आद्यपक्षी

adyapakshi pakshiyoan ke vikas ka itihas any sabhi jantusamoohoan ke vikas ke itihas se adhik durbodh hai. jis kal tak bhoovijnan pahuanch saka hai usamean adyapakshi ka koee upayukt praman prapt nahian hai. pradinootan ke praranbhik bhag ke (ab se lagabhag karo d varsh poorv ke) pakshiyoan ke jivashm (f aausil) bahut kam prapt hue haian. khatiyug (kriteshas yug) ke bad keval ath pratinidhi mile haian, parantu sab adarshabhoot nahian haian aur apoorn bhi haian.

inamean sabase achchha avashesh haisprauranis namak pakshi ka hai. yah tairanevali chi diya thi. isake pankh chhote the. isaki urosthi (starnam) par koot (aangreeji mean kil) tha. ikthiyornis namak pakshi ka avashesh bhi achchha hai. yah kabootar ke barabar ek chhoti u danevali chi diya thi, jisaka urakoot (kil) b da tha. in donoan chi diyoan ke jab doan par poornataya vikasit daant the. parantu in donoan ke jivashmoan mean se koee ek bhi pakshiyoan ke vikas par prakash nahian dalata. inase yah pata avashy chalata hai ki u dana inase pahale praranbh ho chuka tha. pakshiyoan ke vikas ke adhyayan ke lie purani chattanoan ka adhyayan avashyak hai.

poorvi jarmani ke solanahafan namak sthan par mahasarat (jurasik) kal ki mahin danevali choone ki chattanean haian. kisi samay mean yah patthar litho ki chhapaee ke lie khoda jata tha. in pattharoan ka poora nirikshan kiya jata tha, isalie in par aankit sabhi chihnoan ki jaanch hoti rahati thi. sanh‌ 1861 ke praranbh mean ek patthar mean par (fedar) ki ek chhap mili. isase karmachari bahut chakit hue. isake kuchh samay bad hi pankhoan se susajjit ek prani ka kankal patthar ke bich mean mila. yah papanahaim namak gaanv ke pas laangenalathimar hart mean mila. papanahaim mean daktar arnst habalaeen rahate the. unhoanne apane sangrah ke lie donoan shilaean le lian. tatpashchath‌ haraman f aaun meyar ne paravali chhap ka nam arkiyoptairiks lithografika rakha. is nam ka arth hai 'litho ke patthar ka purana par'. doosari shila par aankit jo kankal sahit par ka chihn tha vah kisi doosare adyapakshi ka tha. usamean khop di spasht nahian thi, parantu pakhan aur pooanchh ki chhap bahut achchhi thi.

yah doosari chhap ek paheli ban gee. isase jnat hua ki prani kaue ki nap ka raha hoga. isaka kankal sarosrip ke dhang ka tha, jab doan mean daant the tatha aanguliyoan mean nakh the; parantu hath ke badale nishchit roop se par the. vaijnanikoan ne use adyapakshi ke avashesh ke roop mean pahachana. isase kam vikasit pakshi ka koee chihn isase pahale nahian mila tha. is patthar ko bad mean british myooziyam ne prapt kar liya.

sanh‌ 1877 mean arkiyoptairiks ka ek doosara pratiroop ek patthar nikalane ki khan mean mila, jo pahale sthan se lagabhag das mil door thi. is sthan ka nam bloomanabarg tha. is chhap mean,jo do pattharoan mean surakshit hai, khop di ka chihn bhi hai aur sab batoan mean yah landanavale namoone se achchhi hai. in pattharoan ko barlin ke naturakuande myooziyam ne kharid liya.

arkiyoptairiks ke pattharoan ki prapti ke pashchath‌ inaka adhyayan praranbh hua. inake adhyayan ke lagabhag 36 prayas ab tak ho chuke haian. aantim prayas british myooziyam (naichural histri vibhag) ke sanchalak sar gaivin di biyar ne sanh‌ 1945 mean kiya. unhoanne is adhyayan ke lie eks-re tatha altravayalet kiranoan ka bhi prayog kiya.

sar gaivin ke adhyayan ne nimnalikhit batoan ki pushti ki hai : 1. landan myooziyam ke jivashmoan ki karoti (khop di) mean ab tak jitani haddiyoan ki ganana ki gee thi usase ve adhik haian; 2. is avikasit pakshi ka mastishk bahut kuchh sarisrip ke mastishk ki tarah tha; 3. isake kasheruk (bartebri) ke sire ya to chapate haian ya chhichhale pyale ke akar ke, arthath‌ ubhayavatal (aianfisilas) haian; 4. urosthi nav ke akar ki aur koot (kil)-vihin hai; kahian maansapeshiyoan ke ju dane ke chihn bhi nahian haian. yadi pankh adhunik u danevali chi diyoan ki bhaanti hote to unamean urakut hota, ya maansapeshiyoan ke ju dane ke lie ubhare nishan hote. isase pata chalata hai ki arkiyoptairiks u danevali chi diya nahian thi, keval sarakanevali chi diya thi.

arkiyoptairiks ke sarisripiy lakshan nimnalikhit hean : 1. isaki haddiyaan khokhali ya vayumay nahian hai, 2. kasheruka ki banavat tatha jo d donoan sarisrip jaise haian, 3.pooanchh lanbi hai aur 20 kasherukoan ki bani hai, 4. agale aur pichhale pairoan ki rachana sarisrip ke pairoan jaisi hai aur aanguliyoan mean nakh haian, 5. jab do mean daant hai, 6. pasaliyaan patali haian aur unamean aankush pravardh (aansinet prosesez) nahian hote.

arkiyoptairiks ke pakshivale lakshanoan mean nimnalikhit pramukh haian 1. par; 2. vishakhak (farakula) namak asthi upasthit hai; 3. pair ki pahali aanguli pichhe ki or hai aur any tin isake virodh mean doosari or haian, jaisa any chi diyoan mean hota hai; 4. shronimekhala (pelvik gardal) ki bhagasthi (pyoobik bon) pichhe ki or mu di hai; 5. karpar (kreniyam) ki anek haddiyaan adhunik chi diyoan ki haddiyoan ki bhaanti ju di haian.

ye mile jule lakshan siddh karate haian ki arkiyoptairiks adhunik pakshi aur sarisrip ke vikas ke bich ki yojak k di hai. isaka arth yah nahian ki yah adha sarisrip aur adha pakshi hai, kiantu yah ek aisa sarisrip tha, jisane pakshi ki or vikasit hona praranbh kar diya tha; arthat yah adyapakshi hai.

ab yah prashn uthata hai ki arkiyoptairiks ne kis mool kutuanb se janm liya tha. isaka akar u dane vale sarisrip arthath‌ terodaiktail se milata hai. parantu terodaiktail ke u dane ka dhang bhinn tha aur usaki haddiyaan bhi bhinn prakar ki thian. do chhote pairoan par chalanevale kuchh dayanosaur bhi rachana mean chi diyoan ke nikat ate haian. e apane agale pairoan ko prithvi se oopar uthae pichhale pairoan par dau date the. dau dane ka yah dhang tatha unake sharir ki rachana yah siddh karati hai ki sarisrip tatha arkiyoptairiks dono ki pitrishreni ek hai.

yah bhali bhaanti jnat ho chuka hai ki arkiyoptairiks bhali bhaanti u danevala pakshi nahian tha. ghane jangaloan ke b de-b de vriksh ise u dane ka avasar nahian dete rahe hoange. yah keval ek uanche vriksh par chadhakar doosare tak visarpan (glaid) karata raha haga. pichhe ke lanbe pair, lanbi dum aur chapate siravali kasherukaean u dane mean bilakul sahayak nahian thian, kiantu visarpan mean poornataya sahayak thian. sansar ke jivashmoan mean arkiyoptairiks ke jivashmoan ka sthan mahatvapoorn hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh