चार्वाक दर्शन

lokayat / charvak darshan

charvak darshan ke anusar prithvi, jal, tej tatha vayu ye char hi tattv srishti ke mool karan haian. jis prakar bauddh usi prakar charvak ka bhi mat hai ki akash namak koee tattv nahian hai. yah shoony matr hai. apani anavik avastha se sthool avastha mean ane par uparyukt char tattv hi bahy jagat, indriy athava deh ke roop mean drisht hote haian. akash ki vastvatmak satta n manane ke pichhe inaki praman vyavastha karan hai. jis prakar ham gandh, ras, roop aur sparsh ka pratyaksh anubhav karate hue unake samavayiyoan ka bhi tattat indriyoan ke dvara pratyaksh karate haian. akash tattv ka vaisa pratyaksh nahian hota. at: unake mat mean akash namak tattv hai hi nahian. char mahabhootoan ka moolakaran kya hai? is prashn ka uttar charvakoan ke pas nahian hai. yah vishv akasmat bhinn-bhinn roopoan evan bhinn-bhinn matraoan mean milane vale char mahabhootoan ka sangrah ya sanghatt matr hai.

atma

charvakoan ke anusar char mahabhootoan se atirikt atma namak koee any padarth nahian hai. chaitany atma ka gun hai. chooanki atma namak koee vastu hai hi nahian at: chaitany sharir ka hi gun ya dharm siddh hota hai. arthath yah sharir hi atma hai. isaki siddhi ke tin prakar hai-

1. tark,
2. anubhav aur
3. ayurved shastr.

tark se atma ki siddhi ke liye charvak log kahate haian ki sharir ke rahane par chaitany rahata hai aur sharir ke n rahane par chaitany nahian rahata. is anvay vyatirek se sharir hi chaitany ka adhar arthath atma siddh hota hai.

anubhav 'maian sthool hooan', 'maian durbal hooan', 'maian gora hooan' , 'maian nishkriy hooan' ityadi anubhav hamean pag-pag par hota hai. sthoolata durbalata ityadi sharir ke dharm haian aur 'maian' bhi vahi hai. at: sharir hi atma hai.

ayurved jis prakar gud, jau, mahua adi ko mila dene se kal kram ke anusar us mishran mean madashakt utpann hoti hai, athava dahi pili mitti aur gobar ke paraspar mishran se usamean bichchhoo paida ho jata hai athava pan, kattha, supari aur choona mean lal rang n rahane par bhi unake mishran se muanh mean lalima utpann ho jati hai usi prakar chaturbhootoan ke vishisht sammishran se chaitany utpann ho jata hai. kintu in bhootoan ke vishisht matra mean mishran ka karan kya hai? is prashn ka uttar charvak ke pas svabhavavad ke atirikt kuchh nahian hai.

• eeshvar-nyay adi shastroan mean eeshvar ki siddhi anuman ya apt vachan se ki jati hai. chooanki charvak pratyaksh aur keval pratyaksh praman ko manata hai at: usake mat mean pratyaksh drishyaman raja hi eeshvar haian vah apane rajy ka tatha usamean rahane vali praja ka niyanta hota hai. at: use hi eeshvar manana chahiye.

jnan mimaansa

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

• pramey arthath vishay ka yatharth jnan arthath prama ke liye praman ki avashyakata hoti hai. charvak lok keval pratyaksh praman manate haian. vishay tatha indriy ke sannikarsh se utpann jnan pratyaksh jnan kahalata hai. hamari indriyoan ke dvara pratyaksh dikhalayi p dane vala sansar hi pramey hai. isake atirikt any padarth asat hai. aankh, kan, nak, jihva aur tvacha ke dvara roop shabd gandh ras evan sparsh ka pratyaksh ham sabako hota hai. jo vastu anubhavagamy nahian hoti usake liye kisi any praman ki avashyakata bhi nahian hoti. bauddh, jain namak avaidik darshan tatha nyayavaisheshik adi arddhavaidik darshan anuman ko bhi praman manate haian. unaka kahana hai ki samast pramey padarthoan ki satta keval pratyaksh praman se siddh nahian ki ja sakati. parantu charvak ka kathan hai ki anuman se keval sambhavana paida ki ja sakati hai. nishchayatmak jnan pratyaksh se hi hota haian. doorasth hare bhare vrikshoan ko dekhakar vahaan pakshiyoan ka kolahal sunakar, udhar se ane vali hava ke thande jhoke se ham vahaan pani ki sambhavana manate haian. jal ki upalabdhi vahaan jakar pratyaksh dekhane se hi nishchit hoti hai. at: sambhavana utpann karane tatha lokavyavahar chalane ke liye anuman avashyak hota hai kintu vah praman nahian ho sakata. jis vyapti ke adhar par anuman praman ki satta mani jati hai vah vyapti ke atirikt kuchh nahian hai. dhoom ke sath agni ka, pushp ke sath gandh ka hona svabhav hai. sukh aur dharm ka du:kh aur adharm ka karyakaran bhav svabhavik hai. jaise kokil ke shabd mean madhurata tatha kauve ke shabd mean karkashata svabhavik hai usi prakar sarvatr samajhana chahiye.
• jahaan tak shabd praman ki bat hai to vah to ek prakar se pratyaksh praman hi hai. apt purush ke vachan hamako pratyaksh sunayi dete haian. unako sunane se arth jnan hota hai. yah pratyaksh hi hai.jahaan tak vedoan ka prashn hai unake vaky adrisht aur ashrutapoorn vishayoan ka varnan karate haian at: unaki vishvasaniyata sandigdh hai. sath hi adharm adi mean ashvalingagrahan sadrish lajjaspad evan maansabhakshan sadrish ghrinaspad kary karane se tatha jarbhari turphari adi arthahin shabdoan ka prayog karane se ved apani apramanikata svayan siddh karate haian.

