राजघाट उत्खनन वाराणसी

varanasi

varanasi paryatan

varanasi zila

[[chitr:Banaras-Hindu-University.jpg|thumb|kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay|250px]] rajaghat ki prachinata aur usaka satat itihas kisi puratatvik utkhanan se 1940 ee. tak nishchit nahian tha. isaki prachin sthiti vartaman kashi steshan ke uttar-poorvi mean ganga aur varuna ke madhy thi, jise rajaghat tile ke nam se jana jata hai. isaki akasmik khoj 1939 ee. mean vartaman kashi steshan ke vistar ke samay relave thikedaroan dvara khudaee karate samay huee.^[1] khudaee mean in thekedaroan ko bahut-si prachin vastuean milian jinamean mitti ki muharean evan mudrayean bhi thian. in vastuoan ko ab bharat kala bhavan aur ilahabad myoonisipal myoojiyam mean rakha gaya hai. in mudraoan mean mukhyat: yoonani devi-devataoan ki akritiyaan tatha kuchh yoonani rajaoan ke sir ka aankan hai. yahaan se mili vastuoan se akrisht hokar shri krishnadev ke netritv mean bharatiy puratattv vibhag ke ek dal ne yahaan utkhanan praranbh kiya. is dal ne oopari jamav se 20 phut niche tak khudaee ki.

utkhanan mean 12 khanbhoan se yukt ek mandir tatha eeantoan ki kuchh any sanrachanaean, uttari kali chamakile mrinbhaand ke tuk de tatha kuchh any vastuean milian.^[2] isake atirikt utkhanan mean chauthe star (doosari-tisari shatabdi ee.) se anek yoonani devi-devataoan ki akritiyoan se yukt mudraean bhi mili haian. yahaan b di matra mean mudraoan ke milane ke karan shri krishnadev is nishkarsh par pahuanche ki ye mudraean varanasi v pashchimi deshoan (yoonan evan rom) ke bich vyaparik sanbandh ki dyotak haian.^[3] parantu motichandr varanasi aur pashchim ke deshoan (yoonani evan rom) ke bich vyaparik sanbandh hone ki bat ko asvikar karate haian. unaka kahana hai ki us samay pashchim deshoan se vyapar mukhyat: jalamarg se hi hota tha, jo ki arab sagar v bangal ki kha di ke bandaragahoan tak hi simit tha aur vahaan se bharatiy vyapariyoan dvara yah saman desh ke any bhagoan mean pahuanchaya jata tha, jabaki sthalamarg se in videshi vyapariyoan ke madhy desh tak pahuanchane ke bhi praman nahian milate.^[4] yadi in vyapariyoan ka vyaparik sanbandh madhy desh se man bhi liya jay to isaka praman madhyadesh ke any vyaparik nagaroan (kaushaanbi, sahajati (adhunik 'bhita') aur shrivasti mean kyoan nahian milata? yah ek vicharaniy prashn hai. at: yah to nishchit hai ki ye mudrayan vyaparik uddeshy se yahaan nahian aeean. sanbhav hai ki ye mudraean hiand-yavan shasak dremetriyas ya miliand (minaandar) ke pataliputr vijay abhiyan ke dauran banaras mean p dav ke samay chhoot gee hoan.

yah prachin sthal charoan or se surakshit tha. dakshin-poorv ki or se ganga, uttar aur uttar-poorv mean varuna nadi tatha pashchim tatha uttar-pashchim ki or se yah ek parikha dvara pariveshtit tha. grib^[5] aur sheriang^[6] ne bhi prachin varanasi ki sthiti nagar ke uttar mean varuna aur ganga ke milan-biandu par mani hai. at: yah to nishchit hai ki yah sthal varanasi ki prachinatam basti ko nishchit karata hai. samarthan ke lie utkhanan mean 1940 mean yahian se prapt ek guptakalin muhar par ullekhit lekh ‘varanasyadhishthanidhakaranasy’ ka bhi ullekh samichin hoga. is kshetr ka sarvapratham vaijnanik utkhanan kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay ke pro. avadh kishor narayan ne 1957 mean praranbh kiya. is kary ka pun: aranbh 1960-61 aur bad ke varshoan mean bhi chalata raha.^[7] utkhanan se nimnalikhit charan prakash mean ae haian.

utkhanan ke vibhinn charan

chet sianh ghat, varanasi|thumb|250px

pratham kal

rajaghat ki khudaee se prapt avasheshoan se yah siddh hota hai ki manav ne sarvapratham 8vian shati ee.poo. ke asapas is daladal vale kshetr ko saf karake nivas praranbh kiya. us samay yahaan ke nivasiyoan ka mukhy pesha krishi tha. yahaan ke nivasi mitti ke makanoan evan phoos ki jhop diyoan mean rahate the. simit utkhanan ke karan is kal ke avasiy bhavanoan ke bare mean vistrit janakari nahian mil saki, parantu aisa abhas hota hai ki is kal mean yah kshetr nagarikaran ki prakriya se bilkul anabhijna raha hoga. is kal ke tin charan drishtigat hote haian-

pratham charan ke nichale staroan ki simit khudaee se avasiy bhavanoan ev smarakoan ke avashesh nahian mile haian. yahaan se prapt vastuoan mean lohe ke upakaran, asthinirmit aujar, b di sankhya mean mrinmoortiyaan, mitti ki tashtariyaan tatha abhooshan adi mile haian. dvitiy charan se sarakande (narakul) ke tuk de tatha kamaroan ke pharshoan ke utkhanit aansh prakash mean ae haian. is charan se ek prakar ke avashesh bhi mile hai.^[8] jise bad ke utkhananoan mean tatabandh se samikrit kiya gaya hai. sanbhavat: ganga ki badh se nagar ki raksha ke lie ukt tatabandh ka nirman kiya gaya tha.^[9]nagarikaran ke praranbh mean tatabandh ke nirman ka yah pratham prayas tha. is charan se kisi prakar ki sanrachana ke avashesh nahian mile hai. phir bhi pharsh ke utkhanit aansh ke milane se is kal mean bhavanoan ke hone ki pushti hoti hai. isake atirikt lala evan bhoore rang ki mrinmoortiyaan bhi mili haian jinamean hathi aur saan d ki akritiyaan mukhy hai. is charan ki samapti tisari-chauthi shati ee.poo. ke lagabhag huee. tritiy charan mean kachchi mitti ki dival tatha kachche pharsh ke avashesh mile haian.^[10] isake atirikt kuchh mrinmoortiyaan, taanbe ke sikke tatha mritika valay koop bhi mile haian.

dvitiy kal

dvitiy kal ka praranbh tisari shati ee. poo. se praranbh hota hai. yah yug varanasi ke itihas mean mahattvapoorn sthan rakhata hai. nagariy sabhyata ke itihas mean vikas ka yah pratham kal tha. is kal mean krishna-lepit paranpara, krishna lohit patr evan uttari kale chamakile mrinbhandoan ka prayog bahutayat mean milata hai^[11], jo is kal ke arthik aur takaniki vikas ke spasht praman hai. is kal ki sabase mahattvapoorn upalabdhi bhavanoan ke nirman mean paki eeantoan ka prayog tha. yada-kada makanoan mean kachchi eeantoan ka prayog bhi milata hai. bhavanoan mean paki eeantoan ke prayog se jahaan ek or inaki takaniki pragati ki janakari milati hai, vahian doosari or janata ki sukh-samriddhi ka bhi jnan hota hai. bhavanoan ki nianv mean kank d patthar evan eeantoan ke tuk doan ko dala jata tha. utkhanan se ek sthan par kank d-patthar se yukt kankarit ki nianv bhi mili hai.^[12]

