कनिष्क

[[chitr:kanishk.jpg|kanishk|300px|right|thumb|kushan samrat maharaj rajatiraj devaputr kanishk
prapti sthan-maant, mathura
upalabdh-rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura]]

kanishk :(shasan: 127 ee. se 140-51 ee. lagabhag)

yoochi qabile se nikali yoochi jati ne bharat mean kushan vansh ki sthapana ki aur bharat ko kanishk jaisa mahan shasak diya. vim kadafaisis ke bad kushan samrajy ka adhipati kaun bana, is sambandh mean itihasakaroan mean bahut matabhed tha lekin rabatak shilalekh ke milane ke bad kanishk ka vansh vriksh spasht ho jata hai. vaise to sabhi kushan rajaoan ke tithikram ka vishay vivadagrast hai, aur anek itihasakar raja kujul aur vim tak ko kanishk ka poorvavarti n manakar paravarti manate the, par ab bahusankhyak itihasakaroan ka yahi mat hai, ki kanishk ne kujul aur vim ke bad hi shasan kiya, pahale nahian. vim kadafaisis ke rajy kal ka ant lagabhag 100 ee. ke lagabhag hua tha, aur kanishk 127 ee. ke lagabhag kushan rajy ka svami banane ka andaza lagata hai. is bich ke kushan itihas ko ajnat hi samajhana chahie.

aitihasik samagri

kanishk ka itihas janane ke lie aitihasik samagri ki kami nahian hai. usake bahut se sikke upalabdh haian, aur aise anek utkirn lekh bhi mile haian, jinaka kanishk ke sath bahut gahara sambandh hai. isake atirikt bauddh anushruti mean bhi kanishk ko bahut mahattvapoorn sthan prapt hai. bauddh dharm mean usaka sthan ashok se kuchh hi kam hai. jis prakar ashok ke sanrakshan mean bauddh dharm ki bahut unnati huee, vaise hi kanishk ke samay mean bhi huee.

rajyarohan

kanishk ko kushan vansh ka tisara shasak mana jata tha kintu rabatak shilalekh ke bad yah chautha shasak sabit hota hai. sandeh nahian ki kanishk kushan vansh ka mahanatam shasak tha. usake hi karan kushan vansh ka bharat ke saanskritik evan rajanitik itihas mean mahattvapoorn sthan hai. usaka rajyarohan kal sandigdh hai. 100 ee. se 127 ee. tak ise kahian par bhi rakha ja sakata hai, kintu sambhavana yah bhi mani gee thi ki tathakathit shak sanvat, jo 78 ee. mean arambh hua mana jata hai, kanishk ke rajyarohan ki tithi ho sakati hai. kanishk ke rajyarohan ke samay kushan samrajy mean afaganistan, siandh ka bhag, baiktriya evan parthiya ke pradesh sammilit the. kanishk ne bharat mean apana rajy magadh tak vistrit kar diya. vahaan se vah prasiddh vidvan ashvaghosh ko apani rajadhani purushapur le gaya. tibbat aur chin ke kuchh lekhakoan ne likha hai ki usaka saket aur pataliputr ke rajaoan se yuddh hua tha. kashmir ko apane rajy mean milakar usane vahaan ek nagar basaya jise 'kanishkapur' kahate haian. shayad kanishk ne ujjain ke kshatrap ko haraya tha aur malava ka prant prapt kiya tha. kanishk ka sabase prasiddh yuddh chin ke shasak ke sath hua tha, jahaan ek bar parajit hokar vah dubara vijayi hua. kanishk ne madhy eshiya mean kashagar, yarakand, khotan, adi pradeshoan par bhi apana adhipaty sthapit kiya. is prakar maury samrajy ke pashchat pahali bar ek vishal samrajy ki sthapana huee, jisamean ganga, siandhu aur aksas ki ghatiyaan sammilit thian.

vijit rajy

kushan vansh ka pramukh samrat kanishk bharatiy itihas mean apani vijay, dharmik pravritti, sahity tatha kala ka premi hone ke nate vishesh sthan rakhata hai. kumaralat ki kalpanamand tika ke anusar isane bharat vijay ke pashchat madhy eshiya mean khotan jita aur vahian par rajy karane laga. isake lekh peshavar, manikyal (ravalapiandi), suyivihar (bahavalapur),jeda (ravalapiandi), mathura, kaushaanbi tatha saranath mean mile haian, aur isake sikke siandh se lekar bangal tak pae ge haian . kalhan ne bhi apani 'rajatarangini' mean kanishk, jhushk aur hushk dvara kashmir par rajy tatha vahaan apane nam par nagar basane ka ullekh kiya hai . inake adhar par yah kaha ja sakata hai ki samrat kanishk ka rajy kashmir se uttari siandh tatha peshavar se saranath ke age tak phaila tha. kushan raja kanishk ke nirman karyoan ka nirikshak abhiyanta ek yavan adhikari agesilos tha.

kanishk aur bauddh dharm

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kianvadantiyoan ke anusar kanishk pataliputr par akraman kar ashvaghosh namak kavi tatha bauddh darshanik ko apane sath le gaya tha aur usi ke prabhav mean akar samrat ki bauddh dharm ki or pravritti huee . isake samay mean kashmir mean kundalavan vihar athava jalandhar mean chaturth bauddh sangiti prasiddh bauddh vidvan vasumitr ki adhyakshata mean huee . huenasaang ke matanusar samrat kanishk ki sanrakshata tatha adeshanusar is sangiti mean 500 bauddh vidvanoan ne bhag liya aur tripitak ka pun: sankalan sanskaran hua . isake samay se bauddh granthoan ke lie sanskrit bhasha ka prayog hua aur mahayan bauddh sanpraday ka bhi pradurbhav hua . kuchh vidvanoan ke matanusar gaandhar kala ka svarnayug bhi isi samay tha, par any vidvanoan ke anusar is samrat ke samay uparyukt kala utar par thi . svayan bauddh hote hue bhi samrat ke dharmik drishtikon mean udarata ka paryapt samavesh tha aur usane apani mudraoan par yoonani, eerani, hindoo aur bauddh devi devataoan ki moortiyaan aankit karavaee, jisase usake dharmik vicharoan ka pata chalata hai . 'ekansadh vipra bahudha vadanti' ki vaidik bhavana ko usane kriyatmak svaroop diya.

rajy vistar

thumb|250px|kanishk ka sikka kanishk ne kushan vansh ki shakti ka punaruddhar kiya. satavahan raja kuntal satakarni (vikramadity dvitiy) ke prayatn se kushanoan ki shakti kshin ho gee thi. ab kanishk ke netritv mean kushan rajy ka punah utkarsh hua. usane uttar-dakshin-poorv-pashchim charoan dishaoan mean apane rajy ka vistar kiya. satavahanoan ko parast karake usane n keval panjab par apana adhipaty sthapit kiya, apitu bharat ke madhyadesh ko jitakar magadh se bhi satavahan vansh ke shasan ka ant kiya. kumaralat namak ek bauddh pandit ne kalpana manditika nam ki ek pustak likhi thi, jisaka chini anuvad is samay bhi upalabdh hai. is pustak mean kanishk ke dvara ki gee poorvi bharat ki vijay ka ullekh hai. shridharmapitak nidan sootr namak ek any bauddh granth mean likha hai, ki kanishk ne pataliputr ko jitakar use apane adhin kiya aur vahaan se prasiddh bauddh vidvan ashvaghosh aur bhagavan buddh ke kamandalu ko prapt kiya. tibbat ki bauddh anushruti mean bhi kanishk ke saket (ayodhya) vijay ka ullekh hai. is prakar sahityik adhar par yah bat jnat hoti hai ki kanishk ek mahan vijeta tha, aur usane uttari bharat ke b de bhag ko jitakar apane adhin kar liya tha. satavahan vansh ka shasan jo pataliputr se uth gaya, vah kanishk ki vijayoan ka hi parinam tha.

bauddh anushruti ki yah bat kanishk ke sikkoan aur utkirn lekhoan dvara bhi pusht hoti hai. kanishk ke sikke uttari bharat mean door-door tak upalabdh hue haian. poorv mean raanchi tak se usake sikke mile haian. isi prakar usake lekh pashchim mean peshavar se lekar poorv mean mathura aur saranath tak prapt hue haian. usake rajy ke vistar ke vishay mean ye pusht praman haian. saranath mean kanishk ka jo shilalekh mila hai, usamean mahakshatrap kharapallan aur kshatrap vinaspar ke nam ae haian. puranoan mean satavahan ya andhr vansh ke bad magadh ka shasak vanaspar ko hi likha gaya hai. yah vanaspar kanishk dvara niyukt magadh ka kshatrap tha. mahakshatrap kharapallan ki niyukti mathura ke pradesh par shasan karane ke lie ki gee thi.

uttari bharat ki yah vijay kanishk keval apani shakti dvara nahian kar saka tha. tibbati anushruti ke anusar khotan ke raja vijayasianh ke putr vijayakirti ne 'guzan' raja tatha raja 'kanishk' ke sath milakar bharat par akraman kiya tha, aur soket (saket) nagar jit liya tha. 'guzan' ka abhipray kushan se hai, aur kanik ka kanishk se. satavahan vansh ki shakti ko nasht karane ke lie kanishk ko sudooravarti khotan rajy ke raja se bhi sahayata leni p di thi. yah bat satavahan samrajy ki shakti ko soochit karati hai.

naya pushpapur

pataliputr ko jitakar kanishk ne use apane adhin kar liya tha. apane prachin gaurav ke karan isi nagari ko kanishk ke samrajy ki rajadhani hona chahie tha. par kanishk ka samrajy bahut vistrit tha. usaki uttari sima chin ke sath chhooti thi. chin ki sima tak vistrit vishal kushan samrajy ke lie pataliputr nagari upayukt rajadhani nahian ho sakati thi. atah kanishk ne ek ne kusumapur (pataliputr) ki sthapana ki, aur use pushpapur nam diya. yahi ajakal ka peshavar hai.

pushpapur mean kanishk ne bahut si nee imaratean banavaeean. inamean pramukh ek stoop tha, jo char sau phit ooancha tha. isamean terah manzilean thian. jab prasiddh chini yatri hyoo-en-tsaang maharaj harshavardhan ke shasan kal (satavian sadi) mean bharat bhraman karane ke lie aya tha, to kanishk dvara nirmit is vishal stoop ko dekhakar ashcharyachakit rah gaya tha. kusumapur (pataliputr) ke muqabale mean kanishk ne pushpapur ko vidya, dharm aur sanskriti ka kendr banaya. isamean sandeh nahian ki kuchh samay ke lie pushpapur ke sammukh prachin kusumapur ka vaibhav mand p d gaya tha.

chin se sangharsh

kanishk keval uttari bharat ki vijay se hi santusht nahian hua, usane madhy eshiya ke kshetr mean bhi apani shakti ke vistar ka prayatn kiya. madhy eshiya ke khotan rajy ki sahayata se kanishk uttari bharat ki vijay kar saka tha. is yug mean chin ke samrat is bat ke lie prayatnashil the, ki apane samrajy ka vistar karean. chin ke suprasiddh senapati pan-chaoo ne 73-78 ee. ke lagabhag samrajy vistar ke lie digvijay prarambh ki, aur madhy eshiya par apana adhikar kar liya. pan-chaoo ki vijayoan ke karan chini samrajy ki pashchimi sima kaispiyan sagar tak ja pahuanchi. is dasha mean yah svabhavik tha ki kushan rajy bhi chin ke nikat sampark mean ae. pan-chaoo ki ichchha thi, ki kushanoan ke sath maitri sambandh sthapit kare. isalie usane vividh bahumooly upaharoan ke sath apane rajadoot kushan raja ke pas bheje. kushan raja ne in dootoan ka yathochit svagat kiya, par chin ke sath apani maitri ko sthir rakhane ke lie yah ichchha pragat ki ki chini samrat apani kanya ka vivah usake sath kar dean. kushan raja ki is maang ko pan-chaoo ne apane samrat ke samman ke viruddh samajha. parinam yah hua ki donoan pakshoan mean yuddh prarambh ho gaya aur kushanoan ne ek b di sena pan-chaoo ke viruddh l daee ke lie bheji. par is yuddh mean yoochi (yuishi) sena ki parajay huee.

par kushan raja is parajay se nirash nahian hua. chini senapati pan-chaoo ki mrityu ke bad kanishk ne apani pahali parajay ka pratishodh karane ke lie ek bar phir chin par akraman kiya. is bar vah saphal raha aur madhy eshiya ke anek pradeshoan par usaka adhipaty sthapit ho gaya. khotan aur yarakand ke pradesh isi yuddh mean vijay hone ke karan kushanoan ke samrajy mean sammilit hue.

kshatrapoan tatha mahakshatrapoan ki niyukti

itane vistrit samrajy ke shasan ke lie samrath ne kshatrapoan tatha mahakshatrapoan ki niyukti ki jinaka ullekh usake lekhoan mean hai. sthaniy shasan sanbandhi 'gramik' tatha 'gram koottak' aur 'gramavriddh purush' aur 'sena sanbandhi', 'dandanayak' tatha 'mahadandanayak' ityadi adhikariyoan ka bhi usake lekhoan mean ullekh hai.

dharm

kanishk ke bahut se sikke vartaman samay mean upalabdh hote haian. in par yavan (grik), jarathustri (eerani) aur bharatiy sabhi tarah ke devi-devataoan ki pratimaean aankit haian. eeran ke agni (atash), chandr (mah) aur soory (mihir), grik devata heliy, prachin elam ki devi nana, bharat ke shiv, skand vayu aur buddh - ye sab devata usake sikkoan par nam ya chitr ke dvara vidyaman haian. isase yah soochit hai, ki kanishk sab dharmoan ka saman adar karata tha, aur sabake devi-devataoan ko samman ki drishti se dekhata tha. isaka yah karan bhi ho sakata hai, ki kanishk ke vishal samrajy mean vividh dharmoan ke anuyayi vibhinn logoan ka nivas tha, aur usane apani praja ko santusht karane ke lie sab dharmoan ke devataoan ko apane sikkoan par aankit karaya tha. par is bat mean koee sandeh nahian ki kanishk bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha, aur bauddh itihas mean usaka nam ashok ke saman hi mahattv rakhata hai. achary ashvaghosh ne use bauddh dharm mean dikshit kiya tha. is achary ko vah pataliputr se apane sath laya tha, aur isi se usane bauddh dharm ki diksha li thi.

kanishk nishchay hi ek mahan yoddha tha jisane parthiya se magadh tak apana rajy phailaya, kintu usaka yash usake bauddh dharm ke sanrakshak hone ke karan kahian adhik hai. usaka niji bauddh dharm tha. usake prachar aur sangathan ke lie usane bahut se kary kie. usane parshv ke kahane se kashmir athava jalandhar mean bauddh ki chauthi mahasangiti (mahasabha) ka ayojan kiya jisamean bahut se vidvanoan ne bhag liya. isaka uddeshy un siddhaantoan par vichar karana tha jinake vishay mean bauddh vidvanoan mean matabhed tha. is sabha mean vidvanoan ne samast bauddh sahity par tikaean likhavaeean. is sabha ka pradhan vasumitr tha aur ashvaghosh ne isamean bhag liya tha. kanishk yadyapi svayan bauddh dharmavalanbi tha kintu vah any dharmoan ke prati sahishnu tha. yah bat usake sikkoan se spasht hai. un par kee parthiyan, yoonani tatha bharatiy devi devataoan ki akritiyaan haian. kuchh sikkoan par yoonani dhang se kh de aur kuchh par bharatiy dhang se baithe buddh ki akritiyaan haian. sambhavatah ye sikke is bat ko prakat karate haian ki usake rajy mean in sab dharmoan ke rahane vale the aur samrat in sab dharmoan ke prati sahishnu tha. mathura mean ek moorti mili hai jisamean kanishk ko sainik poshak pahane kh da dikhaya gaya hai.

kanishk ke sikke do prakar ke haian -

1. ek prakar ke sikkoan mean yoonani bhasha mean usaka nam adi aankit hai.
2. doosare mean eerani bhasha mean.

usake taanbe ke sikkoan mean use ek vedi par balidan karate dikhaya gaya hai. usake sone ke sikke rom ke samratoan ke sikkoan se milate julate haian. jinamean ek or usaki apani akriti hai aur doosari or kisi devi ya devata ki. peshavar ke nikat kanishk ne ek b da stoop aur math banavaya, jisamean buddh ke avashesh rakhe ge. ek abhilekh se jnat hota hai ki is stoop ka nirman ek yoonani ianjiniyar ne karaya tha.

