ब्रज का मौर्य काल

braj vishay soochi

braj    parichay    paribhasha    bhoogol    vistar    namakaran aur abhipray    pauranik itihas    braj ka adim kal    braj ka krishna kal    braj ka maury kal    braj ka shuang kal    braj ka shak kushan kal    braj ka gupt kal    braj ka madhy kal    braj ka uttar madhy kal    braj ka mugal kal    braj ka jat maratha kal    braj ka svatantrata sangram 1857    braj ka svatantrata sangram 1920-1947    sanskriti    jivan shaili    prachin sangit    moorti kala mathura    pramukh parv evan tyohar    mukhy darshaniy sthal    chaurasi kos yatra    brajabhasha    holi    veshabhoosha, bhojan v mithaee

braj ka maury kal
braj ke vibhinn drishy|200px|center
vivaran	bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha.
braj kshetr	aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian.
braj ke keandr	mathura evan vrindavan
braj ke van	kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan
bhasha	hiandi aur brajabhasha
pramukh parv evan tyohar	holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela
pramukh darshaniy sthal	krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir
sanbandhit lekh	braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura
any janakari	braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai.

magadh rajy ki shakti mahatma buddh se pahale hi bahut badhane lagi thi. pahale magadh rajy ki rajadhani rajagrih thi, lekin bad mean pataliputr (patana) magadh samrajy ki rajadhani huee. mahatma buddh ke kal mean magadh mean shishunag vansh ka rajy tha. shishunag vansh mean bimbisar aur usaka putr ajatashatru atyadhik shaktishali v samriddh shasak the.

ajatashatru

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ajatashatru ne apane shasan-kal mean koshal tatha kashi rajy ko bhi jit kar magadh samrajy mean shamil kar liya tha. ajatashatru bahut hi mahattvakaankshi evan vir raja tha. usane lichchhaviyoan ke rajy par chadhaee ki aur use jitakar magadh rajy mean shamil kar liya. sanbhavatah shishunag vansh ke shasan kal tak shoorasen rajy ne apani svatantr satta banaye rakhi. sanbhavat: avantiputr ke pashchath usake vanshajoan ka yahaan par shasan raha. paanchavi shati ee. ke poorv kal mean magadh par nandavansh ka shasan ho gaya.

nandavansh

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nandavansh ka mahapadmanand ek vir aur pratapi shasak tha. ek vistrit rajy ki mahattvakaanksha ke karan raja mahapadmanand ne samakalin anek chhote-bade़ svatantr rajyoan ko vijit kar apane shasan mean shamil kiya. in sabhi vijayoan ke karan raja mahapadmanand ko puranoan mean 'akhil kshatraantak' aur 'ekachchhatr' ke roop mean varnit kiya gaya hai. raja mahapadmanand ne mithila, kaliang, kashi, panchal, chedi, kuru, adi vibhinn rajyoan ko apane shasan ke aantargat kar shoorasen rajy ko bhi jit kar apane vishal rajy mean sammilit kiya. sanbhavat: ee. poorv 400 ke lagabhag raja mahapadmanand ka shasan raha hoga.

mahapadmanand ke pashchath usake vibhinn putroan ne magadh rajy par shasan kiya. uttari-pashchimi bharat par sanbhavatah ee. poorv 327 mean sikandar ne akraman kiya. parantu sikandar ki sena panjab se age n badh saki, kyoanki jab sikandar ki sena ko yah pata chala ki age magadh shasak ki vistrit sena hai to sikandar ke sainikoan ne vyas nadi ko par kar age badhane se mana kar diya.

maury vansh ka adhikar ee. poorv 325-185

nandavansh ki samapti ke bad magadh par maury vansh ka shasan prarambh hua.

chandragupt maury (ee. poorv 325-298 lagabhag

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chandragupt maury maury vansh ka pratham shasak tha. usaki ganana bharat ke mahanatam shasakoan mean ki jati hai. usaki mahanata ki soochak anek upadhiyaan haian aur usaki mahanata kee batoan mean advitiy bhi hai. vah bharat ke pratham ‘aitihasik’ samrat ke roop mean hamare samane ata hai, is arth mean ki vah bharatiy itihas ka pahala samrat hai, jisaki aitihasikata pramanit kalakram ke thos adhar par siddh ki ja sakati hai. maury samrat chandragupt ko nandavansh ke unmoolan tatha panjab-siandh mean videshi shasan ka aant karane ka hi shrey nahian hai, varanh usane bharat ke adhikaansh bhag par apana adhipaty sthapit kiya tha.

