ब्रज का उत्तर मध्य काल
braj ka uttar madhy kal
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| vivaran | bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha. |
| braj kshetr | aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian. |
| braj ke keandr | mathura evan vrindavan |
| braj ke van | kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan |
| bhasha | hiandi aur brajabhasha |
| pramukh parv evan tyohar | holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela |
| pramukh darshaniy sthal | krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir |
| sanbandhit lekh | braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura |
| any janakari | braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai. |
- uttar madhy kal (san 1206 se 1576 tak)
- muslim samrajy
prithviraj aur jayachandr ko san 1191 evan san 1194 vi. mean harane ke bad muhammad gori ne bharat mean muslim samrajy ki nianv dali aur apane jite gaye rajy ki vyavastha apane senapati qutubuddin ko sauanpakar khud vapas chala gaya. mohammad gori ke jivan kal tak qutubuddin usaka adhinasth shasak ban kar muslim samrajy ko vyavasthit karata raha. san 1206 mean gori ki mrityu ke bad qutubuddin bharat ke muslim samrajy ka pratham svatantr shasak bana; usane dilli ko rajadhani banaya. shuroo se hi dilli muslim samrajy ki rajadhani rahi aur bad tak bani rahi. mugal kal mean akabar ne agara ko rajadhani banaya; phir usake pautr shahajahaan ne dobara dilli ko rajadhani bana diya.
saltanat kal (san 1206 se san 1526 tak)
bharat mean muslim samrajy ka pratham svatantr shasak qutubuddin aibak tha. usane san 1206 mean pahale 'malik' aur phir 'sultan' ki padavi dharan ki. usane dilli ko rajadhani banaya. kutubuddin se lekar ibrahim lodi tak dilli mean anek sultan hue, is karan san 1206 se san 1526 tak ka 320 sal ka vaqt 'saltanat kal' kahalata hai. dilli ke ye sulatan kee vanshoan se the. itihas mean ve gulam vansh, khilaji vansh, tugalaq vansh, saiyad vansh aur lodi vansh ke nam se jane jate haian. lagabhag sabhi vansh turk jati ke the, keval lodi vansh pathan jati ka tha.
gulam vansh (san 1206 se san 1290 tak)
- qutubuddin (san 1206 − san 1210)
is vansh ka sansthapak qutubuddin aibak tha. jivan ke shuroo mean vah muhammad gori ka gulam tha, isi karan yah vansh gulam vansh ke nam se itihas mean jana jata hai. qutubuddin ke bad iltutamish aur balavan namak nami shasak hue; apane jivan mean ye sabhi gulam the. qutubuddin sahasi yoddha aur kabil shasak tha. yogy hone se hi vah gulam se sultan bana. qutubuddin ne 2 masjidean banavakar bharat mean islamik imaratoan ko banavana shuroo kiya tha. ye masjid hindoo madianroan ko nasht kar ek dilli mean aur doosari ajamer mean banavaee gee. dilli ki 'qutub minar' usi ke nam se jani jati hai; par kahate haian ki usaka nirman bad mean hua.
khilaji vansh (san 1290 se san 1319 tak)
[[chitr:Ganesha-Mathura-Museum-80.jpg|thumb|200px|left|ganesh
Ganesha
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura]]
alauddin (san 1296 se san 1316)
alauddin khilaji vansh ka sabase mashahoor sultan tha. apane chacha ki hatya kara kar vah shasak bana aur poore apane jivan kal mean vah yuddh kar rajy ka vistar karata raha. vah kutil kroor aur hiansak pravritti ka bahut hi mahattvakaankshi aur hoshiyar sena pradhan tha 20 varsh ke apane shasan kal mean usane lagabhag sare bharat ko apane shasan mean kar liya tha. usane hi devagiri, gujarat, rajasthan, malava aur dakshin ke adhikatar rajyoan par sabase pahale muslim shasan sthapit kiya. chittau d ki rani padmini ke lie rajapootoan se yuddh kiya, is yuddh mean bahut se rajapoot nar−nariyoan ne balidan diya. shasak banate hi usaki kudrishti mathura ki taraph huee. usane san 1297 mean mathura ke asikunda ghat ke pas ke purane mandir ko to d kar ek masjid banavaee ,kalantar mean yamuna nadi ki badh se yah masjid nasht ho gee. alauddin padha−likha nahian tha kintu sahity aur kala ka kadradan tha. usake darabar mean bahut se vidvanh aur kalakar the. amir khusaro jaisa prasiddh vidvanh aur kala−marmajn alauddin ke darabar mean tha. isi ke shasan kal mean amir khusaro aur gopal nayak ke bich sangit pratiyogita huee, isamean bharatiy kala ka pahali bar videshi kala se muqabala hua.