bhavanoan ki chhat ke nirman mean khaparail (ruphatails) ka prayog milata hai. inako lohe ke kiloan se baandha jata tha. divaloan mean stanbh-gart (post-hols) ke avashesh bhi mile haian, jisase yah siddh hota hai ki chhat ko tikane ke lie lak di ya baans ke khanbhoan ka prayog kiya jata tha.^[13] makan ek sidh mean banae jate the aur do makanoan ke madhy kuchh sthan chho d diya jata tha. spashtat: shuddh vayu aur nagar ki svachchhata ke lie hi aisa kiya jata tha. in makanoan ke madhy golakar kuean bhi milean haian. kabhi-kabhi ye kuean makanoan ke aandar bhi sthit hote the. poorn khudaee ke abhav mean kuchh nishchit kahana kathin hai lekin kamare ke aandar aise kuoan ke milane se aisa pratit hota hai ki inaka upayog shauch adi ke lie kiya jata raha hoga.^[14] utkhanan se pata chalata hai ki pravastha 1 mean kamaroan ka ausat akar 2.56 mitar x 2.26 tatha pravastha 2 mean 1.90 mitar x 2.92 mitar tha. pratyek parivar ke rahane ke lie do kamare the. in kamaroan mean do daravaze, ek dalan (prakoshth), ek kuaan, snanarth chabootara tatha nali sammilit thi. yahaan se sokhta gh de aur mritikavalay koop ke bhi avashesh mile haian. isake atirikt paki eeantoan se nirmit ek nali ke avashesh bhi mile haian. yah nali uttar se dakshin 2.75 mitar lanbaee mean vistrit thi, jo b de akar ki eeantoan se avrit thi. saphaee ki suvidha ke lie nali mean lanbavath eeantoan ka prayog milata hai. is kal mean kachchi eeantoan ka prayog bhi milata hai. utkhanan se char raddoan vale ek bhavan ka bhi pata chala hai. is bhavan mean prayukt eeantoan 39x30x7 seantimitar akar ki hai. paki eeantoan ki map do vargoan mean drishtigat hoti hai. ek varg mean prayukt eeantoan 50x31x5 seantimitar akar ki hai. tatha doosare varg mean 48x28x5 seantimitar akar ki hai. is kal ka aant eesavi sanh ke praranbh mean hua hoga.

tritiy kal

is kal ka praranbh eesavi shati se lekar tisari shatabdi ee. ke madhy mana jata hai. avasiy sanrachana ki drishti se yah kal sarvadhik samriddh tha. is kal ke sabhi bhavan paki eeantoan se nirmit haian. inamean prayukt eeantean mukhyat: do akar ki haian- is prakar ki eeantean jinaki map 40x25x5 seantimitar hai tatha doosare prakar ki eeantean 39x29x5 seantimitar map ki hai.^[15] is kal ki utkhanit sanrachana ko adhyayan ki suvidha ki drishti se utkhananakartaoan ne tin sanrachanatmak pravasthaoan mean vibhakt kiya hai.

sanrachanatmak pravastha 1 mean aise bhavanoan ki nianv milati hai jinamean kamare ka akar 4x4.21 mitar lanba hai aur ek-doosare ko poorv ke chhor par katate haian. isaki nianv ki motaee 20 seantimitar chau di thi. isake sath do mu di huee divalean bhi thian. is sanrachana se b de akar ke kamare ka pata chalata hai, jisaka ek parshv 6.06 mitar lanba tha. yahian se eeantoan ke pletapharmayukt ek kuaan bhi mila tha. pharsh ke kone mean vrittakar dhansa hua ek sthan tha. sanbhavat: yahaan sokhta gh de (sokej jars) ya koee upakaran rakha gaya hoga.^[16]

sanrachanatmak pravastha 3 mean kankarit ki ek 24 seantimitar moti pharsh aur kuchh divaloan ke avashesh milean haian isamean ek dival 2.27 mitar thi, jisamean prayukt eetoan ki 11 paratean haian. isake atirukt kee any divaloan ke avasheshoan ka bhi pata chala hai, lekin bhagnavastha mean hone ke karan inase kisi nishchit yojana ki janakari nahian ho pati. bhavanoan ki nirman yojana se yah spasht parilakshit hota hai ki unaki rachana dishaoan ko dhyan mean rakhakar ki jati thi.^[17]