achar mimaansa

uparyukt vivaran se yah spasht ho jata hai ki charvak log is pratyaksh drishyaman deh aur jagath ke atirikt kisi any padarth ko svikar nahian karate. dharm, arth, kam aur moksh namak purusharthachatushtay ko ve log purush arthath manushy deh ke liye upayogi manate haian. unaki drishti mean arth aur kam hi param purusharth hai. dharm nam ki vastu ko manana moorkhata hai kyoanki jab is sansar ke atirikt koee any svarg adi hai hi nahian to dharm ke phal ko svarg mean bhogane ki bat anargal hai. pakhandi dhoorttoan ke dvara kapolakalpit svarg ka sukh bhogane ke liye yahaan yajn adi karana dharm nahian hai balki usamean ki jane vali pashu hiansa adi ke karan vah adharm hi hai tatha havan adi karana tattd vastuoan ka durupayog tatha vyarth sharir ko kasht dena hai isaliye jo kary sharir ko sukh pahuanchaye usi ko karana chahiye. jisamean indriyoan ki tripti ho man andit ho vahi kary karana chahiye. jinase indriyoan ki tripti ho man anandit ho unhian vishayoan ka sevan karana chahiye. sharir indriy man ko anandaplavit karane mean jo tattv badhak hote haian unako door karana, n karana, mar dena dharm hai. sharirik manasik kasht sahana, vishayanand se man aur sharir ko balat virat karana adharm hai. tatpary yah hai ki astik vaidik evan yahaan tak ki ardhavaidik darshanoan mean, puranoan smritiyoan mean varnit achar ka palan yadi sharir sukh ka sadhak hai to unaka anusaran karana chahiye aur yadi ve usake badhak hote haian to unaka sarvatha sarvada tyag kar dena chahiye.

moksh

charvakoan ki moksh ki kalpana bhi unake tattv mimaansa evan jnan mimaansa ke prabhav se poorn prabhavit hai. jab tak sharir hai tab tak manushy nana prakar ke kasht sahata hai. yahi narak hai. is kasht samooh se mukti tab milati hai jab deh chaitanyarahit ho jata hai arthath mar jata hai. yah marana hi moksh hai kyoanki mrit sharir ko kisi bhi kasht ka anubhav mar jata hai. yah marana hi moksh hai kyoanki mrit sharir ko kisi bhi kasht ka anubhav nahian hota. yadyapi any darshanoan mean atma ke astitv ko svikar karate hue usi ke mukt hone ki charcha ki gayi hai aur moksh ka svaroop bhinn-bhinn darshanoan mean bhinn-bhinn hai, tathapi charvak unaki manyata ko prashray nahian dete. ve n to moksh ko nity manate hue sanmatr manate haian, n nity manate hue sat aur chit svaroop manate haian n hi ve sachchidanand svaroop mean usaki sthiti ko hi moksh svikar karate haian.

charvak lokayat

• charvak darshan vah darshan hai jo jan samany mean svabhavat: priy hai. jis darshan ke vaky charu arthath ruchikar hoan vah charvak darshan hai. sabhi shastriy gambhir vishayoan ka vyavaharik evan laukik poorv paksh hi charvak darshan hai. sahaj roop mean jo kuchh ham karate haian vah sab kuchh charvak darshan ka adhar hai. charvak darshan jivan ke har paksh ko sahaj drishti se dekhata hai. jivan ke prati yah sahaj drishti hi charvak darshan hai. vastavikata to yah hai ki, vishv ka har manav jo jivan jita hai vah charvak darshan hi hai.
• aise vaky aur siddhant jo sabako ramaniy lagean lok mean ayat ya vishrut avashy hoange. sambhavat: yahi karan hai ki ham charvak darshan ko lokayat darshan ke nam se bhi janate haian. yah darshan barhaspaty darshan ke nam se bhi vidvanoan mean prasiddh hai. is nam se yah pratit hota hai ki yah darshan brihaspati ke dvara virachit hai.

charvak darshan ke praneta brihaspati

• brihaspati bharatiy samaj mean devataoan ke guru ke roop mean many haian. parantu bharatiy sahity mean brihaspati ek nahian haian. charvak darshan ke pravartak achary brihaspati kaun haian, yah nirnay kar pana atyant kathin kary hai. anigaras evan lauky roop mean do brihaspatiyoan ka samullekh rrigved mean prapt hota hai. ashvaghosh ke anusar anigaras brihaspati rajashastr ke praneta haian. lauky brihaspati ke mat mean sat padarth ki utpatti asat se mani jati hai. isi prakar asat padarth ki utpatti sat se mani gayi hai. j d padarthoan ko hi asat kaha jata hai. chetan padarthoan ko is manyata ke anusar sat kaha jata haian.
• ek brihaspati ka nirdesh mahabharat ke van parv mean bhi prapt hota hai. yah brihaspati shukr ka svaroop dharan kar indr ka sarankshan evan danavoan ka vinash karane ke uddeshy se anatmavad ya prapanch vijnan ki sanrachana karata hai. is prapanch vijnan ke phalasvaroop shubh ko ashubh evan ashubh ko shubh manate hue danav ved evan shastroan ki alochana evan ninda mean sanlagn ho jate haian.
• any prasang mean mahabharat mean hi ek aur brihaspati ka varnan milata hai jo shukrachary ke sath mil kar pravanchanashastr ki rachana karate haian. vibhinn shastroan ke acharyoan ki mane to charvak mat darshan ki shreni mean nahian mana ja sakata kyoanki is darshan mean matr madhur vachanoan ki a d mean vanchana ka hi kary kiya gaya hai. yah bat aur hai ki yadi charvak ki sunean to vah bhi vibhinn shastrajnoan ko vanchak hi ghoshit karata hai.

