साधु अखाड़ा

akha da jisaka sidha sa arth hai, ek aisi jagah jahaan pahalavani ka shauk rakhane vale log daanv-pech sikhate haian. akha de mean badan par mitti lapetakar takat ajamate haian aur dushmanoan ko patakhani dene ki nee-nee takanik eejad karate haian. ye akha de pahalavani ke kam ate haian. bad mean kuchh aise akha de samane ae, jinamean pahalavani ke bajay dharm ke daanv-pech ajamae jane lage. inaki shuruat 'adi guru' kahe jane vale shankarachary ne ki thi. bharat ki prachin parampara mean akha doan ka itihas bahut purana hai. bharatiy itihas ko dekhean to pata chalata hai ki prachin samay se hi raja-maharajaoan ki akha doan mean roochi rahi. akha doan mean kushti jaisi pratiyogitaean hoti rahati thian aur pahalavanoan ko b de-b de puraskaroan se sammanit kiya jata tha.

akha doan ka janm

adi shankarachary ne sadiyoan pahale bauddh dharm ke badhate prasar aur mugaloan ke akraman se hindoo sanskriti ko bachane ke lie akha doan ki sthapana ki thi. shahi savari, hathi-gho de ki sajavat, ghanta-nad, naga-akha doan ke karatab aur talavar aur bandook ka khule am pradarshan yah akha doan ki pahachan hai. yah sadhuoan ka vah dal hai jo shastr vidya mean parangat hota hai. akha doan se ju de santoan ke mutabik jo shastr se nahian manate, unhean shastr se manane ke lie akha doan ka janm hua. in akha doan ne svatantrata sangharsh mean bhi mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee hai. ajadi ke bad in akha doan ne apana sainy charitr tyag diya tha. shuroo mean sirph 4 pramukh akha de the, lekin vaicharik matabhed ki vajah se unaka bantavara hota gaya.

aise mila nam

akha da, yooan to kushti se ju da hua shabd hai, kiantu jahaan bhi daanv-peanch ki guanjaish hoti hai, vahaan isaka prayog bhi hota hai. pahale ashramoan ke akha doan ko 'be da' arthat 'sadhuoan ka jattha' kaha jata tha. pahale akha da shabd ka chalan nahian tha. sadhuoan ke jatthe mean pir hote the. akha da shabd ka chalan mugal kal se shuroo hua. halaanki, kuchh granthoan ke mutabik 'alakh' shabd se hi 'akha da' shabd ki utpatti huee hai. jabaki dharm ke kuchh janakaroan ke mutabik sadhuoan ke akkh d svabhav ke chalate ise akha da ka nam diya gaya.

kya akshavat se bana akha da?

akha da, yooan to kushti se ju da hua shabd hai, lekin jahaan bhi daanv-peanch ki guanjaish hoti hai, vahaan isaka prayog bhi hota hai. prachin kal mean bhi rajy ki or se ek nirdharit sthan par jua khilane ka prabandh kiya jata tha, jise 'akshavat' kahate the. akshavat, bana hai do shabdoan 'aksh' aur 'vatah' se milakar. aksh ke kee arth haian, jinamean ek arth hai chausar ya chaup d, athava usake pase. vat ka arth hota hai ghira hua sthan. yah bana hai sanskrit dhatu vath se jisake tahat gherana, golakar karana adi bhav ate haian. isase hi bana hai udyan ke arth mean vatika jaisa shabd. chaup d ya chauras jagah ke lie bane va da jaise shabd ke pichhe bhi yahi vath dhatu ka hi yogadan raha hai. isi tarah vat ka ek roop ba da bhi hua, jisaka arth bhi ghira hua sthan hai. aprabhansh ke chalate kahian-kahian ise bag d bhi bola jata hai.

is tarah dekha jae to, akshavatah ka arth hua, ‘dyootagrih arthat juaghar.’ akha da shabd sanbhavat: yooan bana hoga- akshavatah akkhada, akkhada, akha da. isi tarah akha de mean ve sab sharirik kriyaean bhi a geean, jinhean kri da ki sanjna di ja sakati thi aur jin par daanv lagaya ja sakata tha. jahir hai prabhavashali logoan ke bich shan aur manoranjan ki l daee ke lie kushti ka prachalan tha, isalie dhire-dhire kushti ka ba da akha da kahalane laga aur juaghar ko akha da kahane ka chalan khatm ho gaya. ab to vyayamashala ko bhi akha da kahate haian aur sadhu-sannyasiyoan ke math ya rukane ke sthan ko bhi akha da kaha jata hai. halaanki adhunik vyayamashala ka nirman svami samarth ramadan ki den hai, lekin santoan ke akha doan ka nirman purane samay se hi chala a raha hai. vyayam shala mean pahalavan kushti ka abhyas karate haian. dand, baithak adi lagakar sharirik shram karate haian vahian santoan ke akha doan mean bhi sharirik shram ke sath hi astr aur shastr ka abhyas karate haian.

13 akha doan ke jimme hiandoo dharm

mana jata hai ki bharat mean jo sanatan dharm hai, usake haliya svaroop ko adi guru shankarachary ne sthapit kiya tha. desh ke char konoan uttar mean badrinath, dakshin mean rameshvaram, poorv mean jagannath puri aur pashchim mean dvarika pith ki sthapana kar shankarachary ne dharm ko sthapit karane ki koshish ki. isi dauran unhean laga ki jab samaj mean dharm ki virodhi shaktiyaan sir utha rahi haian, to sirph adhyatmik shakti ke jarie hi in chunautiyoan ka mukabala karana kaphi nahian hai. shankarachary ne jor diya ki yuva sadhu kasarat karake sharir ko sudridh banaean aur kuchh hathiyar chalane mean bhi kushalata hasil karean. isake lie aise math sthapit kie ge, jahaan kasarat ke sath hi hathiyar chalane ka prashikshan diya jane laga. aise hi mathoan ko akha da kaha jane laga. shankarachary ne ye bhi sujhav diya ki math, mandiroan aur shraddhaluoan ki suraksha ke lie jaroorat p dane par shakti ka istemal kiya ja sakata hai. is tarah akha doan ka janm hua. philahal desh mean kul 13 akha de haian.

tin matoan mean bante 13 akha de

hiandoo dharm ke ye sabhi 13 akha de tin matoan mean bante hue haian. inake alava pichhale sal nasik mean hue mahakuanbh ke dauran pari akha de aur kinnar akha de ne bhi manyata maangi thi, lekin akhil bharatiy akha da parishad ne manyata dene se inakar kar diya tha.

shaiv sannyasi sanpraday

isake pas sat akha de haian. shiv aur unake avataroan ko manane vale shaiv kahe jate haian. shaiv mean shakt, nath, dashanami, nag jaise up sanpraday haian.

1. shri panchayati akha da mahanirvani, daraganj, ilahabad, uttar pradesh - mahakaleshvar jyotirliang ki pooja ka jimh‍ma isi akha de ke pas hai. yah paranpara pichhale kee sal se chali a rahi hai.
2. shri panch atal akha da, chauk, varanasi, uttar pradesh - is akha de mean brahman, kshatriy aur vaishy hi diksha le sakate haian.
3. shri panchayati akha da niranjani, daraganj, ilahabad, uttar pradesh - yah akha da sabase jyada shikshit akha da hai. is akha de mean karib 50 mahamandaleshvar haian.
4. shri taponidhi anand akha da panchayati, trayanbakeshvar, nasik - yah shaiv akha da hai jisamean mahamandaleshvar nahian hote. achary ka pad hi pramukh hota hai.
5. shri panchadashanam joona akha da, baba hanuman ghat, varanasi - sabase b da akha da hai. karib 5 lakh sadhu sant isase ju de haian.
6. shri panchadashanam avahan akha da, dashashvamedh ghat, varanasi, uttar pradesh - anh‍y akha doan mean mahila sadhviyoan ko bhi diksha di jati hai lekin is akha de mean aisi koee paranpara nahian hai.
7. shri panchadashanam panch agni akha da, girinagar, bhavanath, joonagadh, gujarat - is akha de mean keval brahmachari brahman hi diksha le sakate hai. koee any diksha nahian le sakata hai.

vairagi sanpraday

inake pas tin akha de haian. vaishnav sampraday ke log vishnu ko eeshvar manate haian. vaishnav ke bahut se up sanpraday haian. inamean bairagi, das, ramanand, vallabh, nimbark, madhav, radhavallabh, sakhi aur gau diy shamil haian.

