सौत्रान्तिक आचार्य और कृतियाँ

sabhi bauddh darshanik prasthan buddh vachanoan ko hi apane-apane prasthan ke arambh ka mool manate haian. isamean sandeh nahian ki vishv ke chintan kshetr mean buddh ke vicharoan ka apoorv aur maulik yogadan hai. buddh ki parampara ke poshak, un-un darshan-sampradayoan ke pravartak acharyoan aur paravarti unake anuyayiyoan ka mahattv bhi vidvanoan se chhipa nahian hai. sautrantik darshan ke pravartak aur pramukh acharyoan ka parichay is prakar haian- buddh ne apane anuyayiyoan ko jo vicharoan ki svatantrata pradan ki, svanubhav ki pramanikata par bal diya aur kisi bhi shastr, shastroan ke vachanoan ko bina pariksha kiye grahan n karane ka jo upadesh diya, usaki vajah se unaka shasan unake nirvan ke kuchh hi varshoan ke bhitar anek dharaoan mean vikasit ho gaya. anek prakar ki hinayani aur mahayani sangitiyoan ka ayojan isaka praman hai. do sau varshoan ke bhitar 18 nikay vikasit ho gaye. is kram mean yadyapi sootravadiyoan ka mat prabhavashali aur vyapak raha hai, phir bhi jab unhoanne dekha ki doosare naikayikoan ke mat buddh ke dvara sakshat upadeshoan se door hote ja rahe haian to unhoanne shastr pramany ka nirakaran karate hue buddh ke dvara sakshat upadisht sootroan ke adhar par svatantr nikay ke roop mean apane mat ki sthapana ki. is prakar unhoanne sootroan mean anek prakar ke prakshepoan se buddhavachanoan ki raksha ki aur logoan ka dhyan mool buddh vachanoan ki or akrisht kiya. pratham aur tritiy sangitiyoan ke madhyavarti kal mean rachit 'dhammasangani', 'kathavasthu', 'jnanaprasthan' adi granthoan ki buddh vachan ke roop mean pramanikata ka unhoanne jam kar khandan kiya. unhoanne kaha ki ye granth acharyoan dvara rachit shastr haian, n ki buddh vachan. jabaki sarvastivadi aur sthaviravadi unhean buddhavachan manane ke paksh mean the.

achary parampara

• samany roop se achary kumaralat sautrantik darshan ke pravartak mane jate haian. tibbati aur chini srotoan se bhi isaki pushti hoti hai. kintu sookshm drishti se vichar karane par pratit hota hai ki kumaralat se pahale bhi anek sautrantik achary hue haian. yah jnat hi hai ki sautrantik mat ashok ke kal mean poornaroop se vidyaman tha. vasumitr adi acharyoan ne yadyapi sautrantik, dharmottariy, sankrantivad adi ka udgavakal buddh ki tisari-chauthi shatabdi mana tha, kintu ganana paddhati kaisi thi, yah sochane ki bat hai. pali parampara aur sarvastivadiyoan ke kshudrak varg se jnat hota hai ki dharmashok ke samay sabhi 18 nikay vidyaman the. unhoanne tritiy sangiti man pravisht any matavalambiyoan ka nishkasan sabase pahale kiya, usake bad sangiti arambh huee. mahanh ashok sabhi 18 bauddh nikayoan ke prati saman shraddha rakhata tha aur unaka dan-dakshina adi se satkar karata tha. is vivaran se yah siddh hota hai ki ashok ke samay sautrantik mat supusht tha aur achary kumaralat nishchay hi ashok se paravarti haian, isalie anek achary nishchay hi kumaralat se pahale hue hoange, at: kumaralat ko hi sarvapratham pravartak achary manana sanheh se pare nahian hai. isamean kahian kuchh visangati pratit hoti hai.
• sautrantikoan mean do paramparaean mani jati haian –

1. agamanuyayi aur
2. yukti-anuyayi.