ek aise brihaspati ka taittariy brahman granth mean varnan milata hai jo gayatri devi ke mastak par aghat karata hai gayatri devi ko padm puran ke anusar samast vedoan ka mool mana gaya hai. is drishti se yah brihaspati ved ka virodhi mana ja sakata hai. sambhavat: ved ka virodh prati pad karane ke karan is brihaspati ko charvak darshan ka praneta bhi mana jana yuktiyukt hoga.

• vishnu puran mean bhi brihaspati ka prasang prapt hota hai. brihaspati ki is manyata ke anusar vaidik karmakand bahuvitt ke vyay evan prayas se sadhy he. vividh sukh ke sadhak ye vaidik upay kuchh arth lolup svarth kendrit dhoortoan ka hi vidhan hai.
• tarkik brihaspati ka bhi kahian kahian varnan milata hai. ye brihaspati ved ke anugami to avashy haian par tarkasammat anushthanoan ka hi samarthan karate haian. inaki drishti se tattv nirnay shastr par adharit avashy hona chahie parantu yah shastriy anusandhan tark poshit hona nitant avashyak hai. tark virahit chintan dharm ke nirdharan mean kabhi bhi sarthak nahian ho sakata hai.
• vatsyayan muni ne apane vishv prasiddh granth kamasootr mean arthashastr ke rachayita ke roop mean brihaspati ka ullekh kiya hai. brihaspati dvara virachit arthashastr ke ek sootr ke anusar shastr ke roop mean matr lokayat ko hi manyata di gayi hai. phalat: arthashastr ke praneta brihaspati evan lokayat shastr ke pravarttak mean antar kar pana atyant durooh kary hai. kuchh samalochakoan ne arthashastr ke evan lokayat shastr ke nirmata ko abhinn manane ke sath-sath kamasootroan ke praneta bhi brihaspati hi haian, yah mana hai. yadi laukik ichchhaoan ko poorn karana hi charvak darshan ka uddeshy hai to kamashastr ke pravarttak muni vatsyayan hi brihaspati haian, yah manana upayukt hi hai.
• kautily ne arthashastr mean lokayat darshan ka sahaj pratipadan kiya hai. is prakar arthashastr ke rachanakar kautily evan lokayat darshan ke praneta brihaspati ek hi haian aisa mana ja sakata hai.
• koshakar hemachandr ke anusar arthashastr, kamasootr, nyayasootr-bhashy, panchatantr evan chanaky niti ke rachayita ek hi hai.
• itani vivechana ke bad jo brihaspati vaidik vanamay mean vibhinn prasangoan mean charchit haian unake yatha kram nam is prakar spasht hote haian.

1. lauky brihaspati
2. aangiras brihaspati
3. devaguru brihaspati
4. arthashastr pravarttak brihaspati
5. kamasootr pravarttak brihaspati
6. vedavinindak brihaspati
7. tarkik brihaspati.

• padm puran ke sandarbh mean aangira brahma ke manas putr haian. aangiras brihaspati aangira ke putr evan brahma ke pautr haian. phalat: inaki devoan mean ganana hoti hai. is prakar dev guru brihaspati evan aangiras brihaspati mean koee bhed nahian mana ja sakata. devoan ki sanraksha ke lie devataoan ke guru dvara asuroan ko pradatt upadesh vibhinn lokoan mean ayat ho gaya yah kathan dev guru brihaspati ke sandarbh mean vishvasaniy nahian ho sakata. asur apane guru shukrachary ke rahate devaguru ke upadesh ko kyoan adar deange? at: devaguru se atirikt koee charvak darshan ka pravarttak hona apekshit hai.
• kuchh samalochakoan ne spasht roop se svikar kiya hai ki charvak ke guru brihaspati svarg ke svami indr ke achary vishvavikhyat brihaspati nahian haian. ye brihaspati kisi rajakul ke guru haian. aitihasik drishti se deankhe to vasishth, vishvamitr, dronachary adi ka kisi rajakul ka guru hona is manyata ko adhar bhi de raha hai.

