स्वतन्त्र प्रान्तीय राज्य

bharat mean anek prantiy rajyoan ki sthapana bhinn-bhinn shasakoan ke dvara ki gee. in shasakoan ne apane samay mean kee mahattvapoorn karyoan ko sampann kiya. in shasakoan ke dvara bharat mean sthapaty ki drishti se anaginat imaratoan ka nirman kiya gaya. is samay bharat ki rajaniti aur isamean hone vale parivartanoan ko sare sansar ke dvara b di ekagr drishti se dekha ja raha tha. bharat mean jo svantr rajy raj kar rahe the, unamean se kuchh nimnalikhit the-

jaunapur (azadi se poorv)

banaras ke uttar pashchim mean sthit jaunapur rajy ki nianv firozashah tugalaq ne dali thi. sambhavatah is rajy ko firoj ne apane bhaee 'jauna khaan' ya 'joona khaan' (muhammad bin tugalaq) ki smriti mean basaya tha. yah nagar gomati nadi ke kinare sthapit kiya gaya tha. 1394 ee. mean firoj tugalaq ke putr sultan mahamood ne apane vazir khvaja jahan ko ‘malik-us-shark’ ki upadhi pradan ki. usane dilli par hue taimoor ke akraman ke karan vyapt asthirata ka labh utha kar svatantr sharki rajavansh ki nianv dali. isane kabhi sultan ki upadhi dharan nahian ki. 1399 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee. usake rajy ki simaean 'kol', 'sambhal' tatha 'rapari' tak phaili huee thian. usane 'tirahut' tatha 'doab' ke sath-sath bihar par bhi prabhutv sthapit kiya. sharki vansh ke pramukh shasakoan ke nam is prakar se haian-

1. malik karanaphool mubarakashah
2. ibrahimashah sharki
3. mahamoodashah sharki
4. muhammadashah sharki
5. husainashah sharki

kashmir (azadi se poorv)

suhadev namak ek hindoo ne 1301 ee. mean kashmir mean hindoo rajy ki sthapana ki. suhadev ke shasan kal mean 1320 ee. mean mangol neta ne kashmir par akraman kar loot-pat ki. 1320 ee. mean hi tibbati saradar 'rinachan' ne suhadev se kashmir ko chhin liya. rinachan ne shahamir namak ek musalaman ko apane putr evan patni ki shiksha ke lie niyukt kiya. rinachan ke bad 1323 ee. mean udayanadev sianhasan par baitha, parantu 1338 mean udayanadev ke marane ke bad usaki vidhava patni 'kota' ne shasan satta ko apane qabze mean kar liya. uchit avasar prapt kar shahamir ne kota ko usake alpayu bachchoan ke sath qaid kar sianhasan par adhikar kar liya tatha 1339 ee. mean shamsuddin shah ne kota se vivah kar indrakot mean shahamir rajy ki sthapana ki.

1342 ee. mean shamsuddin shah ki mrityu ke uparant usaka putr jamashed sianhasan par aroodh hua, jisaki hatya usake bhaee alauddin ne kar di aur satta apane qabze mean kar li. usane lagabhag 12 varsh tak shasan kiya. usane apane shasan kal mean rajadhani ko indrakot se hatakar ‘alauddin’ (shrinagar) mean sthapit ki. alauddin ke bad usaka bhaee shihabuddin gaddi par baitha, usane lagabhag 19 varsh shasan kiya. yah shahamir vansh ka vastavik sansthapak mana jata hai. usaki mrityu ke bad kutubuddin sianhasan par baitha. 1389 ee. mean kutubuddin ki mrityu ke bad usaka l daka gaddi par baitha.

sultan sikandar

sikandar ke shasan kal 1398 ee. mean taimoor ka akraman bharat par hua. sikandar ne taimoor ke kashmir akraman ko asaphal kiya. dharmik drishti se sikandar asahishnu tha. usane apane shasan kal mean hinduoan par bahut atyachar kiya aur sarvadhik brahmanoan ko sataya. usane ‘jaziya’ kar lagaya. hindoo mandir evan moortiyoan ko to dane ke karan use ‘butashikan’ bhi kaha gaya hai. itihasakar j aaun raj ne likha hai, “sultan apane sultan ke kartavyoan ko bhool gaya aur din-rat use moortiyoan ko nasht karane mean anand ane laga. usane martand, vishy, isana, chakravat evan tripureshvar ki moortiyoan ko to d diya. aisa koee shahar, nahar, gaanv ya jangal shesh n raha, jahaan ‘turushk sooha’ (sikandar) ne eeshvar ke mandir ko n to da ho.” 1413 ee. mean sikandar ki mrityu ke uparant alishah sianhasan par baitha. usake vazir sahoobhatt ne sikandar ki dharmik kattarata ko age badhaya.

jainul abadin

mukhy lekh : jainul abadin

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1420 ee. mean alishah ka bhaee khaan jain-ul-abadi sianhasan par baitha. use ‘budashah’ v 'mahan sultan' bhi kaha jata tha. dharmik roop se abadin sikandar ke viparit sahishnu tha. isaki dharmik sahishnuta ke karan hi ise ‘kashmir ka akabar’ kaha gaya.

abadin ke bad hajikhaan ‘haidarashah’ ki upadhi se sianhasan par baitha, par usake samay mean kashmir mean is vansh ka patan ho gaya. 1540 ee. mean mugal badashah babar ka rishtedar 'mirza haidar dogalat' gaddi par baitha. usane 'nazukashah' ki upadhi dharan ki. 1561 mean kashmir mean chakkoan ka shasan ho gaya, jisaka ant 1588 ee. mean akabar ne kiya. isake bad kashmir mugal samrajy ka aang ban gaya.

bangal (azadi se poorv)

