अष्टपाद

ashtapad (airaikanika) sandhipada (arthopoda) pranisamuday (failam) ki ek shreni hai jisake aantargat nrip kek da, mak di, bichchhoo, alpikaean (mait) tatha kilani ya chich diyaan (tik) ati haian. inamean chalane ke lie ath taangean hoti haian, isilie ye ashtapad kahalate haian. ashtapad shreni ke sadasy kit shreni ke sadasyoan se bhinn hote haian. ashtapadoan ki nimnalikhit rachanatmak visheshataean haian:

sharir do mukhy bhagoan mean vibhakt hota hai. sharir tatha vaksh donoan ke vilayaman hone se agrabhag shiror (sefalotheraiks) tatha pashchabhag udar kahalata hai. aankhean saral hoti haian jinaki sankhya 2 se 12 tak hoti hai, shiror mean chhah jo de anubandh (sharir se ju de aansh) hote haian, jinamean pratham do jo de grahika (kelisera) aur padasparshashrrig (pedipailpas) ke hote haian. ye shikar ko gherane tatha pak dane ke kam ate haian aur any shesh char jo de chalanevali taangean hoti haian. sabhi ashtapad bhojan ko choosakar khanevale prani hote haian, ateanv unamean hanvikaean (maiandibuls athava jab de) vidyaman nahian hotian, sparshak (aianteni) ka abhav hota hai tatha adhikaansh mean udar par koee anubandh nahian hota.

shvas pray: pustak phuphphum (buk langs) dvara liya jata hai (pustak fuphphus ek prakar ka koshthakamay shvasapath hai. ye koshthak audarik tal par gaddhoan mean sthit rahate haian; unamean pustak ke prishthoan ki bhaanti kee patale patrak hote haian jinamean hokar rakt ka paribhraman hota rahata hai). is samuday ke sadasy pray: maansahari hote haian. bichchhu mean vishagranthiyaan hoti haian jo ek khokhale eank se sanbaddh rahati haian.

ashtapadoan ki kee jatiyaan atyant prachin shilaoan mean jivashm ke roop mean paee gee haian. ve ni:sandeh pravaladi yug (silyooriyan piriyad) mean pray: aj ki si hi akriti mean vidyaman thian. ashtapadoan ki lagabhag 60,000 jatiyoan (spishiz) haian.

ashtapad shreni nimnalikhit nau mukhy vargo mean vibhajit ki ja sakati hai: (1) sk aaurpiyonaidiya (bichchhoo varg); (2) pedipalapaida (hip sk aaurpiyan, chabukadar bichchhu); (3) airenida athava mak diyaan; (4) palpigredi athava kineniya; (5) solipayoogi athava kelonethi arthat vayubichchhu; (6) syudosk aaurpiyonaidiya ya mithya bichchhu ya pustak bichchhu; (7) risinyuliai ya kriptosilas; (8) phrailenajaidiya ya lavan mak diyaan; (9) aikairina (alpikaean, kilaniyaan ya chich diyaan). inake atirikt do any sandehatmak varg (10) zifosura ya nrip kek da (kiang kraib) aur (11) iuriterida haian.