charvak ke siddhant

• jis prakar astik darshanoan mean shankar darshan shiromani ke roop mean svikrit hai usi prakar nastik darshanoan mean sabase utkrisht nastik ke roop mean shiromani ki tarah charvak darshan ki pratishtha nirvivad hai. nastik shiromani charvak isalie bhi mana jata hai ki vah vishv mean vishvas ke adhar par kisi n kisi roop mean many eeshvar ki alaukik sarvamany satta ko sire se nakar deta hai. inake matanusar eeshvar nam ki koee vastu sansar mean nahian hai. nastik shiromani charvak jo kuchh bahari indriyoan se dikhaee deta hai anubhoot hota hai, usi ki satta ko svikar karata hai. yahi karan hai ki charvak ke siddhant mean pratyaksh praman ko chho d kar koee doosara praman nahian mana gaya hai. jis eeshvar ki kalpana any darshanoan mean ki gee hai usaki satta pratyaksh praman se sambhav nahian hai. inake mat se bij se jo aankur ka pradurbhav hota hai usamean eeshvar ki bhoomika ko manana anavashyak evan upahasaspad hi hai. aankur ki utpatti to mitti evan jal ke sanyog se nitant svabhavik evan sahaj prakriya se sarvanubhav siddh hai. is svabhavik kary ko sampann karane ke lie kisi adrisht kartta ki svikriti nirarthak hai.
• eeshvar ko n manane par jiv samany ke shubh evan ashubh karmoan ke phal ki vyavastha kaise sambhav hogi? is prashn ka samadhan karate hue charvak poochhata hai ki kis karm phal ki vyavastha apekshit? sansar mean do prakar ke karm dekhe jate haian. ek laukik tatha doosara alaukik karm. kya ap laukik karmoan ke phal ki vyavastha ke sambandh mean chintit haian? yadi haan, to yah chinta anavashyak hai. laukik karmoan ka phal vidhan to lok mean sarv many raja ya prashasak hi karata hai. yah sarvanubhav siddh tathy, pratyaksh hi hai. ham dekhate haian ki chaury karm adi nishiddh kary karane vale ko usake dushkarm ka samuchit phal, lok siddh raja hi dand ke roop mean karagar adi mean bhej kar deta hai. isi prakar kisi ki pran raksha adi shubh karm karane vale purush ko raja hi puraskar roop mean suphal arthath dhan dhany evan samman se vibhooshit kar deta hai.
• yadi ap alaukik karmoan ke phal ki vyavastha ke sandarbh mean sachint haian to yah chinta bhi nahian karani chahie. kyoanki paralaukik phal ki drishti se vihit ye sabhi yajn, pooja, path tapasya adi vaidik karm jan samany ko thagane ki drishti se tatha apani ajivika evan udar ke bharan poshan ke lie kuchh dhoortoan dvara kalpit hue haian. vastav mean agnihotr, tin ved, tridand ka dharan tatha sharir mean jagah jagah bhasm ka sanlep buddhi evan purusharth hinata ke hi parichayak haian. in vaidik karmoan ka phal aj tak kisi ko bhi drishti gochar nahian hua hai. yadi vaidik karmoan ka koee phal hota to avashy kisi n kisi ko isaka pratyaksh aj tak hua hota. at: aj tak kisi ko bhi in vaidik ya varnashram-vyavastha se sambaddh karmoan ka phal-svarg, moksh, devalok gaman adi pratyaksh anubhooti nahian hai at: ye samast vaidik karm nishphal hi haian, yah svat: yukti poorvak siddh ho jata hai.

adrisht evan eeshvar ka nishedh

yahaan yadi astik darshan yah kahe ki paralok svarg adi ko siddh karane vala vyapar adrisht ya dharm evan adharm hai jisase svarg ki siddhi hoti hai to yah charvak ko svikary nahian hai. alaukik adrisht ka khandan karate hue charvak svarg adi paralok ke sadhan mean adrisht ki bhoomika ko nirast karata hai tatha is prakar astik darshan ke mool par hi kutharaghat kar deta hai. yahi karan hai ki adrisht ke adhar par siddh hone vale svarg adi paralok ke nirasan ke sath hi is adrisht ke niyamak ya vyavasthapak ke roop mean eeshvar ka bhi niras charvak mat mean anayas hi ho jata hai.

jiv evan chaitany ki avadharana

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

• charvak mat mean koee jiv sharir se bhinn nahian hai. sharir hi jiv ya atma hai. phalat: sharir ka vinash jab mrityu ke uparant dah sanskar hone ke bad ho jata hai tab jiv ya jivatma bhi vinasht ho jata hai. sharir mean jo char ya paanch mahabhootoan ka samavadhan hai, yah samavadhan hi chaitany ka karan hai. yah jiv mrityu ke anantar paralok jata hai yah manyata bhi, sharir ko hi chetan ya atma svikar karane se niradhar hi siddh hoti hai. shastroan mean paribhashit moksh roop param purusharth bhi charvak nahian svikar karata hai. chetan sharir ka nash hi is mat mean moksh hai. dharm evan adharm ke n hone se charvak siddhant mean dharm-adharm ya puny-pap ko, koee adrishy svarg evan narak adi phal bhi nahian hai yah anayas hi siddh ho jata hai.

shariratmavad mean smaran ka upapadan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

charvak mat mean sharir ko hi atma man lene par balyavastha mean anubhoot kanduk krida adi ka vriddhavastha ya yuvavastha mean smaran kaise hota hai? yah ek jvalant prashn sahaj hi uth kh da hota hai. yahaan yah nahian kaha ja sakata ki balyavastha ka sharir, vriddhavastha ka sharir evan yuvavastha ka sharir ek hi hai. yadi tinoan avasthaoan ka sharir ek hi hota to in tinoan avasthaoan ke shariroan mean itana b da antar nahian hota. antar se yah spasht siddh hota hai ki sharir ke avayav jo maans pind adi haian inamean vriddhi evan hras hota hai. tatha in hras evan vriddhi ke karan hi balyavastha ke sharir ka nash evan yuvavastha ke sharir ki utpatti hoti hai yah bhi siddh hota hai. yadi yah kahean ki yuvavastha ke sharir mean yah vahi sharir hai, yah vyavahar hone ke karan sharir ko ek man kar uparyukt smaran ko utpann kiya ja sakata hai, to yah kathan bhi yuktiyukt nahian ho sakata. kyoanki yah vahi sharir hai yah pratyabhijnan to svaroop evan akriti ki samanata ke karan hota hai. phalat: donoan avasthaoan ke shariroan ko abhinn nahian mana ja sakata hai. aisi sthiti mean poorv darshit baly-kal ke smaran ko sampann karane ke lie charvak balyakal ke sharir mean utpann kri da se jany sanskar doosare yuva-kal ke sharir mean apane jaise hi naye sanskar paida kar dete haian. isi prakar yuvavastha ke sharir mean vidyaman sanskar vriddhavastha ke sharir mean apane jaise sanskar utpann kar dete haian. etavata in balyavastha ke sanskaroan ke udbodhan se charvak mat mean smaran bina kisi badha ke ho jata hai. antat: charvak darshan mean sharir hi atma hai yah sahaj hi siddh hota hai.

• yadi sharir hi atma hai to charvak se yah poochha ja sakata hai ki 'mam shariramh' yah mera sharir hai, aisa lokasiddh jo vyavahar hai vah kaise utpann hoga? is vyavahar se to yah pratit ho raha hai ki sharir alag hai evan sharir ka svami koee aur hai, jo sharir se bhinn atma hi hai. is prashn ka samadhan karate hue charvak kahata hai ki jaise danav vishesh ke sir ko hi rahoo kaha gaya hai, phir bhi jan-samany 'rahoo ka sir' yah vyavahar b de hi sahaj roop mean karata hai, usi prakar sharir ke hi atma hone par bhi 'mera sharir' yah lokasiddh vyavahar upapann ho jayega. charvakoan mean kuchh charvak indriyoan ko hi atma manane par indriy ke nasht hone par smaran ki apatti ka niras nahian ho pata hai. kinhian charvakoan ne pran evan man ko bhi atma ke roop mean mana hai.
• sharir hi atma hai yah siddh karane ke lie charvak is ved ke sandarbh ko bhi astikoan ke santosh ke lie prastut karata hai. is ved vachan ka tatpary hai ki 'vijnan se yukt atma in bhootoan se utpann ho kar ant mean in bhootoan mean hi vilin ho jata hai. yah bhootoan mean sharir svaroop atma ka vilay hi mrityu hai.'

paralok ka pratishedh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

• is prakar charvak darshan, matr sharir kendrit ho kar samast alaukik evan paralaukik tattvoan se svayan ko door kar nastikata ki parakashtha ka varan kar leta hai. yahi karan hai ki yah nitant nirankush ho kar ved sammat sabhi manyataoan ka rochak shabdoan mean khandan karata hai. aisa pratit hota hai ki charvak vah vichar hai jo jan samany ke dainik jivan mean sahaj roop mean anusyoot hai. charvak vah mat hai jo har vyakti ki sahaj pravritti ko ujagar karata hai. jis prakar paralaukik tathyoan ko vishesh prayas ke sath vibhinn darshanikoan ne suvyavasthit kar vibhinn granthoan ke roop mean samaj ke samaksh rakha usi prakar ek prayas jan samany mean vyapt sahaj pravritti ko bhi lipi baddh karane ke lie charvak dvara kiya gaya jo charvak darshan ke roop mean hamare samaksh hai.

charvak ka navy evan prachy bhed

• charvak darshan ki prastavana ke sath hi pray: har darshan apane mat ki sthapana karata hai. jab charvak ka khandan apane-apane sampraday ke adhar par vibhinn vidvanoan ne kiya tab charvak ne bhi avashyakatanusar apani manyataoan mean aparihary evan lokanumat parishkar ko saharsh manyata di. jis prakar nyay darshan mean prachin evan navy do dharaean kalakram se avashyakata ke adhar par vidvanoan ke samaksh upasthit hueean, usi prakar charvak darshan ki bhi do vicharadharaoan ka prachy evan navy roop mean samaj ke samaksh pradurbhav hua.
• jab charvak ne pratyaksh se bhinn praman manane valoan se kaha ki pratyaksh hi ek matr praman hai isase atirikt koee any praman nahian hai. tab kuchh sahaj prashn any darshan ke acharyoan ne uthaye jo charvak ko bhi samuchit lage.
• udaharanarth jab nyay darshan ke acharyoan ne kaha ki yadi anuman praman nahian hai to kisi vyakti ke mukhamandal par avishkrit rekhaoan ko dekh charvak bhi sukh du:kh adi bhavoan ko kaise jan sakata hai? jab kahian bhavan ke oopar gagan ko choomati dhooean ki rekha dikhayi p dati hai to kya janasamany ko jo makan par ag ki nishchayatmak anumiti hoti hai vah charvak ko nahian hoti hai? is tarah ke talasparshi prashnoan ke phalasvaroop charvak ki navy parampara ne apane vicharoan ko kianchit parishkrit avashy kar liya.

navy parampara mean anuman evan gagan many

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

yahi karan hai ki navy charvakoan ne anuman ko bhi praman ke roop mean svikar kar liya. itana avashy hai ki usi anuman ko charvak ki is navin dhara ne svikar kiya jo lok prasiddh vyavahar ko upapann karane ke lie aparihary the. jaise dhooean ko dekh ag ka anuman. mukh par ubhari rekhaoan ko dekh sukh ya du:kh ka anuman. parantu alaukik dharm evan adharm ko svarg ya narak ko siddh karane vale anuman ka to charvakoan ne ek mat se khandan hi kiya hai.

kam hi param-purusharth

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

• sharir roopi atma ko jo achchha lage charvak ki drishti mean vahi sukh hai. aangana adi ke aliangan adi se jo sukh milata hai, vahi kam roop pramukh purusharth hai. ye laukik sukh, du:kh se mishrit hone ke karan purusharth kaise ho sakate haian? yah prashn nahian karana chahie. saansarik har sukh, du:kh se mishrit to hota hi hai. buddhiman vyakti du:kh ko chho d kar keval sukh ka hi upabhog thik vaise hi karata hai, jaise am, santara adi phal ka sevan karane vala vyakti chhilake evan guthali ka tyagakar phal ka rasasvad leta hai, jaise machhali khane vala vyakti chhilake evan kaantean ke sath mili machhali se kaantoan evan chhilakoan ko nikal kar matr khady aansh ko hi khata hai. dhan ki kamana karane vala vyakti khet se pual ke sath dhan ko lata to avashy hai, parantu anapekshit aansh pual ko chho d kar matr dhan ka hi sangrah karata hai. phalat: sansar mean du:kh ke bhay se anukool lagane vale sukh ka tyag kathamapi samuchit nahian hai aisa charvak darshan ka abhimat hai.

anuman evan shabd ke pramany ka pratishedh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

• svarg adi paralok nahian haian. dharm evan adharm ki satta nahian hai. eeshvar koee paralaukik tattv nahian hai. sab kuchh is lok mean hi hai. yah tabhi pramanik roop mean charvak siddh kar sakata hai jab vah anuman ki pramanikata ka khandan kare. yadi anuman praman hai to in paralaukik padarthoan ki anuman praman se ho rahi siddhi ko kaun rok sakata hai. is prakar ka prashn anuman ko praman manane vale vidvanoan ki or se uthaya jata hai. yadi anuman praman nahian hota to dhuean ko dekhane ke anantar janasamany ko kabhi bhi ag ki anumiti nahian hoti. jo log prekshavan vivechak haian arthath prakrisht phal ka nam se ullekh hue bina jo shastr ke chintan adi mean pravritt nahian hote haian, ve bhi sahaj roop se anuman karane mean pravritt dekhe jate haian. phalat: anuman ko praman avashy manana chahie.

vyapti ki duravabodhata

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

• jo log anuman ko prithakh praman manate haian, unase charvak janana chahata hai ki ap anuman ka svaroop kya manate haian? vyapti evan pakshadharmata se yukt jnan hi to anuman hoga. yah jnan tab tak sambhav nahian hai jab tak is vishisht jnan mean visheshan ke roop mean svikrit vyapti ko n jan liya jay. anuman ko praman manane valoan ke mat mean ubhay vidh upadhi se vidhur sambandh hi vyapti hai. is vyapti ka jnan hone par hi anumiti hoti hai. pratyaksh ki tarah chakshu ka svaroopat: jaise pratyaksh prama mean upayog hota hai us prakar vyapti ki svaroopat: anumiti mean koee bhoomika sambhav nahian hai. aisi sthiti mean yahaan yah prashn hota hai ki vyapti ka jnan kis upay se sambhav hai?

upadhi-lakshan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

upadhi kise kahate haian? is prashn ka samadhan upadhi ke lakshan se kiya jata hai. jo dharm sadhy ka vyapak ho tatha sadhan ka avyapak ho use upadhi kahate haian. udaharanarth jab ham parvat par dhuean ko agni se siddh kar rahe hote haian tab yahaan agni hetu upadhi se yukt hone ke karan vyapyatvasiddh ya vyabhichari hota hai. vyapyatv ka matalab vyapti hi hota hai. jis hetu mean vyapti asiddh ho use hi vyabhichari bhi tarkikoan ki apt parampara mean svikar kiya jata hai. uparyukt prasiddh vyabhichari hetu vale sthal mean ardr arthath gile eeandhan ke sanyog ko upadhi manate haian. yah ardr eeandhan ka sanyog jo vahni mean hai vahi vastav mean dhuean ka karan hota hai, yah har vyakti ka anubhav hai. is prakar yah siddh hota hai ki parvat mean jo dhuaan hai vah ag ke karan nahian apitu gili lak di evan ag se sambandh ke hi karan haian, is tarah yah siddh hota hai ki jahaan-jahaan dhuaan roop sadhy hota hai vahaan-vahaan gili lak di ka sanyog hota hai, at: gili lak di ka sanyog, sadhy ka vyapak hai. isi prakar jahaan-jahaan ag roop hetu hota hai vahaan-vahaan gili lak di ka sanyog nahian hota hai, at: gili lak di ka sanyog sadhan ka vyapak nahian hai arthath avyapak hai yah siddh ho jata hai. antat: prastut sandarbh mean ardr eeandhan sanyog ke sadhy ka vyapak evan sadhan ke avyapak hone ke karan gili lak di ke sanyog ko upadhi ki sanjna se vibhooshit kiya jata hai. is upadhi se yukt hone ke karan vahni roop hetu sopadhik hota hai. yahi karan hai ki vahni vyabhichari ya vyapyatvasiddh mana jata hai.

