भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | is lekh ka punarikshan evan sampadan hona avashyak hai. ap isamean sahayata kar sakate haian. "sujhav" |
bharatiy arthavhyavashtha kray shakti samanata ke adhar par duniya mean chauthi sabase b di arthavhyavashtha hai. yah vishal janashakti adhar, vividh prakritik sansadhanoan aur sashakht vrihat arthavhyavashtha ke moolabhoot tathvoan ke karan vhyavasay aur nivesh ke avasaroan ke sabase adhik akarshak gantavhyoan mean se ek hai. varsh 1991 mean aranbh ki gee arthik sudharoan ki prakriya se samhpoorn arthavhyavashtha mean phaile nitigat dhaanche ke udarikaran ke madhhyam se ek niveshak anukool parivesh milata raha hai. bharat ko azad hue 77 sal ho chuke haian aur is dauran bharatiy arthavyavastha ki dasha mean zabaradast badalav aya hai. audyogik vikas ne arthavyavastha ka roop badal diya hai. aj bharat ki ginati duniya ki sabase tezi se badhati arthavyavasthaoan mean hoti hai. vishv ki arthavyavastha ko chalane mean bharat ki bhoomika badhati ja rahi hai. aeeti sॅktar mean poori duniya bharat ka loha manati hai.
vriddhi aur nishhpadan
duniya ke bazar mean bharatiy arthavhyavashtha ki vriddhi aur nishhpadan ko vibhinhn arthik pairamitaroan ke jarie pradan ki gee saankhyikiy soochana ke sandarbh mean bataya gaya hai. udaharan ke lie sakal rashhtriy uthpad (jienapi), sakal ghareloo uthpad (jidipi), nival rashhtriy uthpad (enenapi), prativhyakti ay, sakal ghareloo pooanji nirman (jidisieph) adi arthavhyavashtha ke rashhtriy ay kshetr se sanbandhit vibhinhn soochak haian. ye manavi ichhchhaoan ki santushti ke lie isaki uthpadakata sahit arthavhyavashtha ka ek vhyapak paridrishhy pradan karate haian.
vikas dar
bharatiy rizarv baiank ne aprail mean apani varshik niti par jari bayan mean bharat mean varsh ki vikas dar 7.5-8.0 phisadi ke bich rahane ki ummid jataee hai. 27 aktoobar 2006 ko khatm hue saptah mean videshi mudra bhandar qarib 167.092 arab d aaular tak pahuanch gaya. sone ka bhandar 6.202 arab dalar tak pahuanch gaya hai. kabhi videshi sansthanoan se karz lene vale bharat ne varsh 2003 mean aantararashtriy mudra kosh ko karz dene ki ghoshana ki. varsh mean pratyaksh videshi nivesh mean 33.8 phisadi ki vriddhi huee. hal hi mean sanyukt rashtr ne bhi ek riport jari ki hai jisamean kaha gaya hai ki agale do saloan tak bharat mean ath phisadi ki dar se vikas hota rahega. audyogik kshetr mean ath, seva kshetr mean 8.5 pratishat ki vikas dar rahegi. bharat ki arthavyavastha mean udyog aur seva kshetr mean sabase zyada vikas hua hai . varsh mean dasavian panchavarshiy yojana shuroo hone ke bad se in donoan kshetroan mean salana sat phisadi ya usase zyada ki dar se vikas hua hai. bharatiy arthavyavastha ke mazaboot hone ka ek aur praman jani-mani aantarrashtriy salahakar sanstha praisavatar haus koopars ya pidablyoosi ki ek riport kahati hai ki 2005 se 2050 ke bich chin ki arthavyavastha ka akar doguna ho jaega. sath hi isamean ye bhi kaha gaya hai ki bharat duniya ki sabase tezi se badhati arthavyavastha bana rahega. pi dablyoo si ki riport kahati hai ki tab tak bharat aur brazil japan aur jarmani ko pichhe chho dakar doosare aur tisare nanbar ki arthavyavastha ban jaeange. pichhale kuchh saloan mean bharatiy arthavyavastha mean kafi tezi aee hai. badhati vikas dar ke alava bharatiy arthavyavastha se ju de kee sakaratmak pahaloo samane ae haian. in sakaratmak pahaloooan mean se ek aham pahaloo hai- bharatiy sheyar bazar mean jari mazabooti ka daur.
sheyar soochakaank
bharat mean march mean sheyar soochakaank 6493 raha jo ki march 2006 mean 11,280 par pahuanch gaya aur is par pratiphal mila 73.7 pratishat. vartaman me yah 13,000 ke aitihasik star ko par gaya hai. sheyar bazar ne sirf 16 kary divasoan mean hi 11 hazar se 12 hazar tak ki ooanchaee prapt kar li. is avadhi ke dauran bharatiy sheyar soochakaank ne duniya ke any sheyar soochakaankoan ke muqabale adhik gati prapt ki hai. aank doan ke hisab se ubharate hue sheyar bazaroan mean bharat ka bazar sabase zoradar pratiphal vala sabit ho raha hai. bharatiy arthavyavastha mean ek aur mahattvapoorn kshetr baiankiang hai. bharat ke tezi se vikasit hote madhyavarg ke chalate baiankiang khase munafe ka karobar ho gee hai. kul kharidi gee karoan ki assi phisadi karean karz lekar kharidi ja rahi haian. das sal pahale makan malik banane ki ausat ayu 45 sal thi lekin ab ausatan 32 sal ki umr mean hi kisi baiank se lie ge karz ki badaulat makan malik ban jate haian . tamam nee baiankiang suvidhaoan ka vikas ho raha hai. kul milakar baiankiang kshetr ke munafe ane vale kuchh saloan mean tezise badheangean.