12vian shatabdi ke antim dashak mean 'ikhtiyaruddin muhammad bin bakhtiyar khilaji' ne bangal ko dilli saltanat mean milaya. bich mean bangal ke svatantr hone par balaban ne ise punah dilli saltanat ke adhin kiya. balaban ke uparant usake putr bugara khaan ne bangal ko svatantr ghoshit kar liya. gayasuddin tugalaq ne bangal ko tin bhagoan- ‘lakhanauti, ‘sonaragaanv’ tatha ‘satagaanv’ mean vibhajit kiya. muhammad bin tugalaq ke antim dinoan mean fakharuddin ke vidroh ke karan bangal ek bar punah svatantr ho gaya. 1345 ee. mean haji iliyas bangal ke vibhajan ko samapt kar 'shamsuddin iliyas shah' ke nam se bangal ka shasak bana.

iliyasashah (1342-1357 ee.)

apane shasanakal mean isane 'tirahut' tatha u disa par akraman kar use bangal mean mila liya. firozashah tugalaq ne iliyasashah ke viruddh abhiyan kiya, kintu asaphal raha. usane sonaragaanv tatha lakhanauti par bhi akraman kiya aur us par adhikar kar liya. 1357 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gayi. isaki mrityu ke bad sikandarashah shasak bana.

sikandarashah (1357-1398 ee.)

isake shasanakal mean firozashah tugalaq ne bangal par akraman kiya, kintu asaphal raha. usane paandua mean ‘adina masjid’ ka nirman karavaya.

gayasuddin ajamashah(1389-1409 ee.)

sikandar shah ke bad agale shasak ke roop mean gayasuddin ajamashah bangal ka shasak bana. vah apani nyay priyata ke lie prasiddh tha. prasiddh farasi kavi ‘haphij shiraji’ evan anek viddhano se usaka sampark tha. usane apane samakalin chin ke ‘migavansh’ ke samrat 'chuee-li' se kootanitik sambandh qayam kie. 1409 ee. mean chini samrat ne sultan gayasuddin se bauddh bhikshuoan ko chin bhejane ka prarthana ki thi. 1410 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee.

1410 ee. mean gayasuddin ki hatya ke bad usake kamazor uttaradhikariyoan ko uthakar ek hindoo zamiandar raja ganesh ne 1415 ee. me bangal ki gaddi par adhikar kar liya. farasi paandulipiyoan mean raja ganesh ko ‘kes’ nam se jana jata hai. usane ‘danujamardan’ ki upadhi dharan ki. 1418 ee. me usaki mrityu ho gee. isi varsh pandua aur chatagaanv se ‘chandi ke upasak mahendradev’ namak raja dvara bangala-aksharaankit sikke chalaye gaye. sambhavatah vah ganesh ka chhota beta tha. raja ganesh ek hindoo shasak tha. isalie vahaan ke soofi santoan aur ulemaoan ne usaka virodh kiya tha. is arajakata ki sthiti se nipatane ke lie ganesh ke putr jadusen ko islam dharm mean dikshit kar 'jalaluddin' ke nam se bangal ka shasak banaya gaya. 1431 ee. mean jalaluddin ki mrityu ho gayi. jalaluddin ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr shamasuddin ahamad bangal ki gaddi par baitha. shamasuddin ke shasanakal mean jaunapur ke ibrahim sharki ne bangal par akraman kar diya. shamasuddin ne 1442 ee. tak shasan kiya.

nasiruddin abul mujaphphar mahamood (1442-1448 ee.)

isane bangal mean 'iliyas shahi rajavansh' ki sthapana ki. isane 1458 ee. tak shasan kiya aur gau d ko apani rajadhani banaya.

rooknaddin barabak shah (1459-74 ee.)

rooknaddin barabak shah ek yogy shasak tha. isane apane shasan kal mean prasaravadi niti apanaee tatha rajy ki simaean ganga nadi ke uttar mean baranar tatha dakshin mean jaissor khulana tak badhaee. is niti mean usane abisiniyaee sainikoan ki sahayata prapt ki 1794 ee. mean abisiniya ke senapati saifuddin firoj ne bangal ki satta par adhikar kar liya. ruknuddin barabak ke samay mean maladhar basu ne 'shrikrishna vijay' namak granth likha. barabak shah ne maladhar basu ko gunaraj khan ki upadhi se sammanit kiya.

alauddin husainashah (1493-1519 ee.)

bangal ke amiroan ne 1493 ee. mean muslim sultanoan mean yogy alauddin husainashah ko bangal ki gaddi par baithaya. usane apani rajadhani ko paandua se gau d sthanantarit kiya. hinduo ko ooanche padoan jaise- vazir, mukhy chikitsak, mukhy aangarakshak evan takasal ke mukhy adhikari ke pad par niyukt kiya gaya. vah ek dharm nirapeksh shasak tha. chaitany mahaprabhu alauddin ke samakalin the. usane ‘satyapir’ namak andolan ki shuruat ki. usake samay mean bangali sahity kafi vikasit hua. do vidvan vaishnav bhaee roop evan sanatan usake pramukh adhikari the. ahomo ke sahayog se sultan kamataraja ko nasht kiya. hindoo log use krishna avatar manate the. usane ‘nripati tilak’ evan ‘jagatabhooshan’ adi ki upadhiyaan dharan kian. 1518 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee.

nusaratashah (1519-1532 ee.)

alauddin ka putr nasib khaan nasiruddin nusarat shah ki upadhi se sianhasan par baitha. usake samay mean ‘mahabharat’ ka baangla bhasha mean anuvad karavaya gaya. usane gau d mean b da sona evan qadam rasool masjid ka nirman karavaya. 1533 ee. mean nusaratashah ki mrityu ho gee. is vansh ke antim shasak gayasuddin mahamoodashah ko 1538 ee. mean sherashah ne bangal se bhagakar samast bangal par adhikar kar liya.