sam evan asam vyapti

• vyapti ka sam evan asam bhed se do bhed acharyoan ko abhimat haian.
• jahaan sadhy evan hetu ek doosare ke paraspar vyapt evan vyapak hotean haian unamean sam-vyapti hai, yah vyavahar hota hai. jaise shabd ko anity siddh karane ke lie karyatv ya sakarttrikatv hetu mean anityatvasadhy ki sam-vyapti hoti hai. ardrendhan sanyog evan dhoom ke bich bhi samavyapti mani jati hai.
• yah dekha jata hai ki jahaan jahaan sadhy-anityatv rahata hai vahaan-vahaan hetu- karyatv rahata hai. phalat: sadhy ki vyapakata hetu mean siddh hoti hai. isi prakar jahaan-jahaan hetu- karyatv hota hai vahaan-vahaan sadhy-anityatv bhi hota hai. phalasvaroop hetu ki vyapakata bhi sadhy mean prasiddh ho jati hai. parvat: dhoomavanh vahne:, is asaddhetu vale sthal mean hetu- vahni evan sadhy-dhoom ke madhy samavyapti nahian hai. is prakar in donoan ke bich asam-vyapti hai yah pramanikoan ka vyavahar hota hai. yahaan dhoom evan ardrendhan sanyog ke bich samavyapti hoti hai. par ardrendhan sanyog evan ag ke bich asam vyapti hi siddh hoti hai.
• jab sam evan asam vyapti ek jagah par ho, jaise- parvat: dhoomavanh vahne:, is asaddhetu vale sthal mean ardrendhan sanyog mean sadhy-dhoom ki sam vyapti hai evan isi ardrendhan sanyog mean hetu-vahni ki asam vyapti hai, aisi sthiti mean sadhy-dhoom ke sam vyapt ardrendhan sanyog se yadi hetu ya sadhan-vahni vyapt nahian hota hai arthath vahni ki vyapti yadi sam-ardrendhan sanyog mean nahian ho pati to hetu ko vyaptihin mana jata hai. is prakar aisa hetu anumiti mean prayojak bhi nahian mana jata.

vyapti jnan mean anyonyashray dosh

abhav ki buddhi ke lie abhav ke pratiyogi ka jnan atyant avashyak hota hai, aisa sarvamany shastriy siddhant hai. is siddhant ke anusar prastut sandarbh mean vyapti-roop sambandh mean upadhi ke abhav ka jnan karane ke lie upadhi ka pahale bodh atyavashyak ho jata hai. is upadhi ko janane ke lie vyapti ka jnan hona anivary hai kyoanki upadhi ka lakshan vyapti se samanvit hai. is avashyakata ko dhyan mean rakh kar jab ham vyapti ke jnan ke lie pravritt hote haian, tab vyapti ke lakshan mean upadhi ka samavesh milata hai. phalat: vyapti ke vijnan ke lie upadhi ka avabodh anivary ho jata hai. is tarah paraspar vyapti evan upadhi ko janane ke lie paraspar ek doosare ke jnan ke apekshit hone se anyonyashray dosh roopi vajralep ho jata hai. antat: yahi nishkarsh nikalata hai ki avinabhav ya vyapti ka jnan oopar charchit riti se kathamapi sambhav nahian haian is prakar vyapti ke durbodh ho jane se anuman ka pratyaksh se alag praman manane ki kalpana divasvapn ki bhaanti kori kapol kalpana matr banakar rah jati hai. nishkarsh roop mean phir 'naapratyanksh pramanamh' arthath pratyaksh ke atirikt koee any praman ki manyata asambhav hai, yah charvak ka lokayat mat hi siddh hota hai. charvak ka abhisht bhi yahi hai.

anuman ko n manane par vyavahar ki anupapatti ka varan

charvak yadi anuman praman nahian manega to dhoom ko dekh kar ag ko janane ki pravritti ka apalap hone lagega. is apatti ka nirakaran karate hue charvak ka kahana hai ki yah pravritti ya to pratyaksh-moolika hai ya to bhramavash hoti hai. pravritti hone ke bad saphalata evan asaphalata to mani mantr evan aushadhi ki tarah kabhi hoti hai evan kabhi nahian hoti hai. lok mean yah dekha jata hai ki kary vishesh ko sampann karane ke lie ham mani mantr evan aushadhiyoan ka jivan mean prayog to avashy karate haian par kary kabhi sampann hota hai to kabhi nahian. thik usi prakar dhoom ko dekh kar vahni ke bodh mean pravritt purush ko parvat ke oopar vahni ke mil jane par saphalata bhi kabhi prapt hoti hai aur kabhi nahian hoti hai. mani ke sparsh se, mantr ke prayog se evan aushadhi vishesh ke upayog se hamean pratit hota hai ki hamara abhilashit kary poorn ho raha hai. parantu kary to svabhavat: sampoorn hota hai. yadi kary vishesh ko sampann karane ke lie vishesh karan ke roop mean mani, mantr evan aushadhiyaan sunishchit hotian to niyam se mani ke sparsh ke bad, mantroan ka viniyog karane ke anantar evan aushadhiyoan ke upayog karane ke bad nirdisht phal aishvary adi ka labh evan rog adi ka niras hota hi par aisa lok samany mean anubhav nahian hai. phalat: jis prakar aishvary evan rog adi ko door karane ki karanata mani, mantr evan aushadhiyoan mean nahian hai. usi prakar dhoom evan vahni mean bhi koee karyakaran bhav nahian hai.

svabhav-vad

• aishvary evan rog adi ki kadachitk arthath sanyog vash kabhi prapti to bhi kabhi nivriti ko dekh kar inaki karanata ka nirdharan mani, mantr evan aushadhi adi mean karana yuktisangat nahian hai. isi lie kisi purush mean aishvary ka darshanakar isake karan ke roop mean adrisht ya pap puny ki kalpana karana bhi anyay hi hai. adrisht ko jagath ka karan n manane par is sansar ki vichitrata kaise upapann ki ja sakati hai? yah prashn hota hai. isaka samadhan karate hue charvak ka b da hi sahaj kathan hai ki yah sansar svabhav se hi utpann ho jata hai. ag garam hai, jal shital hai evan vayu n thanda hai n garam arthath anushnashit hai, kaise? yah sab kisi ne banaya nahian haian. yah sab svabhav se hi hota hai.
• apane karttavy mean kasht utha kar bhi jo udyat hota hai vah vilakshan sukh ka evan santosh ka anubhav karata hai. yah sukh varnananit hai. jo manav ke kartavy koti mean nahian ata hai usaka atyant pida sah kar bhi parityag ek tarah se anand evan sukh ka hi karan hai. is prakar ki vyarth batean vastav mean nissar hi haian. vastusthiti to yahi hai ki sansar mean kam se b da purusharth kuchh aur nahian hai. varnashram se sambaddh kriyaean bhi vastutah abhisht phal dene vali nahian haian.

karm evan karm phal par charvak ki avadharana

• varnashram dharm mean samupadisht svarg adi lok, yadi jyotishtom adi yajn mean pashu ki bali ke uparant is pashu ko sunishchit roop se prapt hota hai, yah sach hota to yajaman sabase pahale apane vriddh pita ki hi yajn mean bali kyoan nahian de deta hai. yah prashn poochhakar charvak yah tark bal par siddh karata hai ki bali ke roop mean prayukt pashu ko svarg ka labh nahian hota hai. pashu asani se bali ke lie mil jae etadarth yah karmakand ke vidvanoan ki samaj ko moorkh banane ka matr ek nindaniy upakram hi hai.
• mrit praniyoan ko karmakand ki vidhi se yadi shraddh karm karane se tripti ka labh hota to bujhe hue dipak ko bhi diye mean vidyaman tel se tripti avashy milati tatha praman svaroop pradipt dipak mean jaise batti jalate hue age badhati hai vaise hi bujhe hue dipak ki bhi bati age avashy badhati. aisa vyavahar dipak mean nahian dekha jata hai.
• phalatah mrit manushy ko shraddh se tripti ki bat karana bhi, prataran karm mean daksh karmakand ke prakand vidvanoan ki kapol kalpana matr hi hai, yah charvak yukti poorvak siddh karata hai. antatah charvak yah siddh karata hai ki apani jivika ko samriddh evan jivit rakhane ki lie karmakand ki vividh lubhavani yojanaoan ko kuchh brahmanoan ne hi b di kushalata ke sath kriyanvit kiya hai. tatha ye ved ke rachanakar bhand, dhoort evan nishachar ke roop mean atyant prasiddh haian. yah ved koee apaurushhey vachan nahian hai. n hi is ved di rachana kisi sarvashakti sampann parameshvar ne hi ki hai. ye ved mean vidyaman vaky to jarbhari turphari adi panditoan dvara hi upadisht hai.

charvak darshan ki samaj mean samarasata

• charvak to poore samaj mean samavyapt hai. ise apani pahachan banaye rakhane ke lie vishesh vesh-bhoosha, karmakand, evan granthoan ke ambar ki avashyakata kathamapi nahian hai. charvak darshan to sare samaj mean har mastishk mean anayas hi parivyapt hai. yahaan tak ki vibhinn shastroan ke vidvanh bhi apane dainik jivan mean prayah charvak darshan ka hi sahaj roop mean anusaran kar rahe hote haian.
• charvak darshan to itana sahaj evan svabhavik roop mean sarvatr samaj mean aj bhi anusyoot hai ki isake sanskar evan vasana ko manav mastishk se hatane ke lie vibhinn bharatiy darshanikoan ko har star inake matoan ka sadar upanyas karate hue niras karane ke lie kathin prayas karana p da hai.
• nishkarsh roop ke ant mean yah kaha ja sakata hai ki charvak darshan mean bhi kee varg haian. charvak darshan ke bhi kee shastriy evan laukik paksh haian jinamean kuchh avashy sangrahy haian parantu kuchh tyajy bhi haian. avashyakata is bat ki hai ki ham charvak ke vastavik lokopakarak svaroop ko adhyayan kar samajhean evan samaj ke sangathan evan vyavastha mean charvak ki mahattvapoorn vishisht bhoomika ko lok hit ki drishti se ujagar karean.

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sanbandhit lekh

shrutiyaan

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