bauddhoan ki chauthi sangiti

kanishk ke sanrakshan mean bauddh dharm ki chauthi sangiti (mahasabha) usake shasan kal mean huee. kanishk ne jab bauddh dharm ka adhyayan shuroo kiya, to usane anubhav kiya ki usake vividh sampradayoan mean bahut matabhed hai. dharm ke siddhaantoan ke spashtikaran ke lie yah avashyak hai, ki pramukh vidvan ek sthan par ekatr hoan, aur saty siddhaantoan ka nirnay karean. isalie kanishk ne kashmir ke kundal van vihar mean ek mahasabha ka ayojan kiya, jisamean 500 prasiddh bauddh vidvan sammilit hue. ashvaghosh ke guru achary vasumitr aur parshv inake pradhan the. vasumitr ko mahasabha ka adhyaksh niyat kiya gaya. mahasabha mean ekatr vidvanoan ne bauddh dharm ke siddhaantoan ko spasht karane aur vividh sampradayoan ke virodh ko door karane ke lie 'mahavibhasha' nam ka ek vishal granth taiyar kiya. yah granth bauddh tripitak ke bhashy ke roop mean tha. yah granth sanskrit bhasha mean tha aur ise tamrapatroan par utkirn karaya gaya tha. ye tamrapatr ek vishal stoop mean surakshit roop se rakh die ge the. yah stoop kahaan par tha, yah abhi tak jnat nahian ho saka hai. yadi kabhi is stoop ka pata chal saka, aur isamean tamrapatr upalabdh ho ge, to niahsandeh kanishk ke bauddh dharm sambandhi kary par unase bahut adhik prakash p dega. 'mahavibhasha' ka chini sanskaran is samay upalabdh hai.

samakalin vidvan

kanishk ke sanrakshan mean n keval bauddh dharm ki unnati huee, apitu anek prasiddh vidvanoan ne bhi usake rajadarabar mean ashray grahan kiya. vasumitr, parshv aur ashvaghosh ke atirikt prasiddh bauddh vidvan nagarjun bhi usaka samakalin tha. nagarjun bauddh dharm ka prasiddh darshanik hua hai, aur mahayan sampraday ka pravartak usi ko mana jata hai. use bhi kanishk ka sanrakshan prapt tha. ayurved ka prasiddh achary charak bhi usake ashray mean pushpapur mean nivas karata tha.

kushan sanskriti

kanishk ki rajasabha mean b de b de vidvan vidyaman the. parshv, vasumitr aur ashvaghosh bauddh darshanik the. nagarjun jaise prakaand pandit aur charak jaise chikitsak usaki rajadhani ke ratn the. usake samay mean 'mahayan' dharm ka prachar hone se bauddh aur bodhisatvoan ki moortiyaan banane lagian. is prakar kushanoan ki yadyapi apani koee vikasit sanskriti nahian thi kintu bharat mean basane par unhoanne bharatiy aur yoonani sanskriti ko apana liya aur is samanvit sanskriti ko aisa protsahan diya ki vah khoob vikasit huee. uttari bharat ki janata ko yoonani, shak, pahalav, adi akramanoan se ab mukti mili aur bharat mean shanti aur suvyavastha sthapit huee. rajanitik shanti ke is kal mean dharm, sahity, kala, vijnan, vyapar adi sabhi dishaoan mean khoob pragati huee. vastav mean gupt rajaoan se poorv kushan yug bharat ke saanskritik vikas mean ek mahattvapoorn sthan rakhata hai.

gandhar kala shaili

kanishk ka nam mahayan bauddh dharm ke prashray evan prachar prasar ke sath sath gandhar kala shaili ke vikas se sambaddh hai.

kushan samrajy ka hras

kanishk ke bad kushan samrajy ka hras prarambh hua. usaka uttaradhikari huvishk tha. vah sambhavatah rudradama dvara parajit hua aur malava shakoan ke hath se chala gaya. agala shasak vasudev tha. vah vishnu evan shiv ka upasak tha. usake samay mean uttar pashchim ka bahut b da bhag kushanoan ke hath se nikal gaya. usake uttaradhikari kamazor the aur eeran mean sasaniyat vansh ke tatha poorv mean 'nag bharashiv vansh' ke uday ne kushanoan ke patan mean bahut yog diya.

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• kushan itihas