hi ve 'pudgalanairatmy' kahate haian.
• unaka yah bhi kahana hai ki atmadrishti 'ahamh' ke ashray (adhar) atma ko skandhoan ke svami ki bhaanti tatha skandhoan ko usake das ki bhaanti grahan karati hai. kyoanki 'mera roop, meri vedana, meri sanjna' ityadi prakar se grahan kiya jata hai, isalie ve skandh us atma ke haian aur isalie ve atma ke adhin haian. isalie atmadrishti paanchoan skandhoan ko atma ke adhin roop mean grahan karati hai. at: svami ki bhaanti, skandhoan se prithakh lakshan vale, svatantr atma ka jaisa avabhas (pratiti) hota hai tatha usi ke anuroop usaka 'sat' ke roop mean jo abhinivesh kiya jata hai, vaisa abhinivesh hi pudgal ko 'dravyasat' grahan karane ka akar-prakar hai. pudgal ki us prakar ki dravyasatta ka khandan ho jane par 'pudgal' skandhoan mean upacharitamatr ya aropit matr rah jata hai. 'matr' shabd dvara pudgal ki skandhoan se bhinnarthata ka nishedh kiya jata hai.
• 'shastroan mean ki gee tattv mimaansa vivad-priyata ke lie nahian, apitu vimukti (moksh ya nirvan) ke lie ki gee hai'- chandrakirti ke madhyamakavatar mean ukt is vachan ke anusar madhyamik shastroan mean vastusthiti ki jitani bhi yuktipoorvak parikshaean ki gee haian, ve sabhi praniyoan ke moksh labh ke lie hi ki gee haian.
• pudgal evan dharmoan ke prati svabhavabhinivesh ke karan hi sabhi prani sansar mean bandhe hue haian. 'ahamh asmi' (maian hooan) is prakar ki buddhi ke alamban pudgal evan usake santatigat dharm haian, un (pudgal evan dharm) donoan mean pudgalatma aur dharmatma namak atmadvay ka jo abhinivesh hota hai, vahian sansar mean baandhanevala pramukh bandhan hai. at: jin pudgal evan dharmoan mean atma (pudgalatma aur dharmatma) ke roop mean grahan hota hai, yukti dvara nishedh karane ke bhi mukhy adhar ve do hi hote haian. at: sabhi yuktiyaan in do atmaoan ki nishedhak ke roop mean hi sangrahit hoti haian.
• shastrakaroan ne ekanek svabhavarahitattv , vajrakanayukti , sadasadanupapattiyukti , chatushkotikotpadanupapattiyukti tatha pratityasamutpadayukti adi anek yuktiyoan ka shastroan mean varnan kiya hai.
• dashabhoomakasootr mean das samataoan dvara shashthabhoomi mean avatarit hone ki deshana ki gee hai. sarvadharm-anutpad ke roop mean samata ka pratipadan karane se any samataoan ka pratipadan sukar ho jata hai- aisa sochakar achary nagarjun ne moolamadhyamikakarika mean :

n svato napi parato n dvabhyaan napyahetut:.
utpanna jatu vidyante bhava: kkachan kechan॥

is karika ko prastut kiya hai. phalat: dharmanairatmy (shoonyata) ko siddh karane ki pramukh yukti unake anusar yahi chatushkotikotpadanupapatti yukti hi hai.

• yah chatushkotik utpad ki anupatti bhi pratityasamutpad se hi siddh hoti hai, kyoanki vastuoan ki ahetuk, eeshvar, prakriti, kal adi vishamahetuk tatha svat:, parat: evan ubhayat: utpatti unake pratiyasamutpann hone se sambhav nahian ho pati. vastuoan ke pratityasamutpann hone se hi ahetuk, vishamahetuk, svat: parat: utpad adi ko ye kalpanaean yukti dvara parikshaksham nahian ho patian. isalie is pratityasamutpad yukti ke dvara kudrishti ke samast janoan ka samuchchhed kiya jata hai.
• aankur adi bahy vastuean aur sanskar adi antarik vastuean kramash: bij adi tatha avidya adi hetuoan par nirbhar hokar hi utpann hoti haian. yahi karan hai ki unake utpad adi sabhi svalakshanat: siddh svabhav se shoony haian tatha ve svat: parat:, ubhayat:, ahetut: ya vishamahetut: utpann nahian hote. is tarah unake svabhavat: hone ka nishedh kiya jata hai. at: samast kudrishti jaloan ka uchchhed karane vali tatha paramarthasatta ka nishedh karane vali pradhan yukti pratityasamutpad hi hai. prasangik madhyamik to ise yuktiraj kahate haian.