vyapar aur vanijy
bharat mean arabapatiyoan ki sankhya tezi se badh rahi hai jo yah dikhata hai ki vyapar aur vanijy ke kshetr mean desh tezi se age badh raha hai. pratishthit phorbs patrika mean prakashit ek riport ke anusar arabapatiyo ki sankhya me 15 pratishat ki vridghi huee hai aur ab kul 793 arabapati hai aur eshiya mean bharat agrani banakar ubhara hai. vishv arthavyavastha mean aee uchhal ke karan bharat mean arabapatiyo ki sankhya mean alekh mean badhottari huee hai. is sarve ke anusar bharat mean 23 arabapati haian jinake pas bharatiy sakal ghareloo utpad ka 16 pratishat hissa hai. isaka yah arth nikala ja sakata hai ki bharatiy arthavyavastha ki sehat behatar ho rahi hai. ik aaun aaumik taims ke byooro chif em.ke. venu ka manana hai ki bharat me pahale se kahian zyada avasar upalabdh haian.
- krishi kshetr mean vikas dar
pichhale kuchh saloan mean krishi kshetr mean vikas dar do se tin pratishat ke bich rahi hai. varsh 2002-03 mean krishi kshetr mean vikas dar shoony se bhi kam thi. 2003-2004 mean isamean zabaradast uchhal aya aur ye 10 phisadi ho gee lekin 2004-2005 mean vikas dar phir ludhak gee aur aisi ludhaki ki 0.7 phisadi ho gee. arthik pragati mean is visangati ko keandr sarakar bhi svikar karati hai. keandriy vitt rajy mantri pavan kumar bansal kahate haian, "krishi pichhe hai isamean koee do ray nahian. agar vikas dar ko 10 phisadi karana hai to krishi mean bhi char phisadi ki dar se vikas karana hoga." bharat mean logoan ko rozagar avasar muhaiya karavane, kisanoan ki sthiti behatar banane aur niryat badhane mean bagavani kshetr ka b da hath hai. varsh 2003-04 mean phaloan aur sabzioan ki paidavar mean bharat vishv mean doosare nanbar par tha. phaloan, phooloan aur sabziyoan ki kheti mean niryat mean bhi kafi sanbhanaean haian.
- bajat
varsh 2006 ke march mahine mean briten ka am bajat pesh kiya gaya. bajat mean britani vitt mantri ke bhashan ka ek mukhy aansh kuchh is tarah tha, "bharat aur chin se milane vali k di pratispardha ka matalab hai ki ham hath par hath dhar kar nahian baithe rah sakate" isase pahale amariki rashtrapati bush ne bhi apane aham rashtriy bhashan mean kaha, "ham hath par hath dhar kar nahian baith sakate. duniya ki arthavyavastha mean ham bharat aur chin jaise ne pratiyogi dekh rahe haian."
udyogo mean nirman, khanan aur bijali kshetr agrani rahe haian. jabaki seva kshetr ki bat karean to isamean mote taur par tin kshetr age haian- baiankiang, bima aur riyal aistet jinamean 9.5 phisadi ke dar se vikas hua hai. lekin audyogik vikas ke bavajood in 59 saloan mean ek tathy jo nahian badala hai vo ye hai ki aj bhi bharat ke 65 se 70 phisadi log rozi-roti ke lie krishi aur krishi adharit kamoan par nirbhar haian.
- videshi nivesh
arthavyavastha mean ek or seva kshetr aur videshi nivesh jaise pahaloo jahaan mahaul sakaratmak hai. doosari taraf hai madhyam varg ki arthavyavastha jimasean apar sanbhavanaean haian lekin kee tarah ki pareshaniyaan bhi haian aur tisare star par hai ek aisa varg jisaka oopar ke do vargoan se koee lena dena nahian hai, unaki samasyaean shayad vaisi ki vaisi rahane vali haian.