- amir khusaro
amir khusaro ka pita saifuddin mahamood madhy eshiya ka ek turk jati ka musalaman tha. kisi karan vah apane desh ko chho d kar bharat a gaya tha. vah braj kshetr ke patiyali gram (zila−eta) mean bas gaya tha. vahaan usane ek hindoo mahila se niqah kar liya tha; jisase lagabhag san 1253 mean ek bachcha paida hua, us bachche ka nam abul hasan rakha gaya, vahi bachcha b da ho kar 'amir khusaro' ke nam se prasiddh hua. dilli ke gulam vansh ke shasak sultan gayasuddin balaban ke samay mean khusaro raja ke darabar mean tha. amir khusaro ne gulam, khilaji aur tugalaq vansh ke 11 sultanoan ka shasan dekha inamean se sat shasakoan ke darabar mean vah raha. usake jivan mean b de chadhav−utar rahe. amir khusaro soofi vicharadhara ko manata tha. soofi sant hazarat nizamuddin auliya amir khusaro ke guru the. khusaro b da buddhiman, pratibhashali, vidvanh aur kee bhashaoan ka jnata tha aur sath hi vah mahanh kavi aur sangitajn bhi tha.
khusaro ne bharat ke sangit mean eerani sangit ko mila kar nee paddhati 'muqam' ko banaya aur usake hisab se hi naye rag, naye git aur naye-naye vady yantroan ka avishkar kiya evan unhean prachalit kiya. amir khusaro dvara banaye gaye sangit ke ragoan mean 'fakiroolla' ke varnananusar, 'zailf, ushshak, saraparda, farodast, aimani, sazagiri, ahang aur shanam' pramukh the. ye sab bharatiy aur eerani ragoan ko milakar banaye the. amir khusaroan ne jis gayan−shaili ko prachalit kiya use us samay 'kaul' kaha gaya; aur us shaili ke lie likhe gaye mazahabi git 'qavvali' kahe gaye. is prakar khusaro ne bharatiy sangit ko hindustani sangit mean dhal kar sangit mean adbhut aur kala ki drishti se kraantikari badalav kiya tha.
- nayak gopal
nayak gopal dakshin ka suprasiddh sangitajn aur prasiddh gayak tha, jo sultan alauddin khilaji ke shasan ke samay mean (san 1296 − san 1316 ) mean usake darabar mean tha. sanbhavat: usaka janm san 1243 ke asapas hua hoga. vah bharatiy sangit ki us samay prachalit shailiyoan ka mahanh gayak tha. sultan alauddin ke senapati malik kafoor ne dakshin ke devagiri rajy par hamala kiya aur vahaan ke yadav raja ramanchadr ray ko hara diya. yadav raja ramanchadr ray ne dilli a kar alauddin ki paratatranta svikar kar li thi. tabhi devagiri rajy ke anek vidvan, gunijan aur kalakaroan ne bhi dilli a kar sultan ki seva karana svikar kiya tha. aisa kaha jata hai ki gopal nayak bhi usi samay mean dilli aya tha. vah sultan alauddin ke darabar mean upasthit hua tha.
- amir khusaro aur nayak gopal ki sangit-pratiyogita
aj bhi sangit jagath mean khusaro aur gopal ki sangit−pratiyogita prasiddh hai. isaka vivaran fakiroolla, vilard aur bhatakhande jaise jane-mane sangitajnoan ke granthoan mean bhi milata hai. nayak gopal dakshin se dilli aya tha aur usane alauddin khilaji ke darabar mean jakar darabari sangitajnoan ko gayan−pratiyogita ke lie chunauti di thi. amir khusaro us samay mean khilaji darabar ka sarvashreshth sangitajn tha. amir khusaro ki gopal se sangit−pratiyogita huee thi, jisamean khusaro ne chhalapoorvak nayak gopal ko hara diya tha, lekin nayak gopal ke prakaand sangit ke jnan ka loha svany amir khusaro ne aur sath hi poore dilli darabar ke sabhi sangitajnoan ne mana tha. sangit ki is gayan−pratiyogita ka ullekh mugal shasak aurangazeb ke kashmiri soobedar 'fakiroolla' dvara likhe gaye 'rag darpan' mean kiya gaya hai. achary brihaspati ne usake kathan ko ullikhit karate hue likha hai,−'khusaro ne eerani svar shastr ke adhar par bharatiy ragoan ka vargikaran jis 'muqam' paddhati se kiya tha, use bharatiy kalakaroan ne chupachap svikar kar liya; kyoanki bharatiy paddhati ko 'gupt' rakhana hi ve use vikrit hone se bachane ka upay samajhate the. usi pravritti ke parinam svaroop amir khusaro se har man kar gopal nayak ne jhag da jit liya tha. apane ashrayadata devagiri naresh ki durdasha dekh kar ve parajay svikar n karate, to kya karate. gopal nayak ke jhukane par sare dakshin ne hathiyar dal liye.
khusaro ka nidhan lagabhag 72 varsh ki umr mean san 1325 ke asapas dilli mean hua tha. amir khusaro ko usake guru hazarat nizamuddin ki qabr ke pas hi dafanaya gaya tha. vahaan un donoan ke maqabare bane hue haian.