chanaky

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chandragupt maury ne chanaky ko apana mahamantri niyukt kiya. chanaky ke roop mean vilakshan, medhavi, kootanitijn ke paramarsh se chandragupt ne rajy par adhikar kiya aur apane shasan ko vyavasthit aur sudridh karane mean saphal raha. chanaky ko raja nand ne apani rajasabha mean apamanit kiya tha, us samay chanaky ne krodh mean nandavansh ke nash ki pratijna ki thi aur usi pratijna ko poora karane ke lie vah chandragupt maury ka sahayak ban gaya tha.

chanaky ki vilakshan buddhi aur chandragupt ke adamy sahas aur virata ke karan hi nandavansh ka patan hua aur magadh ka shasan maury vansh ke chandragupt ko prapt hua, jo itihas mean chandragupt maury ke nam se prasiddh hua. chanaky ka 'arthashastr' bharat ki prachin rajaniti, arthaniti aur kootaniti ka prasiddh granth hai. chandragupt maury ne chanaky ki prabandh-kushalata ke dvara atyant sudridh aur shaktishali samrajy ko sthapit kiya. dakshin ke kuchh rajyoan ko chho d kar lagabhag sampoorn bharat chandragupt ke adhikar mean a gaya tha. maury samrajy ki sima uttar-pashchim mean vankshu (aksas nadi) tak aur siandhu nadi ke us par hindookush parvat tak vistrit thi. usane apane rajy ka sanchalan bahut kaushal se kiya tha. chandragupt ke samrajy mean sab log santusht aur samriddhishali the. [[chitr:maurya-dynasty-terracottas-mathura-museum.jpg|left|maury kalin mrinmoorti
Maurya Terracottas
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|thumb|250px]] chandragupt ne sikandar ke prashasak selyookas ko hara kar usase qabul, hirat, kandahar tatha makaran ke pradeshoan par vijay prapt ki. selyooks ne apani putri helan ka vivah chandragupt se kiya aur megasthaniz namak apane rajadoot ko maury darabar mean bheja. megasthaniz ne tatkalin bharat ki rajanitik aur samajik dasha ka vistrit vivaran apani pustak mean kiya hai. chandragupt ke bad usaka putr biandusar [ee. poorv 298-272 lagabhag] ne magadh samrajy par shasan kiya. biandusar ne pashchimi eshiya, yoonan tatha misr se mitravat sanbandh sthapit kiye aur in deshoan ke sath pranidhi varg ka adan-pradan kiya.

maury shasakoan ke shasan-kal mean rajy ki unnati huee. maury shasakoan ne yatayat ki suvidha tatha vyaparik unnati ke lie anek b di s dakoan ka nirman karavaya. sabase b di s dak pataliputr se purushapur (peshavar) tak jati thi jisaki lanbaee lagabhag 1,850 mil thi. yah s dak rajagrih, kashi, prayag, saket, kaushambi, kannauj, mathura, hastinapur, shakal, takshashila aur pushkalavati hoti huee peshavar jati thi. megasthanij ke anusar is s dak par adh-adh kos ke aantar par patthar lage hue the. megasthanij sanbhavat: isi marg se hokar pataliputr pahuancha tha. is b di s dak ke atirikt mauryoan ke dvara any anek margoan ka nirman bhi karaya gaya.

yoonani rajadoot maigasthanij

yoonani rajadoot maigasthanij bahut varshoan tak chandragupt aur usake putr biandusar ke darabaroan mean raha. maigasthanij ne bharat ki rajanitik, samajik aur saanskritik pravrittiyoan ka vivaran kiya, usaka bahut aitihasik mahattv hai. mool granth vartaman samay mean anupalabdh hai, parantu eriyan namak ek yoonani lekhak ne apane granth 'iandika' mean usaka kuchh ullekh kiya hai. maigasthanij ke shri krishna, shoorasen rajy ke nivasi, nagar aur yamuna nadi ke vivaran se pata chalata hai ki 2300 varsh poorv tak mathura aur usake asapas ka kshetr shoorasen kahalata tha. kalantar mean yah bhoo-bhag mathura rajy kahalane laga tha. us samay shoorasen rajy mean bauddh-jain dharmoan ka prachar ho gaya tha kiantu maigasthanij ke anusar us samay bhi yahaan shrikrishna ke prati bahut shraddha thi.