audyogik aur seva kshetr mean vikas ki badaulat bharat mean vikas ki ga di tezi se dau d to rahi hai lekin abhi bhi usake samane kee tarah ki chunautiyaan haian. bharat mean kee jagahoan mean ab bhi s dak, bijali, pani aur svasthy jaisi moolabhoot zarooratoan ki kami hai aur ye tasvir sirf gaanvoan ki hi nahian blaki dilli, bangalaur aur mumbee jaise shaharoan ki bhi hai. in moolabhoot zarooratoan ke abhav mean udyog aur seva sॅktar mean jari vikas itani hi gati se barakarar rah paega. ye bhi ek b da saval hai. lihaza pharrate se dau d rahe vikas ke gho de ko agar lanbe res ka gho da banana hai to adharabhoot dhaanche, s dak, bijali aur pani jaisi moolabhoot zarooratoan ki sahi khurak sahi samay par ise dete rahana hoga.[1]
soochakaank
keaudyogik kshetr mean audyogik uthpadan ka soochakaank arthavhyavashtha mean audyogik gatividhi ke samanhy shtar ko mapane ka ek ala pratinidhi aank da hai. yah audyogik uthpadan ka param shtar aur pratishat vriddhi mapata hai. desh mean moolhy ki gati ko thok moolhy soochakaank (dabhlhyoopiaee) tatha upabhokhta moolhy soochakaank (sipiaee) dvara pradarshit kiya jata hai. thok moolhy soochakaank ko thok bazar mean kharidi-bechi gee vashtuoan ke ausat moolhy star mean badalav ko mapane mean kiya jata hai. jabaki upabhokhta moolhy soochakaank mean upabhokhtaoan ke vibhinhn vargoan mean khudara moolhy gati ko vichar mean liya jata hai. arthavhyavashtha mean vibhinhn samajik arthik samoohoan ka shamil karate hue char upabhokhta moolhy soochakaank haian. ye char moolhy soochakaank haian: –
- audyogik kamagaroan ke lie upabhokhta moolhy soochakaank (sipiaee-aeedabhlhyoo)
- krishi shramikoan ke lie upabhokhta moolhy soochakaank (sipiaee-eel)
- gramin shramik ke lie upabhokhta moolhy soochakaank (sipiaee-arel)
- shahari akushal karmachariyoan ke lie upabhokhta moolhy soochakaank (sipiaee-yooenemee).
aise sabhi arthik soochakaank n keval arthavhyavashtha vartaman nishhpadan ka vishhleshan karate haian balki bhavi vriddhi sanbhavanaoan ke anuman aur poorvanuman mean bhi sahayata dete hai.
maudrik yog
mudra apoorti ke upayoan mean se char pramukh maudrik yog, jo maudrik kshetr ki sthiti darshate haian, is prakar haian:-
- em1 (sankirn dhan) = janata ke pas maujood mudra + janata ki maang par jama
- em2 = janata ke pas maujood mudra + janata ki maang par jama + dakakhane mean jama rashi
- em3 (shthool dhan) = janata ke pas maujood mudra + janata ki maang par jama + janata dvara baiankoan mean savadhi jama
- em4 = janata ke pas maujood mudra + janata ki maang par jama + janata dvara baiankoan mean savadhi jama + dakakhane mean kul jama.[2]
bharat ke rajyoan ki arthavyavastha
bharat ke vibhinn rajyoan ki arthavyavastha nimn hai:-
arunachal pradesh ki arthavyavastha
- san 2004 mean arunachal pradesh ka sakal ghareloo utpadan 706 miliyan d aaular ke lagabhag tha.
- arthavyavastha mukhyat: krishi pradhan hai.
- arunachal pradesh ka lagabhag 61000 varg kilomitar ka bhag ghane jangaloan se bhara hai, aur vany utpad rajy ki arthavyavastha ka doosara mahattvapoorn bhag hai.
uttar pradesh ki arthavyavastha
uttar pradesh ki arthavyavastha ke nimn sadhan haian-
- sansadhan- arthik taur par uttar pradesh desh ke atyadhik alpavikasit rajyoan mean se ek hai. yah mukhyat: krishi pradhan rajy hai aur yahaan ki tin-chauthaee (75 pratishat) se adhik janasankhya krishi karyoan mean lagi huee hai. rajy mean audyogikikaran ke lie mahattvapoorn khanij evan oorja sansadhanoan ki kami hai. yahaan par keval silika, choona patthar v koyale jaise khanij padarth hi ullekhaniy matra mean pae jate haian. isake alava yahaan jipsam, maignetait, f aausforait aur b aauksait ke alp bhandar bhi pae jate haian.
gujarat ki arthavyavastha
gujarat ki jalavayu sanbandhi pratikool paristhiyaan, mrida aur jal ki lavanata aur chattani ilaqe aisi bhautik samasyaean haian, jinhoanne gujarat ki krishi gatividhiyoan ko avaruddh kiya. rajy zyadatar sianchaee par nirbhar hai. bhoojal ki upayogi ko badhane ki avashyakata hai, kyoanki bhoomigat jal star lagatar girata ja raha hai. yah avashyak hai ki narmada nahar pranali ka parichalan sianchaee ke lie ho. mukhy khady fasaloan mean jvar-bajara, chaval aur gehooan shamil haian. gujarat mean naqadi fasaloan ka utpadan mahattvapoorn hai. gujarat kapas, tanbakoo aur mooangaphali ka utpadan karane vale desh ka pramukh rajy hai tatha yah kap da tel aur sabun jaise mahattvapoorn udyogoan ke lie kachcha mal upalabdh karata hai.
jammoo aur kashmir ki arthavyavastha
- jammoo aur kashmir ke adhikaansh log jivan nirvah ke lie krishi mean lage haian aur chaval, makka, gehooan, jau, dalean, tilahan tatha tambakoo sidhinuma paha di dhalanoan par ugate haian.
- kashmir ki ghati mean b de-b de bagoan mean seb, nashapati, adoo, shahatoot, akharot aur badam ugae jate haian.
- kashmir ki ghati bharatiy upamahadvip ke lie ekamatr kesar utpadak hai.