tugalaq vansh (san 1320 se san 1413 tak)
- muhammad tugalaq (san 1320 se san 1351)
prayogatmak kraantikari karyoan ke lie is vansh ke sulatanoan mean muhamamd tugalak ka nam mashahoor hai. pahale sultanoan ki vitt, kheti aur sikkoan sambandhi niti mean badalav karane ka sahas is shasak ne kiya aur sath hi apani rajadhani ko devagiri le jane ka usane qadam uthaya , in sab vajahoan se vah janata ke krodh ka patr bana aur alokapriy ho gaya tha. halaanki muhamamd tugalaq bahut vidvan, buddhiman aur samajhadar vyakti tha; phir bhi vyavaharik jnan na hone ki vajah se usaka shasakiy yogyata mean nakam mana jata hai. bahut se itihasakaroan ne usaka moolyaankan kiya hai; par unaka mat apas mean ek−doosare se nahian milata hai. dilli ke sulatanoan mean muhamamd tugalaq ka charitr bahut vivadagrast aur manoranjan se bhara milata hai aisa vritaant kisi aur shasak ka nahian milata. kuchh itihasakaroan ne to use vikshipt bhi batalaya hai,par vah pagal nahian tha ,haan usane apane shasan mean anek prayog kiye the. muhamamd tugalaq ke shasan ke samay mean 'ibnabatoota' nam ka ek muslim yatri bharat yatra par aya tha. vah san 1333 mean dilli pahuancha aur kee varsh tak dilli raha. usane apani yatra ke vritaant mean muhammad tugalaq ke shasan sambandhi vistrit vivaran kiya hai.:−
vah morakko nivasi ek prabuddh musalaman tha, jo muhammad tugalaq ke shasan kal mean bharat ki yatra karane ko aya tha. vah dilli mean muhammad se mila tha. muhammad isaki vidvatta se b da prabhavit hua aur use dilli ka qazi bana diya. phir kisi bat par rusht hokar shah ne use karagar mean dal diya tha; kiantu shighr hi use bandhan mukt kar diya. ibnabatoota kee varsh tak bharat mean raha tha. usane samanyatah is desh ki aur visheshataya muhammad tugalaq ke shasan−kal ki paristhiti ka sookshm adhyayan kiya tha. usane apane adhyayan ka sar "kitab−ul−rahala" namak pustak mean likha hai. us pustak ki rachana arabi bhasha mean huee hai. usamean muhammad tugalaq ke shasan kal ki anek mahattvapoorn ghatanaoan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai, jo aitihasik mahattv ka hai. usane bharatiyoan ki udarata, gun−grahakata aur eemadari ki b di prashansa ki hai.
- firoj tugalaq (san 1351 se san 1388)
firoj tugalak, muhammad tugalaq ka chachera bhaee tha. isaki maan bhatti rajapoot jati ki suandar stri thi, usake sath usake pita ne balapoorvak nikah kiya tha. ek hiandoo mata ka putr hone ki vajah se us samay ke turk saradar use musalaman nahian manate the. isalie firoj khud ko turkoan ke saman sidhd karane ke lie hianduoan ke sath b di nirmamata aur barbarata se pesh ata tha. hianduoan ko balapoorvak musalaman banana aur unake mandiroan ko to dana vah apana mazahabi pharj samajhata tha. firoj tugalaq ne mathura ke krishna janmasthan ke mandir ko tu davaya tha jo lagabhag do shatabdi pahale vijayapal dev ne banavaya tha. sambhavatah ye mandir banava diya gaya; kyoanki sikandar lodi ke samay mean bhi is mandir ko nasht kiye jane ka vivaran milata hai.
lodi vansh (san 1489 se san 1526)
is vansh ke shasak jati se pathan the. inamean sikandar lodi sabase adhik dharmaandh shasak tha. vah jati se hindoo sunarin ka beta tha, is karan se vah hin bhavanaoan se bhara tha. videshi musalaman saradar ke barabar pakka musalaman siddh hone ke lie vah hinduoan par bahut atyachar karata tha. usane apane shasan kal mean hindoo praja ko balapoorvak musalaman banane aur hinduoan ke mandiroan ko to dane ka kary bhi kiya. sikandar ka bad ka jivan gvaliyar ke bahadur raja manasianh tomar se yuddh karane mean vyatit hua. usane raja manasianh ko harane ki kee bar koshish ki, par vah har bar nakam raha. sikandar ne san 1504 mean agara ko apani sainik chhavani banaya. vahian se usane gvaliyar par akraman kiya. vartaman mean jahaan sikandara hai, vahaan sikandar ki sena ka p dav tha. usi ke nam par is jagah ka nam 'sikandara' p da. sikandar se akraman se pahale agara ek chhota sa nagar tha. kintu jab se vah lodi sulatan ki sainik chhavani bana, tabhi se usaka vikas hone laga tha. mathura ke lie sikandar ka shasan vishesh roop se kashtadayak tha. sikandar ne mathura ke krishna janmasthan ka vishal mandir tu davaya aur hinduoan par rok laga di. koee hindoo bal bhi nahian banava sakata tha; aur n hi yamuna mean snan kar sakata tha.
| left|30px|link=braj ka madhy kal|pichhe jaean | braj ka uttar madhy kal | right|30px|link=braj ka mugal kal|age jaean |
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