ह्वेन त्सांग
hven tsaang / yuvanachvaang
thumb|hven tsaang
Xuanzang
hven tsaang / hven saang / yuvan chaang ya yuan-tyaang (sanskrit mokshadev) janm: 602 ee. lagabhag mrityu: 664 ee. lagabhag
mem tripitak ke roop mean jnat hven tsaang ek prasiddh chini bauddh bhikshu ka janm chin ke luoyang sthan par san 602 ee. mean hua tha. isake sath hi vah ek sk aaular, ghumakk d aur anuvadak bhi tha. unaka mool nam chen aee tha. hven tsaang, jinhean manad upadhi san-tsaang se sushobhit kiya gaya. unhean moo-cha ti-po bhi kaha jata hai. jinhoanne bauddh dharmagranthoan ka sanskrit se chini anuvad kiya aur chin mean bauddh chetana mat ki sthapana ki. isane hi bharat aur chin ke bich arambhik tang vansh kal mean samanvay kiya tha.
hven tsaang char bachchoan mean sabase chhota tha. isake prapitamah rajadhani ke shahi mahavidyalay mean 'nirikshak' the, aur pitamah pradhyapak the. isake pita ek kanfyooshas vadi the, jinhoanne apani rajasi naukari tyag kar rajanitik uthapalat, jo ki chin mean kuchh samay bad hone vala tha, se apane ko bachaya.
shiksha v adhyayan
vidvanoan ki pidhiyoan vale parivar mean janme hven tsaang ne prachin kanfyooshiyaee shiksha prapt ki. isaki jivaniyoan ke anusar, yah pratibhashali chhatr rahe. isake pita ke kanfyooshas vadi hone ke bavajood bhi shurooati kal se hi isane bauddh bhikshu banane ki ichchha vyakt ki thi. isake ek b de bhrata ne aisa hi kiya tha. yahian ek buddhiman prajnavan bauddh bhikshu ke sath do varsh vyatit kiye lekin apane ek b de bhaee ke prabhav mean bauddh dharmagranthoan ke prati unaki roochi jagi aur unhoanne shighr hi bauddh dharm grahan kar liya. chin mean us samay jari rajanitik uthal-puthal se bachane ke lie apane bhaee ke sath unhoanne chaang-an bad mean soo-chooan (adhunik sechvan) ki yatra ki. soo-chooan mean hven tsaang ne bauddh darshan ka adhyayan shuroo kiya, lekin shighr hi mool granth mean kee visangatiyoan evan virodhabhasoan se pareshan ho ge. apane chini guruoan se koee samadhan n milane par unhoanne bauddh dharm ke strot bharat mean jakar adhyayan karane ka faisala kiya. yatra anumati patr hasil n kar pane ke karan unhoanne chori-chhipe soo-chuan chho d diya.
usane yahaan therav da lekhoan ka adhyayan kiya.
yatra
isane bharat ki satrah varsh yatra ki aur vapas chin gaya aur apani atmakatha aur any pustakoan mean yahaan ke byaure diye haian, jo kafi rochak aur aitihasik drishti se shikshaprad hai. isake kee nam prachalit haian, jo ki chin ke alag alag praantoan ki boli ke anusar haian.
isi kal mean chauthi bauddh sammelan hua, kushan raja kanishk ki dekh rekh mean. san 633 ee. mean hven tsaang ne kashmir se dakshin ki or chinabhukti jise vartaman mean firozapur kahate haian, ko prasthan kiya. vahaan bhikshu vinitaprabha ke sath ek varsh tak adhyayan kiya. sanh 634 ee. mean poorv mean jalandhar pahuancha. isase poorv usane kulloo ghati mean hinayan ke math bhi bhraman kiye. phir vahaan se dakshin mean bairat, merath aur mathura ki yatra ki.
apani yatra ke dauran hven tsaang takala makan registan ke uttar se guzare. hven tsaang turafan, karashar, kuch, tarakand aur samaraqand jaise nakhalistan keandroan se hote hue lauh daravaze (ayaran get) se age baiktriya mean, phir hiandakush par karate hue kapisha, gaandhar aur aantatah pashchimottar bharat se kashmir pahuanche. vahaan se vah ganga nadi mean nauka se mathura pahuanche aur usake bad ganga ke poorvi ilaqe mean bauddh dharm ki pavitr bhoomi mean 633 ee. mean pahuanche. phir ganga nadi par karake dakshin mean sankasy (kapitth) pahuancha, jahaan kahate haian, ki gautam buddh svarg se avatarit hue the. yamuna ke tire chalate-chalate hven tsaang mathura pahuancha. mathura mean 2000 bhikshu mile aur hindoo bahul kshetr hone ke bad bhi donoan hi bauddh shakhaean vahaan thian. usane shrughn nadi tak yatra ki aur phir poorvavat matipur ke liye nadi par ki. yah sanh 635 ee. ki bat hai.
vahaan se uttari bharat ke mahasamrat harshavardhan (606-647 ee.) ki rajadhani 'kanyakubj', vartaman kannauj pahuancha. yahaan san 636 ee. mean usane sau math aur 10,000 bhikshu dekhean (mahayan aur hinayan, donoan hi). vah samrat ki bauddh dharm ki sanrakshan aur palan se ati prabhavit hua. isane qarib 10 varsho tak bharat mean bhraman kiya. usane 6 varsho tak nalanda vishvavidyalay mean adhyayan kiya. usaki bharat yatra ka vritant 'si-yoo-ki' namak granth se jana jata hai jisane lagabhag 138 deshoan ke yatra vivaran ka zikr milata hai. 'hooli' hven tsaang ka mitr tha jisane hven tsaang ki jivani likhi. is jivani mean usane tatkalin bharat par bhi prakash dala. chini yatriyoan mean sarvadhik mahattv hven tsaang ka hi hai. use ‘prians aauph pilagrims‘ arthath yatriyoan ka rajakumar kaha jata haian.
bharat mean hven tsaang ne buddh ke jivan se ju de sabhi pavitr sthaloan ka bhraman kiya aur upamahadvip ke poorv evan pashchim se lage ilaqo ki bhi yatra ki. unhoanne apana adhikaansh samay nalanda math mean bitaya, jo bauddh shiksha ka pramukh keandr tha, jahaan unhoanne sanskrit, bauddh darshan evan bharatiy chiantan mean dakshata hasil ki.
bharat mean samman
jab hven tsaang bharat mean the, to ek vidvan ke roop mean hven tsaang ki khyati itani phaili ki uttar bharat ke shasak shaktishali raja harshavardhan ne bhi unase milana evan unhean sammanit karana chaha. is raja ke sanrakshan ke karan, 643 ee. mean hven tsaang ki vapasi chin yatra kafi suvidhajanak rahi. unaki khyati mukhy roop se bauddh sootroan ke anuvad ki vyapakata evan bhinnata tatha madhy eshiya aur bharat ki yatra ke dastavezoan ke karan hai, jo vistrit evan satik aank doan ke karan itihasakaroan evan puratattvavidom ke lie amooly haian.
rajadhani mean vapasi
hven tsaang, taang ki rajadhani chaang-an mean 16 sal ke bad 645 ee. mean laute. rajadhani mean hven tsaang ka bhavy svagat hua aur kuchh dinoan bad shahanshah ne unhean darabar mean bulaya, jo videshi bhoomi ke unake vritaant se itane romaanchit hue ki unhoanne is bauddh bhikshu ko mantri pad ka prastav diya. lekin hven tsaang ne dharm ki seva ko prathamikata di, isalie unhoanne sammanapoorvak shahi prastav ko asvikar kar diya.
bauddh dharm ka prachar
hven tsaang ne apana shesh jivan bauddh dharmagranthoan ke anuvad mean laga diya jo 657 granth the aur 520 petiyoan mean bharat se lae ge the. is vishal khand ke keval chhote se hisse (1330 adhyayoan mean qarib 73 granth) ke hi anuvad mean mahayan ke kuchh atyadhik mahattvapoorn granth shamil haian.
mrityu
hven tsaang ki mrityu 5 faravari, 664 ee. mean huee thi.
yogachar mean ruchi
hven tsaang ki roochi mukhyatah yogachar (vijnanavad) darshan par keandrit thi tatha vah aur unake shishy kvi-chi (632-682) ne chin mean vi-shih (ekamatr chetana mat) ki sthapana ki. isaka siddhaant hven tsaang ke cheang-ve-shih lun (chetana matr siddhaant ki sthapana par shodh nibandh) mean pratipadit hai, jo mukhy yogachar lekhoan ka anuvad evan kvi-chi ki vyakhya hai. is mat ki mukhy avadharana hai:-
poora vishv keval man ki pratichchhavi hai.
jab hven tsaang evan kvi-chi jivit rahe, is mat ko kuchh pratishtha aur lokapriyata mili, lekin isaka jatil pradarshan, goodh shabdavali tatha man aur iandriyoan ka bal ki khal nikalane vala vishleshan, chini paranpara ke lie naya tha. isalie in donoan hastiyoan ki mrityu ke bad is mat ka teji se hras hua. lekin aisa hone se pahale japan ke ek bhikshu dosho, hven tsaang se shiksha ke lie 653 mean chin ae aur adhyayan poora karane ke bad japan lautane ke bad unhoanne ‘matr udh-bhavana’ mat ki sthapana ki. satavian aur athavian sadi ke dauran yah mat, japani jise hoso kahate the, japan ke sabhi bauddh matoan mean sabase prabhavashali ban gaya.
vyapak vrittaant
anuvad ke alava hven tsaang ne ta-taang si-yoo-chi ( mahan taang rajavansh ke pashchimi kshetr ka dastavez) bhi likha. yah un deshoan ka vyapak vrittaant hai, jahaan se vah apani yatra ke dauran guzare the. is nirbhik evan samarpit bauddh bhikshu aur tirthayatri ke samman mean taang samrat ne hven tsaang ki mrityu ke bad tin din tak sabhi sabhaean radd kar dian.
hven tsaang ke bare mean do adhyayan haian:-
- arthar veli ka d riyal tripitik prishth 11-130 (1952),
- ek jivant aur rochak shaili mean likhi jivani tatha rene gruset dvara likhi apekshakrit vyapak jivani sar les tresez d buddha (1929; in d phutasteps aauf d buddha), jisamean taang itihas aur bauddh darshan ki prishthabhoomi mean is chini tirthayatri ke jivan ki charcha ki gee haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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