malava (azadi se poorv)

1310 ee. mean alauddin ne malava ko apane adhikar mean kar liya. firozashah tugalaq ke samay mean lagabhag 1390 ee. mean dilavar khaan malava ka soobedar banaya gaya. 1401 ee. mean malava ko svatantr ghoshit kar vah vahaan ka svadhin shasak bana. usane dhar ko apani rajadhani banaya. usane sultan ki upadhi dharan nahian ki. 1405 ee. mean dilavar khaan ki mrityu evan taimoor ke bharat se vapas chale jane par dilavar khaan ka putr alp khaan 'hushangashah' ki upadhi dharan kar 1405 ee. mean malava ka sultan bana.

hushangashah (1408-1468 ee.)

hushangashah ne apani rajadhani ko dhar se maandoo ko sthanantarit ki. dharmanirapeksh niti ka palan karate hue usane prashasan mean anek rajapootoan ko shamil kiya| naradev soni (jain) husangashah ke prashasan mean khazaanchi tha. usake samay mean ‘lalitapur mandir’ ka nirman kiya. hushangashah mahanh vidvan aur rahasyavadi soofi sant shekh burahanuddin ka shishy tha. 1435 ee. mean alap khaan ki mrityu ke bad uraka putr gajani khaan muhammadashah ki upadhi dharan kar gaddi par baitha. usaki ayogyata ke karan isake vazir mahamood khaan ne use apadasth kar ‘mahamoodashah’ ki upadhi dharan kar aur gaddi par baitha.

mahamood khilaji (1436-1468 ee.)

mahoodashah khilaji ne 1436 ee. mean malava mean khilaji vansh ki nianv dali. mahamoodashah ek parakrami shasak tha, usane meva d ke rana kumbha ke viruddh abhiyan mean saphalata ka dava kiya tatha maandu mean sat manzila vijayastambh ka nirman karavaya. doosari taraf rana kumbha ne apani vijay ka dava karate hue vijay ki smriti mean chittau d mean vijayastambh ka nirman karavaya. mahamoodashah ne maandoo mean sat manjilo vale mahal ka nirman karavaya. nisandeh mahamood khilaji malava ke muslim shasako mean sabase yogy tha. misr ke khalifa ne usaka pad svikar kiya. mahamood khilaji ne sultan aboo seed ke yahaan se aye ek dootamandal ka svagat kiya. farishta usake guno ki prashansa karate hue use nyayi evan prajapriy samrat batata hai. koee bhi aisa varsh nahian bitata tha, jisamean vah yuddh nahian karata raha ho. phalasvaroop usaka khaima usaka ghar ban gaya tatha yuddhakshetr usaka vishram sthal. usane vyapar vanijy ki unnati ke lie jain pooanjipatiyoan ko sanrakshan diya. mandoo mean ek chikitsalay tatha ek avasiy vidyalay banavaya. usane apane rajy ki simaoan ka vistar dakshi d mean satapu da, pashchim mean gujarat ki simaoan, poorab mean buandelakhand aur uttar mean meva d evan booandi tak vistrit kiya. 1469 mean mahamoodashah ki mrityu ho gayi.

gayasuddin (1469-1500 ee.)

1469 ee. mean mahamoodashah ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr gayasuddin gaddi par baitha. 1500 ee. ke lagabhag gayasuddin ko usake putr ne zahar dekar mar diya.

abdul kadir nasiruddinashah (1500-1510 ee.)

gayasuddin ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr abdul kadir nasiruddinashah ki upadhi dharan kar malava ki gaddi par baitha. bukhar ke karan 1512 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee. usaki mrityu ke bad is vansh ka antim shasak 'ajam humayooan', mahamoodashah dvitiy ki upadhi grahan kar sianhasan par baitha. usane amiroan ke shadayantr se bachane ke lie chanderi ke rajapooshat sak medani ray ko apana vazir niyukt kiya. gujarat ke bahadurashah ne mahamoodashah dvitiy ko yuddh mean parast kar usaki hatya kar di. isi ke sath 1531 ee. mean malava ka gujarat mean vilay ho gaya. antim roop se malava ko mugaloan ne bajabahadur se jit liya.

gujarat (azadi se poorv)

gujarat ke shasak raja karn ko parajit kar alauddin ne 1297 ee. mean ise dilli saltanat ke antargat kar liya. 1391 ee. mean muhammadashah tugalaq dvara niyukt gujarat ke soobedar jafar khaan ne dilli saltanat ki adhinata ko tyag diya. jafar khaan ‘sultan mujaffar shah’ ki upadhi grahan kar 1407 ee. mean gujarat ka svatantr sultan bana. usane malava ke raja hushangashah ko parajit kar usaki rajadhani dhar ko apane qabze mean kar liya. 1411 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee.

ahamadashah (1411-1443 ee.)

tatar khaan ka putr ahamad ‘ahamadashah’ ki padavi grahan kar sianhasan par baitha. use gujarat ke svatantr rajy ka vastavik sansthapak mana jata hai. vah b da hi parakrami evan yogy shasak tha. usane apane shasan kal mean malava, asiragadh evan rajapootana ke anek rajyoan par vijay prapt ki thian. ahamadashah ne asabal ke samip ahamadanagar namak nagar ki sthapana ki. kalantar mean usane apani rajadhani ko patana se ahamadanagar sthanantarit kiya. 1443 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee. usane gujarat mean pratham bar hinduo par jaziya kar lagaya. prashasan ke padoan par dasoan ko b di matra mean niyukti kiya. ahamadashah ke kal mean misr ke prasiddh vidvan 'badruddin damamini' gujarat ki yatra ki. ahamad ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr muhammadashah dvitiy gaddi par baitha. 1451 ee. mean muhammad ki mrityu ko gee. log muhammadashah ko usaki dani pravritti ke karan 'jarabakhsh' arthath 'svarnadan karane vala' kahate the. apane mridul svabhav ke karan usane 'karim ya dayalu' ki upadhi prapt ki. phalasvaroop isi varsh kutubuddin ahamad sianhasan par baitha. usane 1458 ee. tak shasan kiya. kutubuddin ke bad fatah khaan ‘bul-fatah mahamood’ ki upadhi grahan kar gujarat ka sultan bana. itihas mean usaka nam mahamood beg da ke nam se ullikhit hai.

sultan mahamood beg da (1458-1511 ee.)

mahamood ko ‘beg da’ ki upadhi girinar v joonagadh tatha champaner ke qiloan ko jitane ke bad mili. vah apane vansh ka sarvadhik pratapi shasak tha. usane girinar ke samip ‘mustafabad’ ki sthapana kar use apani rajadhani banaya. champaner ke samip beg da ne 'mahamoodabad' ki sthapana ki. vah dharmik roop se asahishnu tha. beg da ne gujarat ke samudr tatoan par badh rahe purtagali prabhav ko kam karane ke lie misr ke shasak se nau-sena ki sahayata lekar purtagaliyo se sangharsh kiya, parantu mahamood ko saphalata nahian mili. sanskrit ka vidvan 'udayaraj' mahamood beg da ka darabari kavi tha tatha usane 'mahamood charit' namak kavy likha. barthema evan barabosa ne mahamood ke vishay mean anek rochak janakari upalabdh karayi hai. apane shasan kal ke aantim varshoan mean usane dvarika ki vijay ki. 23 navambar, 1511 ko isaki mrityu ke bad usaka putr khalil khaan mujaffar shah dvitiy ki padavi grahan kar sianhasan par baitha. usaka mukhy sangharsh meva d ke rana saanga se hua. usane medani ray ke khilaf malava ke shasak mahamood khilaji ki sahayata ki thi. aprail, 1526 ee. mean usaki mrityu ke bad bahadurashah (1526 se 1537 ee.) gujarat ke sianhasan par baitha. 1531 ee. mean usane malava ko jitakar gujarat mean mila liya. ise usaki mahanh sainik upalabdhi mean gina jata tha. 1534 ee. mean usake dvara chittau d par akraman kiya gaya. 1535 ee. mean mugal shasak humayooan ne use buri tarah parajit kar gujarat ke bahar khade d diya. parantu humayooan ke vapas hone par bahadur shah ne punah gujarat par adhikar kar liya. 1537 ee. mean usaki hatya purtagaliyo dvara kar di gee. 1572-1573 ee. mean akabar ne gujarat ko mugal samrajy mean mila liya.

meva d (azadi se poorv)

alauddin khilaji ne 1303 ee. mean meva d ke guhilaut rajavansh ke shasak ratanasianh ko parajit kar meva d ko dilli saltanat mean milaya. guhilaut vansh ki ek shakha ‘sisodiya vansh’ ke hammir dev ne muhammad tugalaq ke samay mean chittau d ko jit kar poore meva d ko svatantr kara liya. 1378 ee. mean hammir dev ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr kshetrasianh (1378-1405 ee.) meva d ki gaddi par baitha. kshetrasianh ke bad usaka putr lakkhasianh 1405 ee. mean sianhasan par baitha. lakkhasianh ki mrityu ke bad 1418 ee. mean usaka putr mokal raja hua. mokal ne kaviraj bani vilas aur yogeshvar namak vidvanoan ko ashray diya. usake shasan kal mean mana, phanna aur vishal namak prasiddh shilpakar ashray paye huye the. mokal ne anek mandiroan ka jirnoanddhar karaya tatha ekaliang mandir ke charoan taraf parakote ka bhi nirman karaya. usaki gujarat shasak ke viruddh kiye gaye abhiyan ke samay hatya kar di gayi. 1431 ee. mean usaki mrityu ke bad rana kumbha meva d ke raj sianhasan par baitha.

rana kumbha

kumbhakaran v rana kumbha ke shasan kal mean usaka ek rishtedar ranamal kafi shaktishali ho gaya. ranamal se eesharya karane vale kuchh rajapoot saradaroan ne usaki hatya kar di. rana kumbha ne apane prabal pratidvandvi malava ke shasak husangashah ko parast kar 1448 ee. mean chittau d mean ek ‘kirti stambh’ ki sthapana ki.

sthapaty kala ke kshetr mean usaki any upalabdhiyoan mean meva d mean nirmit 84 qiloan mean se 32 qile haian, jise rana kumbha ne banavaya tha. madhy yug ke shasakoan mean rana kumbha ek mahanh shasak tha. vah svayan vidvan tatha ved, smriti, mimaansa, upanishad, vyakaran, rajaniti aur sahity ka jnata tha. usane char sthaniy bhashaoan mean char natakoan ki rachana ki tatha jayadev krit ‘git govind’ par 'rasik priya' namak tika likha. usane kumbhalagadh ke navin nagar evan qiloan mean anek shanadar imaratean banavayian. usane atri aur mahesh ko apane darabar mean sanrakshan diya tha. jinhoanne prasiddh 'vijay stambh' ki rachana ki thi. usane basantapur namak sthan ko punah abad kiya. 1473 ee. mean usaki hatya usake putr uday ne kar di. rajapoot saradaroan ke virodh ke karan uday adhik dino tak satta-sukh nahian bhog saka. uday ke bad usaka chhota bhaee rajamal (1473 se 1509 ee.) gaddi par baitha. 36 varsh ke saphal shasan kal ke bad 1509 ee. mean usaki mrityu ke bad usaka putr 'rana sangram sianh' ya rana saanga (1509 se 1528 ee.) meva d ki gaddi par baitha. usane apane shasan kal mean dilli, malava, gujarat ke viruddh abhiyan kiya. 1527 ee mean khanava ke yuddh mean vah mugal badashah babar dvara parajit kar diya gaya. isake bad shaktishali shasan ke abhav mean jahaangir ne ise mugal samrajy ke adhin kar liya. meva d ki sthapana rathaur vanshi shasak chund ne ki thi. jodhapur ki sthapana chund ke putr jodha ne ki thi.