varg (1) skarpiyonaidiya (bichchhu varg)-is varg ke aantargat ve ashtapad ate haian jinaka sharir do bhagoan, ek nirantar shiror tatha doosara udar, mean banta hota hai. udar ka agrabhag sat chau de khandoan ka tatha pashchabhag paanch sankirn khan doan ka aur aantim puchchhiy khand eank ya puchchhakantakayukt hota hai. grahikaean chhoti or nakhari (kilet, nakh ki tarah) hoti haian; padasparshashrriang b de tatha nakharayukt hote haian. agr udar ke doosare khand ke pooshthabhag mean ek jo de kanghi ke sadriansh kankataang (pektis) hote haian. shvasan kary char jo de pustak phuphphusoan dvara hota hai. pustak phuphphus agr udar ke tisare, chauthe, paanchave tatha chhathe khandoan mean sthit rahate haian. is varg ke aantargat bichchhu ate haian jinaka varnan anyatr kiya gaya hai (dr. 'bichchhu')
varg (2). pedipalapida-ye ve ashtavad haian jinaka sharir pray: akhand shiror tatha nau se lekar 12 chipate udarakhandoan tak ka bana hota hai; udar shiror se ek sankirn griva dvara ju da rahata hai; grahikaean saral aur padasparshashrriang bhi saral evan nakhari hote haian. pratham jo de pad ke aantim sire par bahusandhit kasha (chabuk ya ko da) hoti hai. udar ke doosare tatha tisare khandoan mean sthit do jo de pustak phuphphus hi shvasan ke avayav hote haian. is varg ke aantargat fainikas (bichchhoo-makadiyaan ) ati haian.
varg (3). airenida-is varg ke udaharan mak diyaan haian, jinaka varnan anyatr kiya gaya. (dr. 'mak di')
varg (4). palpigredi-ye ve ashtapad haian jinake shiror ke atim do khand svatantr hote haian, udar das khandoan mean vibhukt hota hai aur shiror se griva dvara ju da hota hai; puchchhakantak lanbe sandhit kasha (flagelam) ke akar ka hota hai. grahikaean nakhari tatha padasparshashrriang pad ke sadrish hotie haian. shvasan tin ju de pustak phuphphusoan ka hota hai. is varg aantargat koneniya ata hai.
varg (5). solifyooji-ye ve ashtapad haian jinaka sharir tin bhagoan mean sir, vaksh (tin khandoan ka) tatha udar (das khandoan) mean banta rahata hai. grahika nakhari hoti hai; padasparshashrriang lanbe tatha pad jaise hote haian. shvasan aang shvasapranal (traikiee) hi hota hai. isi varg ke aantargat goliyodis ata hai.
varg (6). syoodosk aaupiyonaida-(mithya bichchhu athava kailonethi)-ve ashtapad haian jinamean shiror lagatar (atoot) hota hai, panratu kabhi kabhi prishth bhag mean do anuprasth kulya (groovz) dvara vibhajit hota hai. udar 12 khan do mean vibhajit rahata haian, kiantu vah agr tatha pashch udar mean banta nahian rahata aur eankarahit hota hai. grahikaean bahut chhoti aur padasparshashrriang bichchhu jaise hote haian. shvasanakary shvasapranali dvara hota hai. ek jo da katanevali granthiyaan vartaman rahati haian. is varg ke aantargat pustak bichchhu athava kelifar ate haian.

khad ke dheroan, lak di ki dararoan tatha isi prakar ke sthanoan mean ek vistrit tatha rochak, chhoti mak diyoan ka varg milata hai. ye mithyabichchhoo haian jo apane ko chhipae rahate haian aur phalasvaroop bahut kam logoan ke dekhane mean ate haian. inamean sparshashrriang b de hote haian jo akraman ke astraka kam dete haian. inake karan hi ye bichchhu jaise pratit hote haian. inaka udar valayi hota hai aur ye kitoan tatha alpikaoan ka ahar kar apana jivanayapan karate haian. aande tatha bachchoan ko maan sath lie phirati he. sharadh rritu mean vayask mithya bichchhu resham ka ghoansala banakar usi mean ashray leta hai.

varg (7) risinyooliaee-is varg ke atanrgat ve ashtapad ate haian jinaka sharir att prakar ka hota hai. inake agrabhag mean ek chalayaman pralanb aang hota hai jise kukulas kahate haian; udar griva dvara shiror se ju da rahata hai; udar mean yadyapi char hi khand pratyaksh dikhaee p date haian, to bhi yatharth mean nau hote haian. grahikaean tatha padasparshashrriang nakhar hote haian. shvasochchhavas shvasapranal dvara hota hai. is varg ke udaharan kriptosilas haian.
varg (8) failenajaida-ye ve asht pad haian jinaka shiror akhandit hota hai aur udar das khandoan ka tatha shiror se sidha ju da rahata hai inaki grahikaean nakhar hoti haian aur padasparshashrriang pad jaise hote haian. shvasan avayav shvasapranal ka bana hota hai. inamean kataee ki kisi prakar ki granthiyaan vikasit nahian hotian. is varg ke aantargat lavan mak diyaan (harvestar spaidars) ati haian.

harvestar, harvestamen athava lavan makadiyaan lanbi taangoanvale bahut hi vyapak, mak di ke akar ke prani haian. ve keval khetoan mean pae jate haian. ve apane shikar kit, mak di tatha alpikaoan ka pichha karate haian, isalie ve jal ka nirman nahian karate. inaka sharir mak diyoan se bhinn or thos golakar hota hai. maithun rritu mean mada ke lie nar apas mean l date hue dikhaee p date haian. mada pattharoan ke niche athava jamin mean bil ke bhitar aande deti hai. bachche utpann hone par ve maan bap ki akriti ke hote haian.

varg (9). ekeraina-ye ve ashtapad haian jinaka sharir khandoan mean vibhajit drishtigochar nahian hota. mukhaang katane athava chhedane aur choosane ke upayukt bana rahata hai. shvasan avayav jab vartaman rahata hai tab shvas pranal ke roop mean hota hai. is varg ke udaharan alpikaean (mait) tatha chich diyaan ya kilaniyaan (tik) haian.

alpikaean-alpikaean sare sansar mean vipul sankhya mean paee jati haian arthik drishti se inaka bhi utana hi mahatv hai jitana mak diyoan ka. sadharanat: alpikaean bahut hi sookshm prani hoti haian aur inaka adhyayan anuvikshan yantr dvara ho sakata hai. anek alpikaoan ke sharir ke vibhinn khan doan mean bahut kam aantar rahata haian. alpikaoan ke sharir kitoan ki bhaanti alag alag khandoan mean vibhukt nahian hota. mukhaang chabane, katane tatha choosanevale hote haian. alpikaean kilaniyoan se chhoti hoti haian. ye svatantr roop se rahanevali aur paropajivi, donoan prakar ki hoti haian. alpikaean taje ya gale s de karbanik padartho ko khati haian. khujali ki alpikaean manushy mean khujali utpann kar deti haian (dr. chitr 6, jo vastavik se lagabhag 200 gune paimane par bana hai). inhian se sanbandhit ek jati kuttoan mean khujali utpann karati hai. alpikaoan ka svabhav ek doosare se bhinn hota hai aur svabhav ke anukool inake sharir ki rachana mean bhi pray: bahut bhinnata hoti hai. bhojan ke anusar mukhaang vishesh roop se bhinn hote haian. vasasthan ke anusar inake pair ki rachana mean bhi visheshata rahati hai. pairoan ke aantim sire par chhote chhote rom ya aankush chooshak hote haian. alpikaean ya to netrahin hoti haian, ya ek ya anek aankhoanvali . inake jivanitihas mean pray: roopaantaran hota hai: pratham aanda bad mean dianbh (larva), jisamean pairoan ki sankhya kam hoti hai. potak (nif) ki avastha ho sakati hai ya nahian bhi. usake bad vayask avastha hoti hai. alpikaean ya to svatantr bicharanevali hoti haian aur mitti mean, samudr mean tatha nadiyoan aur talaboan mean paee jati haian athava doosare praniyoan par jivananirvah karanevali hoti haian.

thoothanayuktalpikaoan (snaut maits) ka sharir mulayam hota hai. inake pair lanbe hote haian aur ye kitoan ki talash mean b di tezise dau dati haian. ye shital tatha ardr sthanoan mean rahati haian aur sharadh rritu mean gire pattoan ke niche paee jati haian. kuchh alpikaean, jese kartanak (kataeevali) alpikaean, resham ki tarah taga utpann karati haian; kuchh alpikaoan mean choanch hoti hai, jo sooee jaisi hanvikaoan (maidibuls) ki bani hoti haian. b de anubandh (aang),jinamean kanghe ke saman nakhar hote haian, shikar ko pak dane ke kam mean lae jate haian. krishak kilaniyaan (harvest mait) manushy par akraman karati haian. unake katane se tvacha mean b de jor ki khujalahat aur jalan hoti haian. katani ke dinoan mean khetoan mean katani karanevale pray: inake shikar ho jate haian. bagichoan mean paee janevali lal mak di (birabahooti) vastut: bunanevali ek alpika hai. ye adhik sankhya mean hone par paudhoan ki komal kaliyoan ko kshati pahuanchati haian. ek doosare prakar ki bunakar alpikaean (vivar mait) chi diyoan par nirvah karanevali hoti haian.

pray: sabhi jal alpikaean mithe jal mean paee jati haian, yadyapi kuchh khare jal mean tatha kuchh samudr mean bhi paee jati haian. vayask jal alpikaean pray: svatantr vicharanevali hoti haian. kiantu ek prakar ki jal alpika parashrayi hoti hai aur shuktiyoan (situhiyoan) ke galaph doan mean paee jati haian. ye alpikaean hare, nile, pile adi anek suandar rangoan ki hoti haian. adhikaansh mean kale aur pile ka sanmishran hota hai. ve any alpikaoan ki apeksha b di hoti haian. unamean bahut si jal ki tivr dhara mean rahati haian. kuchh alpikaean samajik hoti haian (arthath‌ samoohoan mean rahati haian) aur talaboan ke ghas pat ke bich paee jati haian. ye maansahari hoti haian. khujalivali alpikaean sarapoptiz skaibiz kahalati haian aur ve bahudha aanguliyoan ke bich ki komal tvacha mean rahati haian. ve sharir ke any bhagoan mean bhi rah sakati haian. mada alpikaean tvacha mean ghus jati haian aur unhian mean aande deti haian, kiantu nar tvacha mean ghusata nahian aur oopari satah par svatantr hokar vicharan karata hai. khujali ke prasar ka karan kisi ek vyakti se doosare vyakti mean alpikaoan ka sankraman hota hai. bahudha hath milakar abhivadan karane se yah ek se doosare vyakti mean pahuanch jati haian.

ye uangaliyoan ke bich ghar kar leti haian. aande dene ke lie jab ye tvacha mean surange banati haian, to b di khujali hoti hai.

dimodeks f aaulikuleram namak alpika manushy ke chehare mean sthit tvagvasa granthiyoan par ashrit rahati haian. yah pray: kutoan ki tvacha mean bhi paee jati hai. ekerish ki ek jati kuchala mean, jo b de janavaroan ke lie bahut hi vishaila siddh hota hai, paee jati hai. bhe doan mean khujali, sarakotis ovis namak alpika dvara hoti hai. rogagrast bhe d ko kisi vishaile ghol mean dubokar bahar nikal lene se is bimari se chhutakara mil sakata hai. kuchh alpikaean paudhoan par rahati haian aur unamean ek bimari, jise aangreji mean g aaul kahate haian, paida karati haian

kilaniyaan athava chich diyaan (tiks)-inaka adhyayan manushy ke lie bahut hi rochak haian, kyoanki se sabhi parashrayi hoti haian aur poshak (hosht) ke rakt par nirvah karati hai. ye retile sthanoan mean chhoti chhoti jha diyoan tatha chhote chhote paudhoan par rahati haian. in sthanoan par pratyek kilani chhoti kiantu bahut kriyashil hoti haian. yah vahaan baithanevali chi diyoan ke paroan tatha stanadhariyoan ki taangoan ke baloan mean lag jati hai aur apane paine mukhaangoan se unaki tvacha ko bedhakar rakt choosati hai. sansar mean anek prakar ki kilaniyaan hoti haian, jo murgo, gay, bhaianso, kuttoan tatha manushyoan par ashrayi hoti haian. kee deshoan mean ve anek prakar ke chhote chhote praniyoan , jaise gilahariyoan,par bhi nirvah karanevali hoti haian. kilaniyaan bimari ke jivanuoan ka prasar bhi karati haian, jaise manushy mean tik jvar tatha gay, bhaiansoan mean ek vishesh prakar ka jvar. ve khetoan mean mitti ke bhitar hajaroan ki sankhya mean aande deti haian, jinase shatpadadhari dianbh (larva) utpann hote haian. ye ghas par chadhakar, jamakar baith jate haian aur tab tak baithe rahate haian jab tak koee manonukool prani udhar se nahian nikalata. jab is prakar ka koee prani dikhaee p data jata hai, ye ghas chho dakar usaki tvacha se chipat jate haian. is prakar pair jama lene par ye apani paini choanch (chanchu) poshak ke masan mean ghuse d dete haian or usaka rakt choosakar apane sharir ki vastavik nap se duguna phool uthate haian. jab bhookh mit jati haian tab ye poshak se prithak hokar bhoomi par gir jate haian. rakt se phoole hue hone ke karan ye chal phir nahian sakate, isilie kee saptahoan tak isi avastha mean p de rahate haian ya bhoomi ke bhitar ghus jate haian. vahaan vishram ke sath rakt ka pachan karate haian.