1. shri diganbar ani akha da, shamalaji khak chauk mandir, saanbhar kaantha, gujarat - is akha de ko vaishnav sanpraday mean raja kaha jata hai.
2. shri nirvani ani akha da, hanuman gadh, ayodhya, uttar pradesh - vaishnav sanpraday ke tinoan ani akha doan mean se isi mean sabase jyada akha de shamil haian. inaki sankhya 9 hai.
3. shri panch nirmohi ani akha da, dhir samir mandir bansivat, vriandavan, mathura, uttar pradesh - akha de mean kushti pramukh hoti hai jo inake jivan ka ek hissa hai. akha de ke kee sant propheshanal pahalavan rah chuke haian.

udasin sanpraday

udasin sanpraday mean bhi tin akha de haian. ye sikkh sadhuoan ka sanpraday hai jisaki kuchh shikshaean sikkh panth se li gee haian. ye log sanatan dharm ko manate haian.

1. shri panchayati b da udasin akha da, krishnanagar, kidaganj, ilahabad, uttar pradesh - is akha de uddeshh‍y seva karana hai. is akha de mean keval 4 mahant hote haian jo hamesha seva mean lage rahate haian.
2. shri panchayati akha da naya udasin, kanakhal, haridvar, uttarakhand - is akha de mean 8 se 12 sal tak ke bachchoan ko diksha di jati hai.
3. shri nirmal panchayati akha da, kanakhal, haridvar, uttarakhand - is akha de mean dhoomrapan ki ijajat nahian hai. is bare mean akha de ke sabhi keandroan ke get par isaki soochana likhi hoti hai.

atirikt

isake alava bhi sikkh, vaishnav aur shaiv sadhu-santoan ke akha de haian jo kuanbh snan mean bhag lete haian-

• shaiv sanpraday - avahn, atal, anand, niranjani, mahanirvani, agni, joona, gudad.
• vaishnav sanpraday - nirmohi, diganbar, nirvani.
• udasin sanpraday - b da udasin, naya udasin nirmal sanpraday- nirmal akha da.

anushthanoan mean sakriy bhagidari

ye sabhi 13 akha de hiandoo dharm se ju de riti-rivajoan aur tyoharoan ka ayojan karate rahate haian. kuanbh aur arddh kumbh ke ayojan mean in akha doan ki khas bhoomika hoti hai. kuanbh desh mean char jagahoan par lagata hai, jinamean ilahabad, nasik, haridvar aur ujjain haian. har 12 sal mean ek jagah par kuanbh ka ayojan hota hai. ilahabad aur haridvar mean har chhah sal mean ardhakuanbh ka ayojan kiya jata hai. kuanbh aur ardhakuanbh mean snan ke dauran in sabhi akha doan ko vishesh suvidhaean milati haian. nahane ke lie vishesh prabandh hote haian aur inake nahane ke bad hi am shraddhalu snan kar sakata hai. 1954 mean isi tarah ilahabad mean kuanbh ka ayojan hua tha. usi dauran bhagad d mach gee, jisamean saik doan logoan ki maut ho gee. isase pahale bhi ayojit hue kuanbh aur ardhakuanbh ke alava doosare dharmik ayojanoan mean akha doan ke bich varchasv ki l daee chalati rahati thi. isase bachane ke lie 1954 mean 'akhil bharatiy akha da parishad' ki sthapana ki gee. isake tahat kul 13 akha de shamil haian. isi baithak mean sabhi akha doan ke kuanbh aur ardhakuanbh mean snan ka vakt aur unaki jimmedari tay kar di gee thi, jise sabhi akha de ab bhi manate haian.

mahamandaleshvar ka pad

kisi bhi akha de mean mahamandaleshvar ka pad sabase ooancha hota hai. mahamandaleshvar pad shaiv sanpraday ke dashanami sannyasiyoan ne eejad kiya tha. dashanami shabd un sannyasiyoan ke lie istemal kiya jata hai, jo shankarachary ke anuyayi haian. halaanki ye bhi mana jata hai ki dakshin bharat ke shrriangeri math ke tisare achary sureshvarachary ne jin sannyasiyoan ka gut banaya tha, unhean dashanami kaha jata hai. hakikat jo bhi ho, lekin akha de mean mahamandaleshvar sabase ooancha ohada hota hai. dashanami sannyasiyoan ne sanatan dharm ki raksha ke lie mahamandaleshvar ka pad banaya aur usaki kuchh yogyataean tay kar dian. mahamandaleshvar aise vyakti ko banaya jata hai, jo sadhu charitr aur shastriy paandity donoan ke desh-duniya mean jana jata ho. pahale aise logoan ko 'paramahans' kaha jata tha. 18vian shatabdi mean unhean mahamandaleshvar ki upadhi di gee. mahamandaleshvar ki padavi dharan karane vale jitane bhi log hote haian, unamean jo sabase jyada jnani hota hai, use achary mahamandaleshvar kahate haian. halaanki kuchh akha doan mean mahamandaleshvar nahian hote haian. unamean achary ka pad hi pramukh hota hai.

mahamandaleshvar ki badhati sankhya

sanatan dharm ke rakshak mane jane vale akha doan ke lie mahamandaleshvar dhanakuber bhi sabit hote haian|.shayad yahi vajah hai ki lagabhag sabhi akha doan mean mahamandaleshvaroan ki sankhya badhati ja rahi hai| sachin datta ko jab mahamandaleshvar pad diya gaya tha, to us dauran pari akha de ki mahamandaleshvar trikal bhavanta ne bhi mana tha ki akha doan mean paise ka varchasv badh gaya hai|.akha doan se ju de logoan ki manean to sannyasi sanpraday se ju de akha doan mean mahamandaleshvar pad ke lie 75 lakh se ek karo d rupaye tak kharch kie jate haian|.vahian vaishnav sanpraday se ju de akha doan mean mahamandaleshvar banane ke lie 40 se 50 lakh rupaye kharch karane p date haian| akha da jitana b da hai, rakam bhi utani hi b di hoti hai|.sachin ke mahamandaleshvar banane mean bhi do karo d rupaye kharch karane ki bat samane aee thi. 2001 tak udasin aur sannyasi akha doan mean lagabhag 100 mahamandaleshvar the. 2013 ke prayag ardhakuanbh mean inaki sankhya 300 se adhik ho gee thi. 2001 mean vaishnav sanpraday ke akha doan mean mahamandaleshvaroan ki sankhya 400 se adhik thi, jo 2013 tak badhakar 700 se adhik pahuanch gee thi.

akha doan ka alag niyam

kuanbh mean shamil hone vale sabhi akha de apane alag-niyam aur kanoon se sanchalit hote haian. yahaan jurm karane vale sadhuoan ko akha da parishad saja deta hai. chhoti chook ke doshi sadhu ko akha de ke kotaval ke sath ganga mean paanch se lekar 108 dubaki lagane ke lie bheja jata hai. dubaki ke bad vah bhige kap de mean hi devasthan par akar apani galati ke lie kshama maangata hai. phir pujari pooja sthal par rakha prasad dekar use doshamukt karate haian. vivah, hatya ya dushkarm jaise mamaloan mean use akha de se nishkasit kar diya jata hai. akha de se nikal jane ke bad hi in par bharatiy sanvidhan mean varnit kanoon lagoo hota hai.

yadi akha de ke do sadasy apas mean l dean-bhi dean, koee naga sadhu vivah kar le ya dushkarm ka doshi ho, chhavani ke bhitar se kisi ka saman chori karate hue pak de jane, devasthan ko apavitr kare ya varjit sthan par pravesh, koee sadhu kisi yatri, yajaman se abhadr vyavahar kare, akha de ke manch par koee apatr chadh jae to use akha de ki adalat saja deti hai. akha doan ke kanoon ko manane ki shapath naga banane ki prakriya ke dauran dilaee jati hai. akha de ka jo sadasy is kanoon ka palan nahian karata use bhi nishkashit kar diya jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• ye haian pramukh 13 akha de, inamean se 7 shaivoan ke, 3 vaishnavoan ke aur 3 sikkhoan ke haian