- goojar aur gaddi khanabadoshoan ke dvara bhe d, bakari, y aauk v khachcharoan ka palan aur rritu pravas kiya jata hai.
bihar ki arthavyavastha
- arthavyavastha ke anusar bihar ki lagabhag 75 pratishat janasankhya krishi kary mean sanlagn hai.
- 20vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean khanan v vinirman mean mean ullekhaniy upalabdhi ke babajood bihar prati vyakti ay ke mamale mean desh mean sabase akhir mean hai aur rajy ki lagabhag adhi abadi prashasanik taur par garibi rekha ke niche hai.
tripura ki arthavyavastha
- tripura ki arthavyavastha prathamik roop se krishi par adharit hai. mukhy fasal chaval hai (krishi utpadan ka 46.16 pratishat).
- poore rajy mean isaki kheti hoti hai. naqadi fasaloan me joot (jisaka istemal bori, tat aur sutali banane mean hota hai), kapas, chay, ganna, mesta aur phal shamil haian.
- rajy ki krishi mean pashupalan ki sahayak bhoomika hai. vanopaj adharit udyog imarati lak di eeandhan aur lak di ke koyale ka utpadan karate hai. 1994 mean chay ka utpadan 35,55,593 kilogram tha.
tamilanadu ki arthavyavastha
- tamilanadu ki gramin janasankhya ke lagabhag tin-chauthaee hisse ke jivan ka adhar krishi hai.
- aranbhik kal se hi tamil kisanoan ne kam matra mean hone vale varsha jal ko chhote aur b de sianchaee jalashayoan ya talaboan mean kushalatapoorvak sanrakshit kiya hai.
- sarakari nahar, nalakoop aur kuean bhi sianchaee pranali ka hissa haian. chooanki vibhinn nadi ghati pariyojanaean pani ke lie an aniyamit poorvottar manasoon par nirbhar haian, isalie prashasan bhoomigat jal srotoan ke adhikatam upayog ka prayas kar raha hai.
panjab ki arthavyavastha
- panjab ki arthavyavastha mean utpadan aur vanijyik krishi ki pramukhata hai aur yahaan vibhinn laghu v madhyam akar ke udyog haian.
- bharat ke mukhy rajyoan mean se panjab mean prati vyakti ay sabase adhik hai.
- bharat ke kul kshetraphal ke matr 1.6 pratishat bhoo-bhag vala panjab lagabhag bharat ke kul ann utpadan ka 12 pratishat hissa paida karata hai.
- yah keandriy bhandar (upayog se adhik ann ki rashtriy bhandaran pranali) ke lagabhag 40 pratishat chaval aur 60 pratishat gehooan ki apoorti karata hai.
nagalaiand ki arthavyavastha
- nagalaiand rajy ki lagabhag 90 pratishat janata krishi mean lagi hai.
- yahaan ki mukhy fasalean chaval (khariph chaval :701,00 hekteyar: rabi chabal: 58,900 hekteyar), makka (24,900 hekteyar), jvar-bajara (14,00 hekteyar), dalahan (matar aur phaliyaan jaisi dalean) tilahan (11,580 hekteyar) reshedar fasalean, ganna, aloo aur tanbakoo haian. lekin nagalaiand ko ab bhi p dosi rajyoan se khady-padarthoan ke ayat par nirbhar rahana p data hai.
- yahaan 8,16,212 ek d (3,30,450 hekteyar) bhoomi par krishi hota hai, jabaki 54,400 hekteyar bhoomi sianchit hai.
asam ki arthavyavastha
samagr poorvottar kshetr mean asam ki arthavhyavashtha sabase badi arthavhyavashtha hai. yah mukhhyataya krishi aur sanbaddh karyakalapoan mean lagi huee hai. isaki bharat mean brahmaputr ghati ke sath-sath sabase adhik urvar bhoomi phaili huee hai jo ki vanijyik adhar par vividh nkadi phasaloan aur khady phasaloan ki paidavar ke lie upayukht hai. yahaan par prakritik sansadhan jaise tel aur prakritik gais, koyala, rabad ithyadi, khanij jaise grenait, choona paththar ithyadi tatha van aur jal sansadhan prachur matra mean pae jate haian. yah rajhy anhy poorvottar rajhyoan ki tulana mean audyogik roop se adhik vikasit hai. yah chay aur tel petroliyam kshetr mean apane bade udyogoan ke lie jana jata hai. yah rajhy kutir udyogoan se sanbandhit kala aur shilhp ke lie prasiddh hai. kutir udyogoan mean hathakaragha, reshamkit palan, ken aur baans ki vashtuean, badhee giri pital aur bel metal shilhp shamil hai. asam mean enhdi, mooga, tasar jaise vibhinhn prakar ke resham ka uthpadan hota hai.[3]
himachal pradesh ki arthavyavastha
himachal pradesh mean adhikaansh log apani ajivika ke lie krishi, pashu charaee, rritu pravas, bagavani aur vanoan par nirbhar haian. rajy ke udyogoan mean nahan krishi upakaran, tarapin ka tel aur rezin nirman udyog, solan mean tivi sets, urvarak, biyar, sharab aur balb nirman udyog, rajaban mean simeant udyog, paravanoo mean prasanskrit phal, traiktar ke purze aur vidyut upakaran udyog, shimala ke nikat vidyut upakaran aur ba di tatha barotivala mean kagaz aur gatte ka nirman udyog shamil haian. rajy ne apane prachur jalavidyut, khanijoan aur van sansadhanoan ke adhar par apana vikas shuroo kiya hai. yah apani s dakoan aur paryatan sansadhan ka bhi vikas kar raha hai.
hariyana ki arthavyavastha
hariyana ki arthavyavastha poore desh mean agrani hai. krishi ki drishti se hariyana ek samriddh rajy hai aur yah keandriy bhan dar (atirikt khadyann ki rashtriy sangrahan pranali) mean b di matra mean gehooan aur chaval deta hai. kapas, raee, sarasoan, bajara, chana, ganna, jvar, makka aur aloo any pramukh fasalean haian. rajy ki krishi pradhanata ne harit kraanti mean mahattvapoorn yogadan diya hai, jisake aantargat sianchaee urvarak aur uchch gunavatta ke bijoan mean b de paimane par nivesh shamil hai. hariyana ke kul shram bal ka lagabhag 58 pratishat krishi mean sanlagn hai. hariyana ne krishi adharit aur nirman udyogoan mean ullekhaniy pragati ki hai. inamean pramukh hai, kapas aur chini prasanskaran, krishi upakaran, rasayan aur anek prakar ki upabhokta vastuean, jinamean saeekil ullekhaniy hai.
odisha ki arthavyavastha
odisha ki arthavyavastha mean krishi ki mahattvapoorn bhoomika hai. odisha ki lagabhag 80pratishat janasankhya krishi kary mean lagi hai, halaanki yahaan ki adhikaansh bhoomi anupajaoo ya ek se adhik varshik fasal ke lie anupayukt hai. odisha mean lagabhag 40 lakh khet haian, jinaka ausat akar 1.5 hekteyar hai, lekin prati vyakti krishi kshetr 0.2 hekteyar se bhi kam hai. rajy ke kul kshetraphal ke lagabhag 45 pratishat bhag mean khet hai. isake 80 pratishat bhag mean chaval ugaya jata hai. any mahattvapoorn fasalean tilahan, dalahan, joot, ganna aur nariyal hai. soory ke prakash ki upalabdhata mean kami, madhyam gunavatta vali mitti, urvarakoan ka nyoonatam upayog aur manasooni varsha ke samay v matra mean vividhata hone ke karan yahaan upaj kam hoti hai aur isaki ginati desh ke garib rajyoan mean hoti hai.
sikkim ki arthavyavastha
sikkim rajy mean khanij mean taanba, sisa, jasta, koyala, grephait aur choona-patthar pae jate haian. halaanki in sabhi ka vyaparik dohan nahian hota hai. yahaan ke van sansadhan aur panabijali kshamata adhik ullekhaniy haian. phir bhi sikkim mukhyat: krishi pradhan rajy hai. isaka kul buaee kshetr 63,254 hekteyar hai aur ek b da ilaqa kheti ke lie sulabh nahian hai. ghati ke kinare lage sidhidar khetoan mean makka, chaval, methi, gehooan aur jau ki upaj hoti hai. yahaan par sem, adarak, aloo aur any sabziyaan, phal aur chay bhi ugae jate haian. sikkim duniya ke pramukh ilayachi utpadak kshetroan mean se ek hai.
pashchim bangal ki arthavyavastha
chhote akar ke bavajood pashchim bangal se bharat ke sakal ghareloo utpadan ka lagabhag chhatha hissa ata hai.
- krishi- bhoo-paridrishy aur arthavyavastha, donoan mean krishi ki pradhanata hai. rajy ke pratyek char mean se tin vyakti pratyaksh ya apratyaksh roop se krishi mean sanlagn haian, sapekshik krishi yogy bhoomi ke kul kshetr (65 pratishat) ke mamale mean pashchim bangal any rajyoan se age hai. darjiliang ko chho dakar any sabhi ziloan mean dhan ki, jise vistrit sianchaee ki avashyakata hoti hai. fasal pramukh hai. apane chhote ke bavajood desh ke kul chaval-utpadan kshetr ka 14 pratishat bhag pashchim bangal bota hai aur desh ki kul upaj ka 16 pratishat katata hai.
rajasthan ki arthavyavastha
rajasthan mukhyat: ek krishi v pashupalan pradhan rajy hai aur anaj v sabjiyoan ka niryat karata hai. alp v aniyamit varsha ke bavajood, yahaan lagabhag sabhi prakar ki fasalean ugaee jati haian; registani kshetr mean bajara, kota mean jvar v udayapur mean mukhyat: makka ugaee jati haian. rajy mean gehooan v jau ka vistar achchha-khasa (registani kshetroan ko chho dakar) hai, aisa hi dalahan (matar, sem v masoor jaisi khady phaliyaan), ganna v tilahan ke sath bhi hai. chaval ki unnat kismoan ko laya gaya hai evan chanbal ghati aur iandira gaandhi nahar pariyojanaoan ke kshetroan mean is fasal ke kul kshetraphal mean badhotari huee hai. kapas v tanbakoo mahattvapoorn naqadi fasalean haian. haanlaki yahaan ka adhikaansh kshetr shushk ya arddh shushk hai, phir bhi rajasthan mean b di sankhya mean palatoo pashoo haian v rajasthan sarvadhik oon ka utpadan karane vala rajy hai. ooantoan v shushk ilakoan ke pashuoan ki vibhinn nasloan par rajasthan ka ekadhikar hai.
