Difference between revisions of "आलोचना (साहित्य)"
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==संबंधित लेख== | ==संबंधित लेख== | ||
{{साहित्यिक शब्दावली}} | {{साहित्यिक शब्दावली}} | ||
| − | [[Category:गद्य साहित्य | + | [[Category:गद्य साहित्य]] [[Category:साहित्य कोश]] |
__INDEX__ | __INDEX__ | ||
Revision as of 11:59, 30 June 2013
alochana shabd 'luch' dhatu se bana hai. 'luch' ka arth hota hai- 'dekhana'. isilie kisi vastu ya kritiki samyakh vyakhya, usaka moolyaankan adi karana hi 'alochana' hai- "a samantath lochanamh avalokanamh iti alochanamh. samiksha aur samalochana shabdoan ka bhi yahi arth hai. aangrezi ke 'kritisijm' shabd ke samanarthi roop mean 'alochana' ka vyavahar hota hai. bharat ki prachin bhasha sanskrit mean prachalit 'tika-vyakhya' aur kavy-siddhaant adi ke niroopan ke lie bhi alochana shabd ka prayog kar liya jata hai, kintu achary ramachandr shukl ka spasht mat hai ki "adhunik alochana, sanskrit ke kavy-siddhaant niroopan se svatantr chiz hai.
alochana ka kary
alochak kisi kavi ya lekhak ki kriti ko dekhata hai ya parakhata hai. alochana kavi ya lekhak aur pathak ke bich ki shriankhala hai. rajashekhar ne kavikarm ko prakash mean lana hi bhavayitri pratibha athava alochak ki pratibha kaha hai. alochana ka kary hai kisi sahityik rachana ki achchhi tarah pariksha karake usake roop, gun aur arthavyavastha ka nirdharan karana.[1]
"yadi ham sahity ko jivan ki vyakhya manean to alochana ko us vyakhya ki vyakhya manana p dega."
yani ki 'alochana ka karttavy sahityik kriti ki vishleshanaparak vyakhya hai. sahityakar jivan aur anubhav ke jin tatvoan ke sanshleshan se sahity ki rachana karata hai, alochana unhian tatvoan ka vishleshan karati hai. sahity mean jahaan ragatatv pradhan hai, vahaan alochana mean buddhi tatv. alochana aitihasik, samajik, rajanitik paristhitiyoan aur shaktiyoan ka bhi akalan karati hai aur sahity par unake p dane vale prabhavoan ki vivechana karati hai. vyaktigat roochi ke adhar par kisi kriti ki ninda ya prashansa karana alochana ka dharm nahian hai. kriti ki vyakhya aur vishleshan ke lie alochana mean paddhati aur pranali ka mahattv hota hai. alochana karate samay alochak apane vyaktigat rag-dvesh, roochi-aroochi se tabhi bach sakata hai, jab vah paddhati ka anusaran kare. vah tabhi vastunishth hokar sahity ke prati nyay kar sakata hai. is drishti se hindi mean achary ramachandr shukl ko sarvashreshth alochak mana jata hai.
prakar
adhikaanshat: alochana karate samay jin manyataoan aur paddhatiyoan ko svikar kiya jata hai, unake anusar alochana ke prakar vikasit ho jate haian. isake nimnalikhit char prakar svikar kiye ge haian-
- saiddhaantik
- nirnayatmak
- prabhavabhivyanjak
- vyakhyatmak
saiddhaantik alochana
is alochana mean sahity ke siddhaantoan par vichar hota hai. isamean prachin shastriy kavy ke aangoan, jaise- ras, alankar adi aur sahity ki adhunik manyataoan tatha niyamoan ki mukhy roop se vivechana ki jati hai. saiddhaantik alochana mean vichar ka bindu yah hai ki sahity ka manadand shastriy hai ya aitihasik. manadand ka shastriy roop, sthir aur aparivartanashil hota hai. kintu manadandoan ko aitihasik shreni manane par unaka svaroop parivartanashil aur vikasatmak hota hai. in donoan prakar ki saiddhaantik alochanaean upalabdh haian, kintu ab usi saiddhaantik alochana ka mahattv adhik hai, jo sahity ke tatvoan aur niyamoan ki aitihasik prakriya mean pragatishil hoti hai.[1]
nirnayatmak alochana
is prakar ki alochana mean nishchit siddhaantoan ke adhar par jab sahity ke gun-dosh, shreshth-nikrisht ka nirnay kar diya jata hai, tab use nirnayatmak alochana kahate haian. ise ek prakar ki naitik alochana bhi mana jata hai. isaka mukhy svabhav nyayadhish ki tarah sahityik kritiyoan par nirnay dena hai. aisi alochana pray: hi siddhaant ka yaantrik dhang se upayog karati hai. isalie nirnayatmak alochana ka mahattv kam ho jata hai. yadyapi mooly ya shreshth sahity aur nikrisht sahity ka bodh paida karana alochana ke pradhan dharmoan mean se ek hai, lekin vah siddhaantoan ke yaantrik upayog se sanbhav nahian hai.
prabhavabhivyanjak alochana
is alochana mean kavy ka jo prabhav alochak ke man par p data hai, use vah sajile pad-vinyas mean vyakt kar deta hai. isamean vaiyaktik roochi hi mukhy hai. achary ramachandr shukl ke anusar-
"prabhavabhivyanjak samalochana koee thik-thikane ki vastu nahian hai, n jnan ke kshetr mean usaka mooly hai n bhav ke kshetr mean."
vyakhyatmak
vyakhyatmak alochana mean kisi sahityik kriti mean nihit anubhav ki vastavikata aur usake kala-vivek ko samajhane ka prayatn kiya jata hai. vyakhyatmak alochana mean kavita aur sahity tatha usake siddhaantoan ko aantim aur poorn nahian man liya jata hai. vah manati hai ki jivan aur jnan ke vikasaman sandarbh mean sahity aur usake manadand bhi vikasit hote rahate haian. isalie vyakhyatmak alochana sahity par vichar aur vishleshan karate samay itihas, samajashastr, manovijnan adi ka upayog avashyak roop se karati hai. is prakar ki alochana mean jab kriti ki vyakhya karate samay usaki aitihasik prishthabhoomi par adhik bal ho to use aitihasik alochana kaha jata hai. isi prakar jab manovijnan ke tatvoan par bal dekar kriti ki vastavikata ki vyakhya hoti hai to use manovaijnanik alochana kahate haian.[1]
pragativadi alochana
sahity ki vyakhya-sarahana jab aitihasik aur dvandvatmak bhautikavad ke adhar par hoti hai, jisamean samaj ki vargiy sthitiyoan aur sangharshoan se manushy ke anubhav ka nirman hota hai, tab use 'pragativadi alochana' kaha jata hai. vartaman kal mean roopavadi aur sanrachanavadi alochana ka bhi chalan ho gaya hai. is koti ki alochana mean sahity ka roopapaksh aur rachana-vinyas hi mukhy hota hai. yah alochana sahity mean 'bhav vastu', jise aangrezi mean kanteant kaha jata hai, ko gaun manati hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 alochana (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 5 march, 2013. baboo shyamasundar das ne alochana ki paribhasha in shabdoan mean di hai-