mathora aur klisobora

maigasthanij ne shoorasen ke do b de nagar 'methora' aur 'klisobora' ka ullekh kiya hai. eriyan ne megasthanij ke vivaran ko udghrit karate hue likha hai ki `shaurasenai' log heraklij ka bahut adar karate haian. shaurasenaee logoan ke do bade़ nagar hai- methora [Methora] aur klisobora [Klisobora] unake rajy mean jobares nadi bahati hai jisamean navean chal sakati hai. plini namak ek doosare yoonani lekhak ne likha hai ki jomanes nadi methora aur klisobora ke bich se bahati hai.[plini-nechural histri 6, 22] is lekh ka bhi adhar megasthanij ka lekh hi hai.

t aaulmi namak ek any yoonani lekhak ne mathura ka nam modura diya hai aur usaki sthiti 125〫aur 20' - 30" par bataee hai. usane mathura ko devataoan ki nagari kaha hai. yoonani itihasakaroan ke in matoan se pata chalata hai ki megasthanij ke samay mean mathura janapad shoorasen kahalata tha aur usake nivasi shaurasen kahalate the, heraklij se tatpary shrikrishna se hai. shaurasen logoan ke jin do b de nagaroan ka ullekh hai unamean pahala to spashtatahmathura hi hai, doosara klisobora kaun sa nagar tha, is vishay mean vidvanoan ke vibhinn mat haian.

janaral elekjeandar kaniangham

janaral elekjeandar kaniangham ne bharatiy bhoogol likhate samay yah mana ki klisibora nam vrindavan ke lie hai. isake vishay mean unhoanne likha hai ki kaliy nag ke vrindavan nivas ke karan yah nagar `kalikavart' nam se jana gaya. yoonani lekhakoan ke klisobora ka path ve `kalisobork' ya `kalikobort' manate haian. unhean iandika ki ek prachin prati mean `kairisobork' path mila, jisase unake is anuman ko bal mila. parantu sambhavatah kaniangham ka yah anuman sahi nahian hai.

vrindavan mean rahane vale ke nag ka nam, jisaka daman shrikrishna ne kiya, kaliy milata hai ,kalik nahian. puranoan ya any kisi sahity mean vrindavan ki sanjna kaliyavart ya kalikavart nahian milati. agar klisobora ko vrindavan manean to plini ka kathan ki mathura aur klisobora ke madhy yamuna nadi bahati thi, asangat siddh hoga, kyoanki vrindavan aur mathura donoan hi yamuna nadi ke ek hi or haian.
any viddhanoan ne mathura ko 'keshavapura' athava 'agara zila ka bateshvar [prachin shauripur]' mana hai. mathura aur vrindavan yamuna nadi ke ek or usake dakshini tat par sthit hai jab ki maigasthanij ke vivaran ke adhar par 'eriyan' aur 'plini' ne yamuna nadi donoan nagaroan ke bich mean bahane ka vivaran kiya hai. keshavapura, jise shrikrishna janmabhoomi ke pas ka vartaman muhalla mallapura bataya gaya hai, us samay mean mathura nagar hi tha. graus ne klisovora ko vartaman mahavan mana hai jise shri krishnadatt ji vajapeyi ne yuktisangat nahian batalaya hai. kaniangham ne apani 1882-83 ki khoj-riport mean klisobora ke vishay mean apana mat badal kar is shabd ka moolaroop `keshavapura' mana hai aur usaki pahachan unhoanne keshavapura ya katara keshavadev se ki hai. keshav ya shrikrishna ka janmasthan hone ke karan yah sthan keshavapura kahalata hai. kaniangham ka mat hai ki us samay mean yamuna ki pradhan dhara vartaman katara keshavadev ki poorvi dival ke niche se bahati rahi hogi aur doosari or mathura shahar raha hoga. katara ke kuchh age se dakshin-poorv ki or mu d kar yamuna ki vartaman b di dhara mean milati rahi hogi. janaral kaniangham ka yah mat vicharaniy hai. yah kaha ja sakata hai. ki kisi kal mean yamuna ki pradhan dhara ya usaki ek b di shakha vartaman katara ke niche se bahati rahi ho aur is dhara ke donoan taraph nagar raha ho, mathura se bhinn `keshavapur' ya `krishnapur' nam ka nagar vartaman katara keshavadev aur usake as-pas hota to usaka ullekh puranoan ya any sahity mean avashy hota.

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prachin sahity mean mathura ka vivaran milata hai par krishnapur ya keshavapur namak nagar ka prithakh ullekh kahian prapt nahian hota. at: yah tarkasammat hai ki yoonani lekhakoan ne bhoolavash mathura aur krishnapur (keshavapur) ko, jo vastav mean ek hi the, alag-alag likh diya hai. logoan ne megasthanij ko bataya hoga ki shoorasen rajy ki rajadhani mathura keshav-puri hai aur bhasha ke alpajnan ke karan sambhavatah in donoan namoan ko alag jan kar unaka ullekh alag-alag nagar ke roop mean kiya ho. shoorasen janapad mean yadi mathura aur krishnapur namak do prasiddh nagar hote to megasthanij ke pahale uttar bharat ke rajyoan ka jo varnan sahity (visheshakar bauddh evan jain grantho) mean milata hai, usamean shoorasen rajy ke mathura nagar ka vivaran hai, rajy ke doosare pramukh nagar krishnapur ya keshavapur ka bhi varnan milata. parantu aisa vivaran nahian milata. klisobora ko mahavan manana bhi tarkasangat nahian hai

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alutvi ke anusar mahamood gazanavi ke samay mean yamuna par ajakal ke mahavan ke pas ek rajy ki rajadhani thi, jahaan ek sudridh durg bhi tha. vahaan ke raja kulachand ne mathura ki raksha ke lie mahamood se mahasangram kiya tha. sanbhavatah yah koee prithakh nagar nahian tha, varanh vah mathura ka hi ek bhag tha. us samay mean yamuna nadi ke donoan hi or bane hue mathura nagar ki basti thi. [yah mat adhik tarkasangat pratit hota hai]. chini yatri fahyan aur huen-saang ne bhi mathura nadi ke donoan hi or bane hue bauddh sangharamoan ka vivaran kiya hai. is prakar maigasthanij ka klisovora [krishnapura] koee prathak nagar nahian varanh us samay ke vishal mathura nagar ka hi ek bhag tha, jise ab gokul-mahavan ke nam se jana jata hai.

is sanbandh mean krishnadatt vajapeyi ke mat tarkasangat lagata hai- "prachin sahity mean madhura ya mathura ka nam to bahut milata hai par krishnaapur ya keshavapur namak nagar ka prithakh ullekh kahian nahian prapt hota hai. atah thik yahi jan p data hai ki yoonani lekhakoan ne bhool se mathura aur krishnapur [keshavapur] ko, jo vastav mean ek hi the, alag-alag likh diya hai. bharatiy logoan ne maigasthanij ko bataya hoga ki shoorasen janapad ki rajadhani mathura keshavapuri hai. usane un donoan namoan ko ek doosare se prithakh samajh kar unaka ullekh alag-alag nagar ke roop mean kiya hoga. yadi shoorasen janapad mean mathura aur krishnapur nam ke do prasiddh nagar hote, to megasthanij ke kuchh samay pahale uttar bharat ke janapadoan ke jo varnan bharatiy sahity [vishesh kar bauddh evan jain grantho] mean milate haian, unamean mathura nagar ke sath krishnaapur ya keshavapur ka bhi nam milata hai.

ashok (asok)

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chandragupt maury ke pashchath usake putr biandusar ne shasan kiya. biandusar ka uttaradhikari ashok (ee. poorv 272 -232 sanbhavatah) maury samratoan mean sabase prasiddh shasak hua. ashok ka shasan-kal bharatiy itihas mean b da prasiddh hai. usane apane samrajy ki bhautik samriddhi karane ke sath usaki abhootapoorv dharmik unnati bhi ki thi. desh ke mukhy-mukhy sthanoan mean ashoank ne bauddh stoopoan ka nirman karaya isake samay mean bauddh dharm ki b di unnati huee. usake kal mean bauddh dharm is desh ka raj dharm ho gaya tha, jisaki vyapak pragati ke prayatn magadh samrat ki or se kiye the. ashok ne bauddh dharm ki shikshaoan ko rajyajnaoan ke roop mean desh ke ek sire se doosare sire tak shilaoan aur stanbhoan par utkirn karaya tha.

prasiddh hai ki mathura mean yamuna-tat par ashok ne vishal stoopoan ka nirman karaya. jab chini yatri huen-saang ee. satavian shati mean mathura aya tab usane ashok ke banavae hue tin stoop yahaan dekhe. inaka ullekh is yatri ne apane yatra-vivaran mean kiya hai. bharat ke bahar bhi usane apane dharmik rajadootoan ko bhej kar vahaan bauddh dharm ka prachar kiya tha. bauddh dharm ke prachar ke lie usane apane putr mahendr aur putri sanghamitra ko lanka mean bhi bheja tha.

upagupt

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mathura ka vikhyat bauddh dharmachary upagupt tha. samrat ashok ko bauddh dharm ka prachar karane aur stoopadi ko nirmit karane ki prerana dharmachary upagupt ne hi di.

vasavadatta ka akhyan

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jab upagupt yuva tha, tab mathura ki ek ganika vasavadatta usake roop par asakt ho gee thi.

maury samrajy ki samapti

maury samrat ashok magadh samrajy ka hi sarvadhik prasiddh shasak nahian tha varanh vah bharat varsh ke mahanh samratoan mean se ek tha. ee. poorv 232 mean ashok ki mrityu ke bad kramash: sat maury shasak magadh samrajy ke adhikari hue. inake nam puran adi sahity mean vibhinn roopoan mean milate haian. usake pashchath magadh par jin maury samratoan ne shasan kiya, ve apane poorvajoan ki atul kirti aur unake vishal samrajy ki raksha karane mean asamarth siddh hue. unake kal mean samrajy chhinn-bhinn hoga laga aur usake kee bhagoan mean svadhin rajy ban gaye the. phalasvaroop ashok ke bad hi maury samrajy ka hras hone laga.

viandhy ke dakshin mean aandhr (satavahan vansh) ne maury satta se mukt hokar apana svatantr rajy sthapit kar liya. idhar uttar-pashchim mean baiktriya ke yoonani rajaoan ne akraman shuroo kiye. ee. poorv 190 ke lagabhag dimetriyas ne bharat par akraman kar diya aur mauryavansh ke aantim raja vrihadrath se samrajy ke uttar-pashchim ka ek b da bhag chhin liya. in tatha vividh aantarik jhag doan ke karan maury shasan ki nianv hil gee. uttar-pashchimi sima par phir se yoonaniyoan ne ghusapaianth karana aranbh kiya, aur unake ek saradar dimetriyas ne desh ke us bhag par adhikar kar liya tha. viandhyachal ke dakshin ka aandhr pradesh satavahan vanshiy rajaoan ke shasan mean chala gaya.

shoorasen pradesh sanbhavatah tab tak magadh samrajy ke aantargat hi tha. aantim maury samrat vrihadrath ke shasan kal mean magadh mean ek rajyakraanti huee thi. us kraanti ka karan shasakiy avyavastha ke sath hi sath dharmik asantosh bhi tha. ashok ke samay se maury samratoan ne paranparagat vaidik dharm ke sthan par bauddh dharm ko rajakiy prashray diya tha. usake karan roodhivadi brahman tatha vaidik aur bhagavat dharmoan ke anuyayi b de asantusht the. jaise hi shasan mean shithilata aee un logoan ne vidroh kar diya. usaka netritv maury samrat vrihadrath ke brahman senapati pushyamitr shuang ne kiya tha. usane vikram poorv san. 128 mean vrihadrath ko mar kar magadh samrajy ka shasan-sootr sabhaanl liya tha. is prakar maury shasan ki samapti huee aur shuang shasan ka aranbh hua.

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braj ka krishna kal

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braj ka shuang kal

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panne ki pragati avastha

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shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

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