chhattisagadh ki arthavyavstha
chhattisagadh bharat ke khanij samriddh rajyoan mean se ek hai. yahaan par choona- patthar, lauh ayask, taanba, f aausphet, maianganiz, b aauksait, koyala, esabestॅs aur abhrak ke ullekhaniy bhandar haian. chhattisagadh mean lagabhag 52.5 karo d tan ka dolomait ka bhandar hai, jo poore desh ke kul bhandar ka 24 pratishat hai. yahaan b aauksait ka anumanit 7.3 karo d tan ka samriddh bhandar hai aur tin ayask ka 2,700 karo d se bhi zyada ka ullekhaniy bhandar hai. chhattisagadh mean hi koyale ka 2,690.8 karo d tan ka bhandar hai. svarn bhandar lagabhag 38,05,000 kilo kshamata ka hai. yahaan bharat ka sarvottam lauh ayask milata hai, jisaka 19.7 karo d tan ka bhandar hai. bailadila, bastar, durg aur jagadalapur mean loha milata hai. bhilaee mean bharat ke b de ispat sanyantroan mean se ek sthit hai. rajy mean 75 se bhi zyada b de aur madhyam ispat udyog haian, jo garm dhatu, kachcha loha, bhurabhura loha (spanj ayaran), rel-patariyoan, lohe ki silliyoan aur pattiyoan ka utpadan karate haian.
madhy pradesh ki arthavyavastha
madhy pradesh ki arthavyavastha ka adhar krishi hai lekin adhe se kam kshetr krishi yogy hai aur bhoo- akriti, varsha v mitti mean vividhata hone ke karan isaka vitaran kafi asaman hai. krishi yogy pramukh kshetr chanbal, malava ke pathar aur reva ke pathar mean milate haian. nadi dvara bahakar laee gee jalodh mitti se dhaki narmada ghati ek any upajaoo ilaka hai.
- krishi- madhy pradesh ki krishi ki visheshata kam utpadan aur krishi ki paranparagat paddhati ka upayog hai. chooanki krishi yogy bhoomi ka keval 15 pratishat bhag hi sianchit hai, rajy ki krishi varsha par nirbhar karati hai aur aksar ise sookhe v lal- pili mitti mean nami ki bahut kam matra ka samana karana p data hai. madhy pradesh mean hone vali sianchaee, jo mukhyat: naharoan, kuoan, gaanvoan ke talaboan aur jhiloan se hoti hai, usaki adhikaansh yojanaean keandriy sarakar ki ek ke bad ek panchavarshiy yojanaoan ke dauran majhole akar ki ya chhoti pariyojanaoan dvara vikasit huee haian.
maharashtr ki arthavyavastha
niji aur sarvajanik udyamoan ke madhyam se maharashtr bharat ka ek suvikasit aur samriddh rajy ban gaya hai. vidyut utpadan is disha mean sabase mahattvapoorn sahayak karakoan mean se ek hai. maharashtr mean pashchimi ghat sthit jalaprapatoan ke zariye panabijali utpadan kiya jata hai. poorvi kshetroan mean tap- vidyut utpadan ki pradhanata hai. nagapur aur chandrapur mean b de tap vidyut grih sthit haian. bharat ka pahala paramanu bijali sanyantr muanbee se 113 kilomitar uttar mean sthit hai. bijali ki badhati huee maang ko poora karane ke lie ne vidyut sanyantr lagae ja rahe haian. maharashtr ke khanij sansadhanoan mean maianganij, koyala, choona- patthar, lauh ayask, taanba, b aauksait aur silikayukt ret shamil hai. inamean se adhikaansh khanij padarth, bhandara, nagapur aur chandrapur ziloan mean pae jate haian aur dakshin koankan mean bhi kuchh bhandar haian. sahyadri kshetr ke kee hissoan mean b aauksait bhi paya jata hai. b aaumbe haee mean haidrokarban ka utpadan bhi badh raha hai.
meghalay ki arthavyavastha
bhoomi ki vipul matra mean upalabdhata, sajha svamittv aur uttaradhikar ki ekavanshiy pranali ne meghalay ki arthavyavastha ke qabilaee charitr ko banae rakha. meghalay ki bharapoor prakritik sanpada mean koyala, choona- patthar, keolin, feldaspar, sphatik, abhrak, jipsam aur b aauksait jaise khanij pae jate haian, lekin unaka abhi samoochit dohan nahian ho paya hai. yahaan ke silimenait ke bhandar (uchch stariy chikani mitti ke srot) duniya mean sabase shreshth mane jate haian aur bharat ka lagabhag sara silimenait yahian se prapt kiya jata hai.