• agamanuyayiyoan ki bhi do shakhaoan ka ullekh achary bhavy ke prajnapradip ke bhashyakar avalokiteshvar ne apane granthoan mean kiya hai, yatha-kshanabhangavadi aur dravyasthiravadi. kintu is dravyasthiravad ke namamatr ko chho dakar unake siddhant adi ka ullekh vahaan nahian hai. is shakha ke acharyoan ka bhi kahian ullekh nahian milata. sankrantivadi nikay ka kal hi isaka udgav kal hai.
• aisa sanket milata hai ki buddh ke parinirvan ke bad tin char sau varshoan tak nikay ke sath acharyoan ke namoan ke sanyojan ki pratha prachalit nahian thi. sanghanayak hi pramukh achary hua karata tha. sangh shasan hi prachalit tha. aj bhi sthaviravadi aur sarvastivadi parampara mean sangh pramukh ki pradhanata dikhalaee p dati hai. aisa hi any nikayoan mean bhi raha hoga. sautrantikoan mean bhi yahi parampara rahi hogi, aisa anuman kiya ja sakata hai.
• sautrantik pray: sarvastivadi mandal mean pariganit hote haian, kyoanki ve unhian se nikale haian. sarvastivadiyoan ke acharyoan ki parampara shastroan mean upalabdh hoti hai. aur bhi anek achary soochiyaan upalabdh hoti haian. unamean matabhed aur visangatiyaan bhi haian, kintu itana nishchit hai ki buddh se lekar ashvaghosh ya nagarjun tak ke achary poore bauddh shasan ke prati nishthavan hua karate the.
• bhadant achary
• shrilat
• kumaralat

any prachin achary

kisi jivit nikay ka yahi lakshan hai ki usaki avichchhinn achary parampara vidyaman rahe. yadi vah bich mean toot jati hai to vah nikay samapt ho jata hai. yahi sthiti pray: sautrantik nikay ki hai. bhadant, kumaralat ke anantar us nikay mean kaun achary hue, yah atyant spasht nahian hai. yadyapi chhitaput roop mean kuchh acharyoan ke nam granthoan mean upalabdh hote haian, yatha-bhadant rat (lat), ram, vasuvarma adi, kintu itane matr se koee avichchhinn parampara siddh nahian hoti aur n to unake kal aur kritiyoan ke bare mean hi koee spasht sanket upalabdh hote haian. ye sabhi sautrantik nikay ke prachin achary 'agamanuyayi sautrantik' the, vah nishchayapoorvak kaha ja sakata hai, kyoanki nagarjun kalin granthoan mean inake nam ki charcha nahian hai. yadyapi abhidharmakosh adi vaibhashik ya sarvastivadi granthoan mean inake nam yatr tatr yada kada dikhalaee p date haian. vasubandhu ke bad yashomitr bhi agamanuyayi sautrantik parampara ke achary mane jate haian. unhoanne apani sphutartha tika mean apani saitrantikapriyata prakat ki hai, yah ant:sakshy ke adhar par vijn vidvanoan dvara svikar kiya jata hai.

• vasubandhu

paravarti parampara

achary vasubandhu ke bad sabhi atharah bauddh nikayoan mean tattvamimaansa ki pranali mean kuchh naya parivartan dikhaee deta hai. tattvachintan ke vishay mean yadyapi isake pahale bhi tark pradhan vicharapaddhati sautrantikoan dvara arambh ki gee thi aur achary nagarjun ne isi tarkapaddhati ka ashray lekar mahayan darshan prasthan ko pratishthit kiya tha, svayan achary vasubandhu bhi pramanamimaansa, jnanamimaansa aur vadavidhi ke prakand pandit the, phir bhi vasubandhu ke bad jnanamimaansa ke kshetr mean kuchh is prakar ka vikas drishtigochar hota hai, jisase sautrantikoan ki vah prachin pranali apane sthan se kianchit parivartit si dikhaee deti hai. unake siddhantoan aur poorv manyataoan mean bhi parivartan dikhalaee p data hai. apani tarkapriyata, vikasonmukh prakriti evan muktachintan ki pakshapatini drishti ke karan ve any darshanoan ki samakakshata mean a gaye. jnat hai ki prachin sautrantik 'agamanuyayi' kahalate the. unaka sampradayik parivesh ab badalane laga. yah parivartan sautrantikoan mean vicharoan ki drishti se sankraman kal kaha ja sakata hai. isi kal mean achary dinnag ka pradurbhav hota hai. unhoanne pramanamimaansa ke adhar par sautrantik darshan ki pun: pariksha ki aur use ne tariqe se pratishthapit kiya. dinnag ke bad sautrantikoan ko prachin agamanuyayi parampara pray: namashesh ho gee. us parampara mean koee pratibhasampann achary utpann hote dikhalaee nahian deta.

• achary dinnag
• achary shubhagupt

achary shubhagupt

itihas mean inake nam ki bahut kam charcha huee. 'kalyanarakshit' nam bhi granthoan mean upalabdh hota hai. vastut: bhot bhasha mean inake nam ka anuvad 'dage-sunh' hua hai. 'shubh' shabd ka arth 'kalyan' tatha 'gupt' shabd ka arth 'rakshit' bhi hota hai. at: nam ke ye do paryay upalabdh hote haian. shantarakshit ke tattvasangrah ki 'panjika' tika mean kamalashil ne 'shubhagupt' is nam ka anekadha vyavahar kiya hai. at: yahi nam pramanik pratit hota hai, phir bhi is vishay mean vidvan hi praman haian. shubhagupt kahaan utpann hue the, isaki pramanik soochana nahian hai, phir bhi inaka kashmir-nivasi hona adhik sanbhavit hai. bhotadeshiy parampara is sambhavana ki pushti karati hai. dharmottar inake sakshat shishy the, at: takshashila inaki vidyabhoomi rahi hai. achary dharmottar ki karmabhoomi kashmir-pradesh thi, aisa d aau. vidyabhooshan ka mat hai.

samay

• inake kal ke bare mean bhi vidvanoan mean vivad hai, phir bhi itana nishchit hai ki achary shantarakshit aur achary dharmottar se ye poorvavarti the. achary dharmakaradatt aur shubhagupt donoan dharmottar ke guru the. bhotadesh ke sabhi itihasajn is vishay mean ekamat haian. paravarti bharatiy vidvan bhi is mat ka samarthan karate haian. achary shubhagupt shantarakshit se poorvavarti the, is vishay mean shantarakshit ka granth 'madhyamakalankar' hi praman hai. sautrantik matoan ka khandan karate samay granthakar ne shubhagupt ki karika ka uddharan diya hai.
• pandit sukhalal sanghavi ka kathan hai ki achary dharmakaradatt 725 eesviy varsh se poorvavarti the.
• jain darshanik achary akalank ne dharmottar ke mat ki samiksha ki hai.
• pandit mahendramar ke matanusar akalank ka samay eesviy varsh 720-780 hai. isake anusar dharmottar ka samay satavian shatabdi ka uttarardh nishchit hota hai. dharmottar shubhagupt ke shishy the, at: unake guru shubhagupt ka kal eesviy saptam shatak nirdharit karane mean koee badha nahian dikhati.
• d aau. es.en. gupt dharmottar ka samay 847 eesviy varsh nirdharit karate haian tatha d aau. vidyabhooshan unake guru shubhagupt ka kal eesviy 829 varsh svikar karate haian. d aau. vidyabhooshan ke kal nirdharan ka adhar maharaj dharmapal ka samay hai. kintu ye kaun dharmapal the, isaka nishchay nahian hai. doosari or achary shantarakshit jis shubhagupt ki karika uddhrit karake usaka khandan karate haian, unaka bhotadesh mean 790 eesviy varsh mean nidhan hua tha. 792 eesviy varsh mean bhotadesh mean shantarakshit ke shishy achary kamalashil ka 'samya chhimbu' namak mahavihar mean chin desh ke prasiddh vidvan 'hshang' ke sath madhyamik darshan par shastrarth hua tha. is shastrarth mean hrashang' ki parajay huee thi, isaka ullekh chin aur japan ke pray: sabhi itihasaveta karate haian. in vivaranoan se achary shantarakshit ka kal sunishchit hota hai. phalat: d aau. vidyabhooshan ka mat uchit evan tarkasangat pratit nahian hota, kyoanki jinake siddhantoan ka khandan shantarakshit ne kiya ho aur jinaka nidhan 790 eesviy varsh mean ho gaya ho, unase poorvavarti achary shubhagupt ka kal 829 eesviy varsh kaise ho sakata hai?
• mahapandit rahul saankrityayan achary dharmakirti ka kal 600 eesviy varsh nishchit karate haian. unaki shishy-parampara ka varnan unhoanne is prakar kiya hai, yatha-devendrabuddhi, shakyabuddhi, prajnakar gupt tatha dharmottar. achary devendrabuddhi ka kal unake matanusar 650 eesviy varsh hai. guru-shishy ke kal mean 25 varshoan ka antar sabhi itihasavettaoan dvara many hai. kintu yah niyam sabhi ke bare mean lagoo nahian hota. aisa suna jata hai ki devendrabuddhi achary dharmakirti se bhi umr mean b de the. aur unhoanne achary dinnag se bhi nyay shastr ka adhyayan kiya tha. dharmottar ke donoan guru dharmakaradatt aur shubhagupt prajnakaragupt ke samasamayik the. aisi sthiti mean shubhagupt ka samay eesaviy saptam shatabdi nishchit kiya ja sakata hai. mahapandit rahut saankrityayan ki bhi is tithi mean vimati nahian hai.

kritiyaan

bhadant shubhagupt yukti-anuyayi sautrantikoan ke antim aur labdhapratishth achary the. unake bad aisa koee achary jnat nahian hai, jisane sautrantik darshan par svatantr aur maulik rachana ki ho. yadyapi dharmottar adi bharatiy tatha jamayanh-jadh-pee, takh-chhanh-pa adi bhot acharyoan ne bahut kuchh likha hai, kintu vah poorv acharyoan ki vyakhyamatr hai, nootan aur maulik nahian hai. aj bhi dinnagiy parampara ke sautrantik darshan ke vidvanh tho de-bahut ho sakate haian, kintu maulik shastroan ke rachayita nahian haian. achary shubhagupt ne kul kitane granthoan ki rachana ki, isaki pramanik janakari nahian hai. unaka koee bhi granth mool sanskrit mean upalabdh nahian hai. bhot bhasha aur chini bhasha mean unake paanch granthoan ke anuvad surakshit haian, yatha

1. sarvajnasiddhikarika,
2. vahyarthasiddhikarika,
3. shrutipariksha,
4. apohavicharakarika evan
5. eeshvarabhangakarika.

ye sabhi granth laghukay haian, kintu atyant mahattvapoorn haian. inaka pratipady vishay inake nam se hi spasht hai, yatha-

• sarvajnasiddhikarika mean visheshat: jaiminiy darshan ka khandan hai, kyoanki ve sarvajn nahian manate. granth mean yuktooparvak sarvajn ki siddhi ki gee hai.
• bahyarthasiddhi karika mean jo vijnanavadi bahyarth nahian manate, unaka khandan karake sapraman bahyarth ki satta siddh ki gee hai.
• shrutipariksha mean shabdanityata, shabdarth sambandh ki nityata aur shabd ki vidhivritti ka khandan kiya gaya hai. 'shruti' ka arth ved hai. ved ki apaurusheyata ka siddhant mimaansakoan ka pramukh siddhant hai, usaka granth mean yuktipoorvak nirakaran pratipadit hai.
• apohavicharakarika mean shabd aur kalpana ki vidhivrittita ka khandan karake unhean apohavishayak siddh kiya gaya hai. apoh hi shabdarth hai, yah bauddhoan ki prasiddh siddhant hai, isaka isamean mandan kiya hai. vaishishik samany ko shabdarth hai, yah bauddhoan ki prasiddh hai, isaka isamean mandan kiya hai. vaishishik samany ko shabdarth svikar karate haian, granth mean samany ka vistar ke sath khandan kiya gaya hai.
• eeshvarabhangakarika mean is bat ka khandan kiya gaya hai, ki eeshvar jo nity hai, vah jagat ka karan hai. granth mean nity ko karan manane par anek dosh darshae gaye haian. in granthoan se sautrantik darshan ki vilupt parampara ka paryapt parichay prapt hota hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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