उपन्यास

[[chitr:Godan.jpg|godan|thumb]] upanyas gady lekhan ki ek vidha hai. upanyas aur kahani ka kala-roop adhunik yug ki upaj hai. vidvanoan ka aisa vichar hai ki upanyas aur kahani sanskrit ki katha-akhyayikaoan ki sidhi santan nahian haian. kavita aur natak ke sandarbh mean yahi bat nahian kahi ja sakati. arthat natak aur kavita ki tarah upanyas aur kahani ki parampara purani nahian hai. upanyas ka sanbandh yatharthavad se bataya jata hai. purani duniya adarshavadi thi. adhunik duniya yatharthavadi hai. yatharthavadi hone ka pahala lakshan hai jivan ke sare moolyoan ka laukik hona. usamean jivan ki vyakhya mukhyat: do adharoan par hoti hai-

bhaugolik, samajik, rajanitik, arthik paristhitiyaan
aitihasik parampara

upanyas ki paribhasha

achary hajariprasad dvivedi ke shabdoan mean

janm se hi upanyas yatharth jivan ki or unmukh raha hai. purani katha-akhyayika se vah isi bat mean bhinn hai. ve (yani, purani katha-akhyayikaean) jivan ke khatakane vale yatharth ke sangharshoan ke bachakar svapnalok ki madak kalpanaoan se manav ko ulajhane, bahakane aur phusalane ka prayatn karati thian, jabaki upanyas jivan ki yatharth se ras khianchakar chitt-vinodan ke sath hi sath manushy ki samasyaoan ke sammukhin hone ka ahvan lekar sahity kshetr mean aya tha. usake pair thos dharati par jame haian aur yatharth jivan ki kathinaiyoan aur sangharshoan se chhanakar ane vala “avyaj manohar” manaviy ras hi usaka pradhan akarshan hai.^[1]

muanshi premachand ke shabdoan mean

maian upanyas ko manav-charitr ka chitr matr samajhata hooan. manav charitr par prakash dalana aur usake rahasyoan ko kholana hi upanyas ka mool tattv hai. sab adamiyoan ke charitroan mean bhi bahut kuchh samanata hote hue bhi kuchh vibhinnataean hoti haian. yahi charitr sanbandhi samanata aur vibhinnata-abhinnatv mean bhinnatv aur vibhinnatv mean abhinnatv-dikhana upanyas ka mool karttavy hai.^[1]

hiandi sahity ke kuchh pramukh upanyas

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 upanyas aur kahani (hiandi) sahityalochan. abhigaman tithi: 25 faravari, 2013.

bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B2.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.A8-1] 1.0 ^1.1 upanyas aur kahani (hiandi) sahityalochan. abhigaman tithi: 25 faravari, 2013.

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