manipur ki arthavyavastha
krishi manipur ki arthavhyavashtha ka mukhhy adhar hai. manipur mean krishi aur vaniki ay ke pramukh srot haian. yahaan ki mukhy fasal chaval 72 pratishat ilake mean ugaee jati hai aur yahaan ki urvar bhoomi mean makka (1.79 pratishat) ganna, sarasoan, tanbakoo, phal, sabjiyaan (aloo 1.7 pratishat) aur daloahan (jaise matar aur sem) ugae jate haian. amataur par paha diyaan par sidhidar khet hote haian, jinhean adivasi kudali se jotate haian. kuchh parvatiy adivasi maans ke lie palatoo pashu palate haian. unaka upayog doodh nikalane ya bojha dhone ke lie nahian kiya jata. sianchaee naharoan dvara ki jati hai. nagaoan ke bare mean kaha jata hai ki ve machhali pak dane ke lie nashile padarthoan ka istemal karate haian. salana lagabhag 7,500 tan machhali pak di jati hai, jinaki kimat lagabhag paanch lakh rupaye hoti hai. rajy mean adhikrit roop se darj vanakshetr 15,154 varg kilomitar hai, kiantu vastav mean vanachchhadit kshetr 17,418 varg kilomitar hai jo kul kshetraphal ka 78 pratishat hai. sagaun pramukh vanopaj haian.
karnatak ki arthavyavastha
karnatak ki lagabhag 70 pratishat janata krishi kary mean lagi hai. tatiy maidan mean saghan kheti hoti hai, jahaan pramukh khadyann chaval aur pramukh nakadi ganna hai. any pramukh fasaloan mean jvar aur ragi shamil haian. any nakadi fasaloan mean kajoo, ilayachi, supari aur aangoor pramukh haian. pashchimi ghat ki thandi dhalanoan par k aauphi aur chay ke bagan haian. poorvi kshetr mean sianchaee ke karan ganne aur alp matra mean rab d kele v santare jaise phaloan ki kheti sanbhav ho saki hai. pashchimottar mean milane vali kali mitti mean kapas, tilahan aur mooangaphali ki fasalean ugaee jati hai.
keral ki arthavyavastha
- bhaugolik aur bhaugarbhik karak keral ki arthavyavastha ko ganbhir roop se prabhavit karate haian.
- keral ki saghan abadi ke lie upalabdh krishi yogy bhoomi kafi nahian hai.
- is rajy mean jivashm eedhanoan aur khanijoan ke pramukh bhandaroan ki bhi kami hai.
- keral mean sirph ilmenait (taiteniyam ka pramukh ayask), rayootail (taiteniyam aauksaid), monajait (siriyam aur thoriyam phasphet yukt khanij) haian, jo samudr tat ki ret mean pae jate haian.
- keral mean jalavidyut ki kafi sanbhavanaean haian. idukki k aaumpaleks vishalatam vidyut utpadan sanyantr hai.
gova ki arthavyavastha
gova bharat ke ati vikasit rajhyoan mean se ek ke roop mean ubhara hai. nivesh vatavaran aur adharabhoot sanrachana ke mamaloan mean bhi gova ne bharat ke shreshhthatam rajhyoan mean se ek ka darja hasil kiya hai. yah mahanagaroan, vhyaparik aur vanijyik keandroan ke sath s dak, rel, samudri margoan ke alava vayu marg ke dvara bhi bhali prakar ju da hua hai. gova ke moramugaanv mean ek prakritik bandaragah hai aur sath hi kee chhote bandaragah bhi haian, jinamean vhyavasayik suvidhaoan ke vikas ki apar sanbhavanaean vidyaman haian. isake alava isamean poorn vikasit inhtaranet sanyojan aur teliphon ekhsacheanjoan ka vishal netavark bhi hai, jo isake nagarikoan ko uchhch gunavathta vale jivan ki suvidha upalabhdh karate haian. at: bharatiy arthavhyavashtha ke vikas mean gova agrani rajhy hai.
mizoram ki arthavyavastha
mizoram ke pas sansadhanoan ki prachurata hai jinaka upayog rajhy mean kee audyogik ikaiyoan ki shthapana ke lie kiya jata hai. baans ki prachurata ke alava bagavani vali kee fasalean niveshakoan ke lie kee prakar se labhadayak ho haian. desh ka doosara sarvadhik sakshar rajhy hone se mizoram desh ka sarvadhik 'aee.ti.' sakshar rajhy banane ja raha hai. isake atirikht yahaan ki khoobasoorat prakritik chhata ke sath prachur matra mean upalabhdh saanshkritik virasat ise paryatakoan ke lie akarshak shthan banata hai. is prakar rajhy ke kee kshetroan mean nivesh ki kee sanbhavanaean haian.[4]
jharakhand ki arthavyavastha
krishi aur krishi sambandhit gatividhiyaan jharakhand ki arthavyavastha ka mukhy adhar haian. krishi yogy bhoomi ka kshetraphal keval 38 lakh hekteyar hai. jharakhand rajy ke 79,714 varg ki.mi. kshetr mean se 18,423 varg kilomitar kshetr mean van haian.