u disa (azadi se poorv)

mugal shasakoan dvara u disa par adhikar karane se poorv vahaan anek kshetriy rajavanshoan ka shasan tha. yah rajy ganga nadi ke delta se lekar godavari nadi ke muhane tak phaila tha. u disa ko avantivarman chodagang ne ek shaktishali rajy ke roop mean sangathit kiya tha. avantivarman ne 1076 se 1148 ee. tak, lagabhag 70 varsh tak shasan kiya. u disa par nimn tin vansh ke shasakoan ne rajy kiya-

1. poorvi gang vansh
2. sooryavanshi gajapati vansh
3. bhoee vansh

purvi gang vansh

poorvi gang vansh mean jo shasak hue, unaka vivaran is prakar se hai-

• anantavarman chodagang (1076-1148 ee.) - anantavarman ne lagabhag 70 varsh tak shasan kiya. usane ek shaktishali rajy ke roop mean u disa ka sangathan kiya. usane puri mean jagannath mandir puri tatha bhuvaneshvar mean liangaraj mandir ka nirman karavaya. apane shasan kal mean usane sanskrit aur telugu bhasha ke sahity ko sanrakshan pradan kiya.
  
• rajaraj tritiy (1197-1211 ee.) - isake shasan kal mean bakhtiyar khilaji ke do bhaiyoan- mohammad aur ahamad ke netritv mean u disa par akraman kiya gaya.
  
• anangabhim tritiy (1211-1238 ee.) - chateshvar abhilekh se prapt janakari ke anusar anangabhim ne gayasuddin evaj ko parajit kiya tha.
  
• bhanudev pratham - isane apane shasan kal mean muhammad tugalaq ke akraman ka samana kiya.
  
• bhanudev dvitiy (1352-1378 ee.) - isake shasan kal mean firozashah tugalaq ne u disa par akraman kiya tha. isi ke kal mean jagannath mandir ka vidhvans kiya gaya tha.
  
• bhanudev tritiy (1414-1435 ee.) - bhanudev tritiy poorvi gang vansh ka antim shasak tha.
  

sooryavanshi gajapati vansh

poorvi gang vansh ke bad u disa mean sooryavanshi gajapati vansh ka shasan arambh hua. is vansh ke shasakoan mean pramukh the-

• kapilendr (1435-1467 ee.) - isane gajapati vansh ki sthapana ki tatha u disa ki khoee huee pratishtha ko punah sthapit kiya. kapilendr ne bidar ke bahamani shasakoan tatha vijayanagar ke shasakoan se anek yuddh kie. usaka rajy ganga nadi se kaveri nadi tak phaila hua tha. isane bangal ke shasak nasirooddin ko hara kar 'gau deshvar' ki upadhi dharan ki.
• purushottam (1467-1497 ee.) - isaka shasan kal parabhav ka kal tha. isake shasan kal ke dauran godavari nadi ke dakshin ka adhar bhag usake rajy se prithakh ho gaya.
• prataparudr (1497-1540 ee.) - yah u disa ka antim shaktishali hindoo shasak tha. isake shasan kal mean rajy par vijayanagar ke krishnadev ray tatha golakunda ke kutubashahi rajy ne akraman karake bahut-sa hissa hathiya liya tha.

bhoee vansh

gajapati vansh ke bad u disa par bhoee vansh ka shasan sthapit hua. is vansh ki sthapana "govind vidyasagar" ne ki thi. bhoee vansh ne u disa par 1539 ee. tak rajy kiya. is vansh ka ant kar mukund harichandan ne naye rajavansh ki sthapana ki. antatah 1586 mean bangal ke sultan ne u disa ko jitakar apane rajy mean mila liya.

kamaroop (azadi se poorv)

kamaroop (jise ab asam ke nam se jana jata hai), us samay 'kamat rajy' ke nam se prasidv tha. vah poorv mean ahom tatha pashchim mean bangal ke sultano dvara ghira hua tha. 13vian shatabdi ke arambhik varshoan mean brahmaputr ki ghati mean anek svatantr rajy the, jinamean kamaroop sarvadhik mahattvapoorn tha. 15vian shatabdi mean khen logoan ne kamaroop par apana adhikar kar liya. usane kooch bihar ke dakshin mean kuchh mil ki doori par sthit kamatapur ko apani rajadhani banaya.

• siandhuraj (1260-85 ee.) - kamaroop par ahom ki sainik gatividhiyo ka hamesha prabhav raha. ahom raja sukhaangpha ne siandhuraj ko parajit kar use apani adhinata svikar karane ke lie badhy kiya.
• pratapadhvaj (1300-1305 ee.) - pratapadhvaj ne kootaniti ke dvara ahom se maitripoorn sambandh sthapit kiya.
• durlabh narayan (1305-1350 ee.) - isane bhi ahomoan ke sath vaivahik sanbandh sthapit kar apani sthiti ko sudridh kiya.
• arimatta (1365-1385 ee.) - yah ray prithu vansh ka antim shasak tha. bhuyan saradaroan ke khen vansh ne isaki mrityu ke bad ray vansh ko ukha d pheka.
• niladhvaj (1440-1460 ee.) - yah khen vansh ka pahala shasak tha.
• nilambar (1480-1498 ee.) - yah khen vansh ka sarvadhik yogy shasak tha. nilambar khen vansh ka aantim shasak tha. 1498 ee. mean bangal ke alauddin husainashah ne nilambar ko parajit kar svany vahaan shasak ban gaya. isake sath hi khen vansh samapt ho gaya.

1498 ee. ke bad kamaroop mean koee yogy shasak nahian hua. 1515 ee. mean vishamasianh kamaroop ka shasak bana. vah kooch jati ka tha. kooch jati ke mahanatam shasak narayan the, jinake shasan kal mean rajy mean sukh aur samriddhi ka vikas hua. isi kal mean shasak aur samanto ke bich yuddh chhi d jane ke karan rajy ka do bhagoan mean vibhajan ho gaya- (1) kuch bihar aur (2) kuch hajo. vibhajan ke bad rajy mean sangharsh ki sthiti utpann ho gayi, jisaka fayada ahomoan aur musalamanoan ne uthaya. 1639 ee. mean kamaroop ke pashchimi bhag par musalamano tatha poorvi bhag par ahomoan ka adhikar ho gaya. in logoan ne chhah sau varshoan tak asam mean shasan kiya.

prantiy shailiyoan ka sthapaty kala mean yogadan

prantiy shailiyoan ka sthapaty kala mean bhi bahut hi mahattvapoorn sthan raha hai. jisaka kuchh vivaran is prakar se hai-

jaunapur

sharki vansh ke lagabhag sau varsh ke shasan kal mean yahaan par bahut si imaratoan jaise- mahal, masjid, maqabaroan adi ka nirman kiya gaya. sharki sultanoan dvara nirmit imaratoan mean hindoo-muslim sthapaty kala ka sundar mishran dikhaee p data hai. sharki sultanoan ke nirman kary apani b di-b di dhaluvaan evan tirachhi divaroan, vargakar stambhoan, chhoti gailariyoan evan kothariyoan ke karan kafi prasiddh haian. d aau. eeshvari prasad ne sharki shasakoan ke nirman karyoan ki prashansa karate hue likha hai ki, "jaunapur ke samrat kala aur vidya ke mahanh sanrakshak the, jin bhavanoan ka nirman in shasakoan ne karaya hai, ve unaki sthapaty kala ki abhiruchi ke praman haian, ye bhavan sudridh, prabhavayukt tatha sundar haian. inamean hindoo-muslim nirman kala shaili ke vicharoan ka vastavik evan prarambhik samanvay hai". sharki sultanoan ke kuchh mahattvapoorn nirman kary nimnalikhit haian-

• atala masjid
• jami masjid jaunapur
• jhanjhiri masjid
• lal daravaza masjid

spasht hai ki, sharki shasakoan ki sthapaty kala mean hindoo aur islami shailiyoan ka achchha samanvay hai. vishal dhalava divaroan, vargakar stanbh, chhote baramade aur chhayadar raste hindoo karigaroan dvara nirmit hone ke karan spashtatah hindoo visheshataean haian. minaroan ka abhav is kala ki mukhy visheshata hai. ye masjide dhvast hindoo sthalo par banayi gayi haian. inaki rachana shaili muhammad bin tugalaq dvara banavayi gayi begamapuri masjid (jama masjid) se bahut adhik prabhavit hai.

bangal

bangal shaili ke antargat nirmit adhikaansh imaratoan mean patthar ke sthan par eeant ka prayog kiya gaya hai. bangali sthapaty kala ki kuchh mahattvapoorn visheshataean nimnalikhit thian-

1. chhote-chhote khambhoan par nukili meharabean banavaee gee thian.
2. baans ki imaratoan se li gayi hindoo mandiroan ki lahariyedar karnisoan ki paramparagat shaili ka musalamanoan dvara anukaran kiya gaya.
3. kamal jaise sundar khudaee ke hindoo sajavat ke pratik chihyean ko apanaya gaya.

is samay mean nirmit kuchh mahattvapoorn imaratean nimnalikhit haian-

• pandua ki adina masjid- is masjid ka nirman 1364 ee.mean sultan sikandarashah ne karavaya tha. is masjid ke namaz ada karane vale bhavan ka mukhy kaksh sarvadhik alankrit hai. masjid ki pichhali divar aur uttar hal se sate vargakar kaksh mean sultan sikandarashah ki qabr hai. is masjid ko bangal mean sansar ke ashcharyoan mean gina jata hai. is vishal masjid mean hazaroan log ek sath namaz padh sakate the.
• jalaluddin muhammadashah ka maqabara- pandua mean sthit is maqabare ko ‘lakkhi maqabare’ ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. hindoo bhavanoan ki eeanto se nirmit yah maqabara ek gumbad ki vargakar imarat hai. isamean meharab aur dharan ka bakhoobi istemal kiya gaya hai.
• dakhil daravaza gau d mean sthit yah daravaza bharatiy shaili ke antargat eeant se nirmit imaratoan mean sarvotkrit mana jata hai. isaka nirman 1465 ee. mean hua. gau d mean sthit firoj minir jisame bangali shaili ke antargat nukili chhat ka prayog kiya gaya hai, 5 manjiloan ki 84 phit ooanchi minar hai. kuchh any nirman kary is prakar haian- gau d sthit ‘chhota sona masjid’ (1510 ee.), gau d ki ‘tantipura masjid’ (1475 ee.), b da sona masjid (1526 ee.), lotan masjid (1480 ee.), darasavari masjid (1480 ee.), qadam rasool masjid, ‘chakakatti masjid’ adi. chhota sona masjid ka nirman husainashah ke shasan kal mean vali muhammad ne karaya tha. b da sona masjid evan qadam rasool masjid ka nirman kary nusaratashah dvara karavaya gaya. chooanki bangal mean patthar ka abhav tha, isalie yahaan ki adhikaansh imaratoan ka nirman eeantoan se kiya gaya. yahi karan tha ki, in imaratoan ki ayu bahut kam rahi.

malava

malava par muslim shasakoan ke adhikar ke bad ek mahattvapoorn sthapaty shaili ka janm hua, jo dilli vastukala se prerit thi. yahaan par nirmit imaratoan mean dilli ke karigaroan ka upayog kiya gaya tha. malava vastukala shaili mean unaki dhaladar divarean, nukile meharab, meharaboan mean liantar v to doan ka prayog (tugalaq parampara), gumbad v piramid ke akar ki chhat (lodi shaili se prabhavit), ooanchi chaukiyoan par nirmit imaratean evan unake pravesh dvar tak pahuanchane ke lie banaee gee sidhiyoan ki saj-sajja mean vibhinn prakar ke rang prayog ki bahulata adi isaki visheshata hai. rang-birange patthar, sangamaramar evan tailoan ke prayog se yahaan ki imaratean adhik akarshak ban gee haian. malava shaili ke antargat nirmit adhikaansh imaratoan ka kendr bindu maandoo evan dhar hai. marshal ke anusar, ‘maandoo ki imaratean vastav mean janadar evan uddeshyapoorn haian aur jin imaratoan se unhoanne prerana grahan ki hai, unhian ki tarah rachanatmak pratibha se paripoorn haian. unaki apani maulikata ke karan unaki rachana aur sajavat ki apani visheshata, unake vibhinn aango ka sundar anupat athava any barik kam haian, jinaka niroopan karana lat masjid, dilavar khaan masjid evan malik mugis masjid adi kuchh aise nirman kary haian. jinaka nirman nasht kiye gaye hindoo mandiro ke avasheshoan se kiya gaya hai aur jisamean hindoo prabhav spasht roop se dikhaee p data hai. kamal maula masjid ka nirman dhar mean 1405 ee. mean kiya gaya. dilavar khaan masjid ka nirman maandoo mean 1405 ee. mean kiya gaya. malik mugis ki masjid ka nirman maandoo mean 1442 ee. mean kiya gaya. 150 phut lambi evan 132 phut chau di yah masjid ek ooanche chabootare par banaee gee hai. is masjid ke vishay mean parsi braun ka kahana hai ki, ‘yah pramukh masjid is yug ki bhavy evan apane akar ki addabhut rachana hai.’

• maandoo ka qila- hushangashah dvara nirmit maandoo ke qile ki sarvadhik akarshak imarat jami masjid evan asharafi mahal hai. jami masjid ka nirman kary 1454 ee. mean hushangashah dvara praranbh kiya gaya, kintu isako poora karane ka shrey mahamood khilaji ko hai. asharafi mahal ka nirman 1439-1469 ee. ke madhy mahamood khilaji ke dvara kiya gaya. qilean mean pravesh ke lie gaya dvar meharabadar hai, jinamean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn dilli daravaza hai. vargakar akar mean bani masjid ki ek bhuja 288 phut ki hai. masjid ke samane nirmit asharafi mahal ka nirman 1439-1469 ee. ke madhy mahamood khilaji ne karaya tha. asharafi mahal mean nirmit kee imaratoan mean hushangashah dvara nirmit ek madarasa bhi hai.
• baj bahadur evan roopamati ka mahal- is imarat ka nirman sultan nasiruddin shah dvara 1508-1509 ee. mean karavaya gaya. yah mahal paha di ke oopar nirmit hai. isamean kalatmakata ka abhav hai, doosari or roopamati ka mahal paha di ke dakshini kinare par sthit hai. is mahal ki chhat par baansuridar gumbadoan se yukt khule mandapoan ka nirman rani roopamati ke nirikshan mean hua tha.
• hushangabad ka maqabara- jami masjid ke pichhe bane hushangashah ke maqabare ka nirman kary 1440 ee. mean mahamood pratham ne poorn karaya. maqabare ke meharabadar pravesh marg ke dono taraf chhoti-chhoti jalidar pardevali khi dakiyaan bani haian. maqabare ke oopar bhadda evan nirjiv gumbad bana hai.
• hiandola mahal- ‘darabar hal’ ke nam se bhi jana jane vala yah mahal 1425 ee. mean ‘hushangashah’ dvara banavaya gaya. parsi braun ne hiandola mahal ki prashansa mean kaha hai ki, ‘bharat ki kuchh imaratean is ashcharyajanak imarat se adhik sundar v rachana mean adhik thos lagati haian. imarat ka akar aangrezi ke akshar 'aee' ke saman hai, jisamean niche ke bhag mean mukhy hal hai evan do manjile kamaroan ki katar usaki oopar ki katane vali rekha hai.’ apane barik evan svachchh nirman ke karan yah mahal atyadhik akarshak lagata hai.
• jahaz mahal- gayasuddin khilaji ke samay mean nirmit yah mahal maandoo mean sthit hai. yah mahal kapoor talab evan muanje talab ke madhy mean sthit hai. talab ke jal mean yah mahal jahaz ki tarah dikhaee deta hai. yah jahaz mahal apani meharabi divaroan, chhaye hue mandapoan evan sundar talaboan ke karan maandoo ki sundar imaratoan mean sthan rakhata hai. d aau.. radha kumud mukharji ne jahaz mahal evan hiandola mahal ki prashansa mean likha hai ki, ‘maandoo ke hiandola mahal, jahaz mahal madhyayugin bharatiy vastukala ke sarvashreshth udaharan haian. inamean islami prabhavajany sanrachanatmak adhar ki bhavyata ati vishalata tatha hindoo alankaran ki sundarata, parishkriti v sukshmata ka vivekapoorn samanvay hai.’
• kushk mahal- mahamood khilaji pratham dvara 1445 ee. mean nirmit yah mahal chanderi ke fatehabad namak sthan par sthit hai. yah mahal sat manjiloan ka hai. isake atirikt chanderi mean bhi jami masjid namak masjid ka nirman kiya gaya tha.

gujarat

prantiy shailiyoan mean sabase adhik vikasit shaili gujarat ki vastukala shaili thi. is shaili ko ‘sarvadhik sthaniy bharatiy shaili’ mana jata hai. d aau. sarasvati ke anusar, ‘inake anokhepan ko is uchch shreni ki vishisht shaili aur ek vibhinn prakar ki islamik sanrakshanata ki sanyukt upaj kahakar isaki sabase achchhi vyakhya ki ja sakati hai.’ gujarat shaili mean patthar ki kataee ka kam b di kushalata se kiya jata tha. jahaan pahale lak di ke khambhe, tho de naqqashi karake lagaye jate the, vahaan par ab patthar ka upayog hone laga tha. yahaan par ahamadashahi vansh ke shasakoan ke sanrakshan mean kee mahattvapoorn imaratoan ka nirman kiya gaya. ahamadashah ne ahamadabad ki nianv dali thi.

• baba farid ka maqabara- yah prasiddh soofi sant 'fariduddin ganj-e-shakar' ka maqabara hai. yah maqabara gujarat ki muslim sthapaty shaili ka pratham udaharan hai.
• jama masjid- is masjid ka nirman ahamadashah ne 1423 ee. mean ahamadabad mean karavaya. is masjid ko gujarat vastukala shaili ka sarvotkrisht namoona mana jata hai. d aau. varges ne, jisane arkiyal aaujikal sarve af vestarn iandiya ki apani paanch jildoan mean prachin evan madhyakalin vastukala ke itihas evan visheshataoan ka poora varnan kiya hai, likha hai ki, ‘‘yah shaili svadeshi kala ki sari sundarata tatha paripoornata ki us eshvary ke sath milavat thi, jisaki apani kritiyoan mean hi kami thi’’. yah ek aise vargakar bhoo-bhag par nirmit hai, jisake charoan or 4 khanakah nirmit haian. masjid ke meharaboan mimbar mean qarib 260 khambhe lage haian. masjid ke khambhoan evan gailariyoan par saghan khudaee huee hai. parsi braun ka mat hai ki, ‘poore desh mean nahian to, kam se kam pashchimi bharat mean yah masjid nirman kala ka shreshthatam namoona hai.’ fargyusan ne is masjid ki tulana ramapur ke rana kumbha ke mandir se ki hai. masjid qile mean pravesh ke lie bane chau de raste mean tin 37 phut ooanche daravazoan ka nirman kiya gaya hai.
• bh dauch ki jama masjid- 1300 ee. mean nirmit yah masjid hindoo mandiroan ke avashesh se banaee gee thi.
• khambhat ki jama masjid- 1425 ee. mean nirmit is masjid ke poojagrih ki tulana dilli ki kutub masjid evan ajamer ke adhaee din ke jhop de se ki jati hai.
• hilal khaan qazi ki masjid- dholaka mean sthit is masjid ka nirman 1333 ee. mean hua. is masjid mean poornatah sthaniy shaili mean do ooanchi minaroan ka nirman hua hai.
• tanka masjid- dholaka mean sthit is masjid ka nirman 1361 ee. mean kiya gaya. alankrit stambhoan vali is masjid mean hindoo shaili ki spasht chhap dikhaee p dati hai.
• ahamadashah ka maqabara- is maqabare ka nirman jama masjid ke poorv mean sthit ahate mean muhammadashah ne karavaya. is vargakar imarat ka pravesh dvar dakshin bhag mean hai. maqabare ke oopar b de gumbad ka nirman kiya gaya hai. kuchh any mahattvapoorn imaratoan mean patan mean sthit shekh farid ka maqabara, ahamadabad mean saiyyad alam ki masjid, kutubuddinashah ki masjid, rani roopavati ki masjid adi ullekhaniy hai.

gujarat mean islami sthapaty kala ka gauravapoorn aranbh mahamood beg da ke sianhasanaroodh (1149-1511 ee.) hone se hota hai, jisane tin nagaroan - chanpaner, joonagadh, aur kheda ki sthapana ki. in sthanoan par usane shanadar imaratean banavayian. usake dvara nirmit imaratoan mean chanpaner ki jami masjid, manohar imaratean adi haian. isake atirikt sidi saiyyad masjid, saiyyad usman ka roja muhammad gaus ki masjid ityadi gujarat sthapaty kala ke any mahattvapoorn kary haian.

kashmir

kashmiri sthapaty kala ke antargat sthaniy shasakoan ne hinduoan ke prachin paramparagat patthar evan lak di ke prayog ko mahatv diya. yahaan ki vastukala shaili mean bhi hindoo-muslim sthapaty kala shaili ka samanvay hua hai. marshal ke anusar, ‘kashmir ke bhavan hindoo-muslim kala ke sammishran ke parichayak haian.’’ yahaan ke mahattvapoorn nirman kary haian- shrinagar ka ‘mandani ka maqabara’ jama masjid, jise butashikan sikandar ne banavaya tha. kalantar mean isaka vistar jainul abadin ne kiya. is masjid ko poorv mugal shaili ka shikshaprad udaharan mana jata hai. shah hamadani ki masjid poornatah imarati lak di se nirmit hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh