गुप्तकालीन प्रशासन
gupt samratoan ke samay mean ganatantriy rajavyavastha ka hmas hua. gupt prashasan rajatantratmak vyavastha par adharit tha. devatv ka sidvant guptakalin shasakoan mean prachalit tha. rajapad vanshanugat siddhant par adharit tha. raja apane b de putr ko yuvaraj ghoshit karata tha. usane utkarsh ke samay mean gupt samrajy uttar mean himalay se lekar dakshin mean vianghyaparvat tak evan poorv mean bangal ki kha di se lekar pashchim mean saurashtr tak phaila hua tha.
| shasak | shasanakal |
|---|---|
| 1- chandragupt | 319-335ee. |
| 2- samudragupt | 335-375ee |
| 3- ramagupt | 375-375ee |
| 4- chandragupt dvitiy | 375-414ee |
| 5- kumaragupt mahendradity | 414-455ee |
| 6- skandagupt | 455-467ee |
| 7- purugupt | 467-476ee. |
- inake atirikt kuchh any shasak narasianhagupt (baladily), kumaragupt dvitiy, bu़ddhagupt, vainyagupt, bhanugupt, kumaragupt tritiy, vishnugupt adi mean milakar kul 476 ee. se 550 ee. tak shasan kiya.
gupt samrat nyay, sena evan divani vibhag ka pradhan hota tha. praja apane raja ko prithvi par eeshvar ke pratinidhi mean roop mean svikar karati thi. 'prayag prashasti' mean samudragupt ko prithvi par shasan karane vala eeshvar ka pratinidhi kaha jata hai. sath hi isaki tulana kuber, varun, indr v yamaraj se ki gee hai. gupt samrat 'param devata', 'parabhattarak', 'maharajadhiraj', 'prithvipal', 'parameshvar', 'samrat', 'ekadhikar' evan 'chakravartin', jaisi upadhiyaan dharan karata tha. isase yah sanket milata hai ki gupt rajaoan ne apane samrajy ke bhitar chhote-chhote rajaoan par shasan kiya. mauryottar kal mean uddhat samantavad ab jor pak dane laga. samrajy ke adhikatar bhag samantoan ke adhin hote the. ve samrat ke darabar mean svayan upasthit hokar samman nivedan karate, najarana chadhate aur vivaharth apani putri samarpit karate. isake badale unhe apane kshetr par adhikar ka sanad milata tha. guptakalin raniyoan ko 'paramabhattarikakh', 'parabhattarikarajni' evan 'mahadevi' jaisi upadhiyaan di gee.
samrat prashasan ke kushal sanchalan hetu ek 'mantrimandal' ka gathan karata tha. isamean 'amaty', 'sachiv' evan 'mantri' hote the. gupt kalin abhilekhoan se nimn mantrimandaliy sadasyoan ke vishayay mean janakari milati hai.
| sadasy | vibhag |
|---|---|
| 1- harishen | yah samudragupt ka sandhivigrahik evan mahadandanayak tha. |
| 2- shav (virasen) | chandragupt dvitiy ka sandhivigrahik |
| 3- shikharasvami | chandragupt dvitiy ka mantri evan kumaramaty |
| 4- prithvishen | kumaragupt ka mantri evan kumaramaty |
guptakalin abhilekhoan se prapt kendriy adhikari gan
- sarvadhyaksh- rajy ke sabhi kendriy vibhag ka pramukh adhikari.
- pratihar evan mahapratihar - samrat se milane ki ichchha rakhane valoan ko ajnapatr dena inaka mukhy kary tha. pratihar antahpur ka rakshak evan mahapratihar rajamahal ke rakshakoan ka mukhiya hota tha.
- kumaramaty- padadhikariyoan ka sarvashreshth, varg, inhe uchch se uchch pad par niyukt kiya ja sakata tha.
mahadandanayak
| sadasy | vibhag |
|---|---|
| 1- mahasenapati | sena ka sarvochch adhikar. |
| 2- mahapilupati | gajasena ka adhyaksh |
| 3- mahashvapati | ashvasena ka adhyaksh |
| 4- mahasandhivigrahik | yuddh aur shaanti ka mantri |
| 4- dand pashik | pulis vibhag ka mukhy adhikari. is vibhag ke sadharan karmachariyoan ko chat v bhat kaha jata tha. |
| 5- vinay sthiti sthapak | dharmik mamaloan ka pramukh adhikari |
| 6- ranabhaandagarik | sainikoan ki avashyakataoan ki poorti karane vala pradhan adhikari. |
| 7- mahabaladhikrit | sainik adhikari. |
| 8- mahadandanayak | yuddh evan nyay-vibhag ka kary dekhane vala. |
| 9- mahabhandagaradhikrit | rajakiy kosh ka pradhan |
| 10- mahaakshapatalik | abhilekh vibhag ka pradhan |
| 11- dhruvadhikaran | kar vasoolane vale vibhag ka pradhan. |
| 12- agraharik | dan vibhag ka pradhan. |
- samudragupt ke prayag prashasti se jnat hota hai ki harishan ek hi sath kumaramaty, sandhivigrahik evan mahadandanayak ka kary karata tha.
praantiy prashasan
kushal prashasan ke lie vishal gupt samrajy kee prantoan mean banta tha. prantoan ko 'desh', 'bhukti' athava 'avani' kaha jata tha. samrat dvara jo svayan shasit hota tha usaki sabase b di prashasanik eekaee 'desh' ya 'rashtr' kahalati thi. 'joonagadh abhilekh' me saurashtr ko ek desh kaha gaya hai. chandragupt ke ek abhilekh mean sukuti (madhyabharat) namak desh ka ullekh milata hai. desh ka rashtr ka prashasak 'gopta' kaha jata tha. joonagadh abhilekh se jnat hota hai ki saurashtr ke gopta parnadatt ki niyukti svayan gupt samrat ne ki thi.
| prant | kshetr |
|---|---|
| 1- saurashtr | joonagadh(gujarat) |
| 2- pashchimi malava | avanti |
| 3- poorvi malava | eran |
| 4- tirabhukti | uttari bihar |
| 5- pundravarddhan | uttari bangal |
| 6- varddhaman | uttari bangal |
| 7- magadh | pashchimi bangal |
bhukti ke prashasan ko ‘uparik‘ v ‘uparik maharaj‘ kaha jata tha. sima prantoan ke prashasak ‘goshtha‘ kahalaye the. in padoan par rajakumar ya rajavansh se sambandhit vyakti ko hi niyukt kiya jata tha. chandragupt dvitiy ka chhota putr govindagupt tin bhukti ka (adhunik darabhanga) tatha kumaragupt ka pratham putr ghatotkachagupt poorvi malava ka rajyapal tha. guptakalin abhilekhoan mean kuchh praantiy prashasakoan ka vivaran milata hai. in shasakoan ko prantoan mean 5 varsh ke lie niyukt kiya jata tha.
| prantiy prashasak | kal | prant |
|---|---|---|
| 1- govind gupt | chandragupt dvitiy | tirabhukti |
| 2- ghatochkach gupt | kumar gupt | poorvi malava |
| 3- parnadatt | skandagupt | saurashtr |
| 4- chiradatt | kumaragupt | uttari bangal |
janapad shasan
bhukti ka vibhajan janapadoan mean kiya gaya tha. janapadoan ko ‘vishay‘ kaha jataa tha, jisaka pradhan adhikari ‘vishayapati‘ hota tha. vishayapati ko kumaramaty bhi kaha gaya hai. kumaragupt pratham ke mandasaur abhilekh mean lata vishay ka ullekh milata hai. hoon shasak toraman ke samay ke eran varah abhilekh mean erikiran vishay ka varnan milata hai. aantarvedi vishay ki niyukti svayan samrat skandagupt ne ki thi.
- vishayapati ke adhin karmachariyoan mean shamil the-
- shaukkik- kar vasoolane vala.
- gaulmik - sthaniy phauj athava jangaloan ka adhikari.
- pustapal, karanik- dastavej sanrakshan
- vishayapati ka pradhan karyalay adhishthan kahalata hai.
vishayapati ke sahayog hetu ek samiti hoti thi. inake sadasyoan ko ‘ vishayamahattar‘ kaha jata tha, jinamean nimn varg ke log sadasy hote the- 1.nagarashreshthi (pooanjipati varg ka neta) 2. sarthavah (vishay ke vyapariyoan ka neta), 3. pratham kulik (shilpiyoan v vyavasayiyoan ka mukhiya), 4. pratham kayasth (mukhy lekhak). ‘prastapal‘ abhilekhoan ko surakshit rakhane vale adhikari ko kahate the. vishay vithiyoan mean bante the vidhi ki samiti mean bhoosvamiyoan evan sainik karyoan se sambaddh vyaktiyoan ko rakha gaya tha. vithi se chhoti eekaee peth thi. peth anek gram ke samoohoan ko kaha jata tha. yah gram samooh ki chhoti eekaee thi. isaka ullekh sankshobh ke khoh abhilekh mean milata hai jahaan opani namak gram ko kananag peth ke aantargat bataya gaya hai.
nagar prashasan
nagaroan ka prashasan nagar mahapalikaoan dvara chalaya jata tha. ‘purapal‘ nagar ka mukhy adhikari hota tha. vah kumaramaty ke shreni ka adhikari hota tha. joonagadh lekh se jnat hota hai ki giranar nagar ka purapal chakrapalit tha. nagar ke shasan ke lie niyukti samiti ko sambhavatah ‘paur‘ kaha jata tha.
gram prashasan
‘gram‘ shasan ki sabase chhoti eekaee hoti thi. ‘gram sabha‘ dvara isaka prashasan sanchalit hota tha. gram sabha ka mukhiya ‘gramik‘ kahalata tha evan sadasyoan ko ‘mahattar‘ kaha jata tha jo gram ke pratishthit evan kulin vyaktiyoana ka pratinidhitv karate the. kuchh guptakalin abhilekhoan mean gram sabha ko ‘gram janapad‘ evan ‘panchamandali‘ kaha gaya hai. gupt kalin prashasanik eekaee arohi kram mean desh ya rashtrabhukti-vishay-bidhi-peth-gram.
nyayaprashasan
samrat samrajy ka sarvochch nyayadhish hota tha. isake atirikt mukhy nyayadhish evan any nyayadhish hote the. is kal mean anek vidhi-granth sankalit kie ge. pahali bar divani aur phaujadari kanoon bhali-bhaanti paribhashit aur prithakkrit hue. chori aur vyabhichar phaujadari kanoon mean ae aur sampatti sambandhi vivad divani kanoo mean. vyapariyoan evan vyavasayiyoan ki shreni hoti thi. ye shreniyaan shrenidharm ke adhar par apane vivadoan ka nipatara karati thi. ‘poog‘ nagar mean nivas karane vali vibhinn jatiyoan ki samiti hoti thi. ‘kul‘ saman parivaroan ke sadasyoan ki samiti hoti thi. samitiyaan rajy dvara manyata prapt thian. ye samitiyaan apasi vivad mean nirnay deti thi. guptakalin abhilekhoan mean nyayadhishoan ka ullekh mahadandanayak, dandanayag evan sarvadandanayak ke roop mean milata hai.
sainik sangathan
raja ke pas sthaee sena thi. sena ke char pramukh aang the- padati, ratharohi, ashvarohi tatha gajasena. sarvachch senadhikari mahabaladhikrit kahalata tha. hathiyoan ki sena ke pradhan ko mahapilupati kahate the. ghu dasavaroan ki sena ke pradhan ko bhatashpati kahate the. padati samanoan ki avastha karane vale adhikari ko ranabhandagarika kahate the. padati sena ki tuk di ko chamooy kaha jata tha. gajasena ke nayak ko katuk tatha ashvarohi sena ke pramukh ko atashvapati kaha jata tha. prayag prashasti ke guptakal ke kuchh astr-shastroan ke nam milate hai jaise- parashu, shar, shanku, tomar, mindipal, narach adi.
gupt kal mean prashasan ki ek mukhy visheshata yah thi ki is samay vetanoan ki adayagi nakad mean n dekar samanyatah bhoomi anudan ke roop mean ki jati thi. do tarah ka bhoomi anudan prachalan mean tha. ‘agrahar‘ sirph brahmanoan ko prapt hone vala anudan hota tha. isake aantargat ane vali bhoomi kar mukt hoti thi. is bhoomi par grahita ke vanshanugat adhikar ke bad bhi raja yadi grahita ke vyavahar se santushth nahian hai to vah is bhoomi ko vapas le sakata tha. doosare prakar ka bhoomi anudan vah hota tha jise raja apane adhikariyoan ko unaki seva ke badale upahar ke roop mean deta tha. 5vi shati tak bhoomidan ki pravriti mean kaphi parivartan hue aur ab bhoodan praptakarta ko bhoomi par rajasv prapt karane ke adhikar ke sath-sath us bhookhand par prashasan ka bhi adhikar mil gaya. kalantar mean in donoan adhikaroan se surakshit varg hi samant kahalaya . satavahan kal se bhoomidan ki pratha shuroo huee. sarvadhik bhoomi anudan guptakal mean diya gaya . gramin bhoomi svami ko gramika, kutumbika aur nastar kaha jata tha. chhote kisanoan ko krishivala, krishak aur kisan kaha jata tha.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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