bad mean dianbh (larva) tvacha (keanchul) chho d deta hai aur tab vah potak (nianf) avastha mean padarpan karata hai. potak ban jane par ek bar phir ghas par chadh jata hai aur manonukool poshak ki pratiksha ki punaravritti karata hai. poshak ke upalabdh ho jane par usase chipak aur rakt choosakar pun: prithvi par gir p data hai. pun: ek bar tvacha chho data hai. potak ke tvacha chho dane ke bad vayask nar ya mada kilani utpann hoti hai. aisi kilaniyaan kisi aise tisare prani ki pratiksha karati haian jinake rakt ka ve shoshan kar sakean aur jinake oopar rahakar maithun kar sakean. maithun kar chukane ke bad mada pun: dharatal par gir jati hai aur aande deti hai. kilaniyoan ka yah jivan itihas jatil haian aur unake marane ki sanbhavana bahut adhik rahati hai. vansh ki sanraksha mada dvara bahut b di sankhya mean aande die jane se hota hai (chitr 8).

varg (10) zifosyoora-ye ve ashtapad haian jinaka shiror ek chau de varm (karpes) se dhaka rahata hai aur udar chhah madhyakay (mesosomaitik) khandoan ka tatha ek lanbe sankirn puchchhakhand athava eankayukt pashchakay (metasoma) ka hota haian. shiror bhag mean ek jo di grahika tatha paanch jo de pad hote haian. udar ke agrabhag mean ju de patt (plet) jaise anubandh hote haian jo galaph d patal (opanaraktulam) haian. isake pichhean chipate tatha ek doosare par chadhe paanch jo de anubandh hote haian. shvasan ke avayav paratoan ke akar ke galaph d (gils) hote haian, jo udariy anubandhoan se ju de hote haian. is varg ke aantargat nrip kek de (kiang kraib) ate haian. inhean limulas athava ashv-khur kek da (h aaurs-shoo kraib) bhi kahate haian.

nrip kek da-isaka sharir do bhagoan mean vibhakt hota hai: shiror tatha udar. shiror ki akriti gho de ke khur jaisi hoti hai aur vah chau de varm se dhaka rahata hai. udar kuchh kuchh shatkonakar hota hai jo ek lanbe puchchhakantak (k aaudal spain) mean samapt hota hai. isake agrakhand athava shiror mean chhah jo de anubandh lag rahate haian jinamean pratham jo da grahikaean hoti haian aur any paanch jo de chalane ke kam ate haian. udar par samane ki aur ek jo da thali jaisa anubandh laga rahata hai, jisase milakar galaph d patal banata hai. yah uttari amarika, vestiandij tatha eestiandiz mean nadiyoan ke muhane par athava chhichhali kha diyoan mean paya jata hai. yah baloo mean bil banakar rahata hai, kiantu pani ke niche kuchh door oopar tak bhi uth sakata hai. isaka ahar samudri valayi jantu hote haian.

nrip kek de mean kuchh aisi visheshataean hoti haian jo ek or to ashtapad shreni or doosari or kathini (krasteshiya) shreni ki sharirik rachana se milati julati haian. kathini shreni ke sadrish isake bhi udariy khand mean paanch jo de patt (plet) ke saman bandhak (apeandejez) hote haian. jivanachakr ke vikas mean ek avastha dianbh ki hoti hai. isake dianbh ko trikhand dianbh (trailobait larva) kahate haian. isaka dianbh kathini ke dianbh se milata julata hai. noop kek da kathini tatha ashtapad shreniyoan ke bich ek prakar ki yojak k di hai. sadharan nrip kek de (pairalithodiz kaimashetika) ka maans log khate haian. japan aur roos mean inaki dibbabandi hoti hai or dibbaband maans door door tak jata hai. ye kek de taang phailakar nape jane par char phut tak ke hote haian.
varg (11). iuriterida-ye ve ashtapad haian jinamean apekshakrit shiror chhota hota hai. isake pashchath‌ 12 svatantr khand or ek lanba tatha sankirn aantim khand hota hai. shiror mean pad sadsh ek jo di grahikaean tatha paanch jo de pad sadrish any anubandh hote haian, jinamean char jo de chalane ke lie hote haian. bahm tvacha par vilakshan prakar ki nakkashi hoti hai.

is varg ke aantargat prathamik yug ke b de b de iuritiras namak prani ate haian, jo ab lupt ho ge haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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