is kal ke utkhanit sabhi mridabhaand lal rang ke haian. rochak hai ki dvitiy kal mean is prakar ke mridabhaandoan ka prayog apekshakrit kam milata hai, jabaki is kal mean inaka prayog akar aur pakane ki nee prakriya ke roop mean drishtigat hota hai. any mahattvapoorn vastuoan mean sikkoan evan muharoan ka prayog mukhy hai. yahaan se 400 muharean evan rajamudraank (siliangs) parishkrit evan aparishkrit roop mean mili haian. ullekhy hai ki isi prakar ke rajyamudraank (siliangs) agiyabir se bhi mili haian jinaka vivaran adhyay 9 mean diya gaya hai. puralipi sanbandhi chihnoan se ye muharean pahali shatabdi aur tisari shatabdi ke madhy ki pratit hoti haian. is kal mean pahali bar daeestrak sikkoan ka prayog milata hai. yahaan se kaushaanbi aur ayodhya ke do sikke bhi mile haian, jin par lekh kramash: ‘navash’ aur ‘shivadattas’ aankit haian. is kal se b di sankhya mean muharoan evan rajamudraankoan ka milana tatha samarthanasvaroop sikkoan ka prapt hona, is tathy ka spasht pramanh hai ki is kal mean vyapar aur vanijy ke kshetr mean ullekhaniy pragati huee.^[18]

chaturth kal

yah kal 300 se 700 ee. ke bich vikasit tha. is kal ke nirmit bhavan poorv-yug ke bhavanoan se bhinn the. is kal ke sabhi avashesh guptayugin haian. is kal ke makan sabhi suvidhaoan se yukt the. in makanoan mean snanagrih, pakashala evan bhandarakaksh ityadi milate haian. is kal ki prapt vastuoan mean do kuand, bartan rakhane ke martaban, ek kankarit ki jali mukhy haian kamaroan mean prayukt itean 41.5x26.5x5 seantimitar akar ki haian.

uparyukt tathyoan ke vivechan se yah spasht hai ki vibhinn yugoan mean bhavan-nirman ki prakriya mean paryapt aantar milata hai. nirman ki pratham prakriya ke pashchath uttarottar parivarddhan ka kram parilakshit hota hai. sarvapratham 8vian shati eesavi poorv mean manav mukhyat: kachchi mitti ke makanoan evan jhop diyoan mean nivas karata tha. parantu nagarikaran ki prakriya ke praanrabh ke phalasvaroop doosari-tisari sadi ee.poo. mean bhavanoan ke nirman mean paki eeantoan ka prayog hone laga. is kal mean kachchi eeantoan ka prayog bhi milata hai. logoan ko lohe ka jnan ho chuka tha, isalie bhavanoan mean lohe ki kiloan ka upayog avashyakatanusar hone laga.^[19] eesavi sanh ke praranbh se tisari shatabdi tak in bhavanoan mean paki eeantoan ka prayog bahulata se milata hai. is kal ke kamare poorvavarti kamaroan se b dean hote the. bhavanoan ki nianv kankarit evan eeantoan ke tuk doan se bhari jati thi. tisari shatabdi se satavian shatabdi ke bhavanoan mean bhi paki eeantoan ka prayog milata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ vidya prakash evan ti.en. ray, buletin aauf d yoo.pi. histarikal sosaiti, sankhya 4 (saits eand manumeants aauf yoo.pi.) lakhanoo, 1965 prishth 33
↑ krishnadev, enual bibaliyographi aauf iandiyan histri eand iandolaji (1947), prishth 49-51
↑ krishnadev, kvayans divaises phram rajaghat sils, jarnal aauf di nyoomisamaitiks sosayati aauf iandiya 3, (disanbar 1941), prishth 77
↑ motichandr kashi ka itihas, prishth 56
↑ ee. gribj, kashi, prishth 3-4
↑ em.e. sheriang, di sekred siti aauf hindooj, prishth 291
↑ iandiyan arkiyolaji, e rivyoo, 1957-58, prishth 64
↑ ee. gribj, kashi, prishth 3-4
↑ e.ke. narayan evan purushottam sianh, eksakeveshans et rajaghat, khand 3, prishth 6. virendr pratap sianh ne uparyukt mat ka khandan karate hue yah pramanit kiya hai ki yah prakar hi rahe hoange. apane mat ke samarthan mean unhoanne un khatoan ka ullekh kiya hai jahaan prakar ke avashesh mile haian, jisaka ullekh utkhananakartaoan ne bhoolavashan nahian kiya hai. dekhean, virendr pratap sianh, sam asapekts aauf laiph in aianshyeant varanasi ej rivild thro di arkiyolajikal sorsej 1980, adhyay 2
↑ e.ke. narayan aur ti.en.ray, eksakeveshans ait rajaghat, bhag 1, prishth 22-25
↑ tatraiv, bhag 2, prishth 10
↑ tatraiv, bhag 1, prishth 26
↑ e.ke. narayan aur ti.en. ray, eksakeveshans ait rajaghat, bhag 1, prishth 26, chitr 5, plet 4, 5
↑ virendr pratap sianh, sam asapekts aauf laiph in aianshyeant varanasi ej rivild thro di arkiyolajikal sorsej, prishth 88 aur chitr sankhya-2
↑ avadhakishor narayan aur ti.en. ray. eksakeveshans ait rajaghat, bhag 1, prishth 28, plet 10 ., 18
↑ ullekhaniy hai gharoan mean sokhta gh doan ko gadhdha khodakar rakha jata tha. jisamean ghar ki gandagi adi ikattha ki jati thi.
↑ e.ke. narayan evan ti.en. ray, eksakaveshans ait rajaghat, prishth 28
↑ tatraiv bhag 3, prishth 14
↑ ullekhaniy hai ki lohe ki kiloan ka prayog khaparailoan ko baandhane ke lie kiya jata tha.

aitihasik sthanavali | vijayendr kumar mathur | vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog | manav sansadhan vikas mantralay, bharat sarakar

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] vidya prakash evan ti.en. ray, buletin aauf d yoo.pi. histarikal sosaiti, sankhya 4 (saits eand manumeants aauf yoo.pi.) lakhanoo, 1965 prishth 33

[2] rishnadev, enual bibaliyographi aauf iandiyan histri eand iandolaji (1947), prishth 49-51

[3] rishnadev, kvayans divaises phram rajaghat sils, jarnal aauf di nyoomisamaitiks sosayati aauf iandiya 3, (disanbar 1941), prishth 77

[4] tichandr kashi ka itihas, prishth 56

[5] . gribj, kashi, prishth 3-4

[6] .e. sheriang, di sekred siti aauf hindooj, prishth 291

[7] yan arkiyolaji, e rivyoo, 1957-58, prishth 64

[8] . gribj, kashi, prishth 3-4

[9] .ke. narayan evan purushottam sianh, eksakeveshans et rajaghat, khand 3, prishth 6. virendr pratap sianh ne uparyukt mat ka khandan karate hue yah pramanit kiya hai ki yah prakar hi rahe hoange. apane mat ke samarthan mean unhoanne un khatoan ka ullekh kiya hai jahaan prakar ke avashesh mile haian, jisaka ullekh utkhananakartaoan ne bhoolavashan nahian kiya hai. dekhean, virendr pratap sianh, sam asapekts aauf laiph in aianshyeant varanasi ej rivild thro di arkiyolajikal sorsej 1980, adhyay 2

[10] .ke. narayan aur ti.en.ray, eksakeveshans ait rajaghat, bhag 1, prishth 22-25

[11] tatraiv, bhag 2, prishth 10

[12] tatraiv, bhag 1, prishth 26

[13] .ke. narayan aur ti.en. ray, eksakeveshans ait rajaghat, bhag 1, prishth 26, chitr 5, plet 4, 5

[14] virendr pratap sianh, sam asapekts aauf laiph in aianshyeant varanasi ej rivild thro di arkiyolajikal sorsej, prishth 88 aur chitr sankhya-2

[15] vadhakishor narayan aur ti.en. ray. eksakeveshans ait rajaghat, bhag 1, prishth 28, plet 10 ., 18

[16] ullekhaniy hai gharoan mean sokhta gh doan ko gadhdha khodakar rakha jata tha. jisamean ghar ki gandagi adi ikattha ki jati thi.

[17] .ke. narayan evan ti.en. ray, eksakaveshans ait rajaghat, prishth 28

[18] tatraiv bhag 3, prishth 14

[19] ullekhaniy hai ki lohe ki kiloan ka prayog khaparailoan ko baandhane ke lie kiya jata tha.

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