- sianchaee aur bijali- damodar, mayoorakshi, barakar, uttari koyel, dakshini koyel, sankh, suvarnarekha, kharakee aur ajay yahaan ki pramukh nadiyaan haian aur rajy ke jal ka pramukh srot hai. rajy mean kul buvaee ka kshetr 1.57 lakh hekteyar hai jisamean se 8 pratishat kshetr mean hi sianchaee ki suvidha upalabdh ho pati hai. jharakhand mean sthapit vidyut kshamata 2,590 megavat hai. jisake srot haian- 420 megavat (tenughat tap bijalighar) se, 840 megavat (pataratoo tap panabijalighar) se, 130 (sikkidri bijali pariyojana) se aur 1,200 megavat (damodar ghati nigam tap / panabijali pariyojana)se. tap v panabijali par adharit vibhinn bijaligharoan ki kshamata 4,736 megavat ki ja sakati hai jisamean 686 panabijali utpadan shamil hai.
uttarakhand ki arthavyavastha
uttarakhand ki arthavyavastha mukhyatah krishi adharit hai aur rajy ki 10 pratishat janasankhya krishi karyoan mean lagi huee hai. uttarakhand khanijoan jaise choonapatthar, r aauk ph aausphet, dolomait, maignesait, k aaupar grephait, sop ston, jipsam ityadi ke mamale mean ek dhani rajy hai. 2003 ki audyogik niti ke karan yahaan nivesh karane vale niveshakoan ko kar rahat di gee hai. yahaan pooanji nivesh mean ullekhaniy vriddhi huee hai.
- sansadhan- uttarakhand arthik roop se desh ke sabase pichh de hue rajyoan mean se ek hai. mukhy roop se yah krishi par nirbhar rajy hai aur kamakaji janasankhya ka 4/5 se bhi adhik krishi kary mean sanlagn hai. rajy mean audyogikikaran ke lie mahattvapoorn khanij aur oorja sansadhanoan ki kami hai. khanij ke nam par keval silika aur choona patthar hi ullekhaniy matra mean milate haian. yahaan jipsam, maignesait, f aausforait aur b aauksait ke chhote bhandar haian. is paha di rajy ki barahamasi nadiyaan jalavidyut ka mahattvapoorn srot haian. lekin is oorja srot ki apar sambhavanaoan ko abhi bahut kam aanka gaya hai. jharanoan ka upayog karane vale chhote vidyut kendroan ke alava tihari baandh (bhagirathi nadi par nirmanadhin) jal shakti ko kam mean lane vali sabase b di pariyojanaoan mean se ek hai. vanoan ko bhi arthik sansadhan mana jata hai. jal shakti aur van sansadhanoan ke dohan ke prayas ko paryavaranavidoan ke virodh ka samana karana p da hai.
samachar
2030 tak bharat hoga tisari vishv arthik shakti
- 27 pharavari 2012, somavar
bharat 2030 tak duniya ki tisari sabase b di arthavyavastha hoga, lekin usaki urja ki maang ghatakar 4.5 pratishat rah jaegi. urja kshetr ki vaishvik kanpani bipi ne yah anuman lagaya hai. bipi ke mukhy arthashastri krist aauph ruhal ne bipi ke urja paridrishy 2030 ko aj jari karate hue kaha ki 2030 tak chin duniya ki sabase b di arthavyavastha hoga aur bharatiy arthavyavastha duniya mean tisare sthan par hogi. vaishvik abadi, sakal ghareloo utpad aur urja maang mean duniya ki kul abadi mean in donoan deshoan ki hissedari 35 pratishat ki hogi. riport mean kaha gaya hai ki bharat mean urja ki maang mean vishesh izafa nahian hoga. isaki vajah yah hai ki bharat ki audyogik kshetr ki maang ghatakar 4.5 pratishat salana rah jaegi, jo 1999-2010 mean 5.5 pratishat thi. aise mean urja dakshata mean sudhar se audyogikikaran aur buniyadi dhaancha vistar ke lie urja ki maang ki bharapaee ho sakegi.
samachar ko nimn srot par padhean
tisara sabase akarshak nivesh sthal hai bharat
- 6 julaee 2012, shukravar
sanyukt rashtr ke vyapar aur vikas sammelan (aankatad) ki jari vishv nivesh riport-2012 ke anusar bahurashtriy kanpaniyoan ke lie 2012 se 2014 ki avadhi mean chin sabase akarshak nivesh sthal raha. usake bad amerika, bharat ka sthan raha. akarshak nivesh sthaloan mean shirsh paanch deshoan mean iandoneshiya aur brajil ka chautha aur paanchavaan sthan raha. b di kanpaniyaan aur b de niveshak bharat mean nivesh karana pasand karate haian. bharat niveshakoan ke lie chin aur amerika ke bad bharat tisara sabase akarshak nivesh sthal banakar ubhara hai. sanyukt rashtr vyapar aur vikas sammelan ki or se jari ki gee ek riport ke anusar bharat ke achchhe pradarshan ki vajah se samooche dakshin eshiya mean pichhale sal videshi nivesh 23 phisadi badha.
samachar ko nimn srotoan par padhean
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ bharatiy arthavyavastha (hindi) (ech.ti.em.) himartikals. abhigaman tithi: 11 aprॅl, 2011.
- ↑ bharatiy arthavyavastha (hindi) vyapar jnan sansadhan. abhigaman tithi: 11 aprॅl, 2011.
- ↑ nivesh ke avasar (hindi) (pi.ech.pi.) vyapar jnan sansadhan. abhigaman tithi: 9 joon, 2011.
- ↑ nivesh ke avasar (hindi) bharat sarakar. abhigaman tithi: 11 joon, 2011.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh