ब्रज का आदिम काल
braj ka adim kal
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| vivaran | bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha. |
| braj kshetr | aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian. |
| braj ke keandr | mathura evan vrindavan |
| braj ke van | kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan |
| bhasha | hiandi aur brajabhasha |
| pramukh parv evan tyohar | holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela |
| pramukh darshaniy sthal | krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir |
| sanbandhit lekh | braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura |
| any janakari | braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai. |
"itihas yane anadi kal se ab tak ka sara jivan. puran yane anadi kal se ab tak tika hua anubhav ka amar aansh." -vinoba
krishna poorv kal
raja kuru ke nam par hi sarasvati nadi ke nikat ka rajy kurukshetr kaha gaya. prachin samay ke rajaoan ki vanshavali ka adhyayan karane se pata chalata hai ki panchal raja sudas ke samay mean bhim satvat yadav ka beta aandhak bhi raja raha hoga. is aandhak ke bare mean pata chalata hai ki vah shoorasen rajy ke samakalin rajy ka svami tha. aandhak apane pita bhim ke saman vir n tha. is yuddh se jnat hota hai ki vah bhi sudas se har gaya tha.
tirthankar neminath jain
[[chitr:Jain-Tirthankar-Neminath-Mathura-Museum-36.jpg|thumb|left|250px|neminath tirthankar]] avaidik dharmoan mean jain dharm sabase prachin hai, pratham tirthankar bhagavan rrishabhadev mane jate haian. jain dharm ke anusar bhi rrishabhadev ka mathura se sanbandh tha. jain dharm mean prachalit anushruti ke anusar, nabhiray ke putr bhagavan rrishabhadev ke adesh se indr ne 52 deshoan ki rachana ki thi. shoorasen desh aur usaki rajadhani mathura bhi un deshoan mean thi.[1] jain 'harivansh puran' mean prachin bharat ke jin 18 maharajyoan ka ullekh hua hai, unamean shoorasen aur usaki rajadhani mathura ka nam bhi hai. jain manyata ke anusar pratham tirthankar rrishabhadev ke sau putr hue the.
jain dharm ke satavean tirthankar suparshvanath ka vihar mathura mean hua tha.[2] anek vihar-sthal par kubera devi dvara jo stoop banaya gaya tha, vah jain dharm ke itihas mean b da prasiddh raha hai. chaudahavean tirthankar anantanath ka smarak tirth bhi mathura mean yamuna nadi ke tat par tha. 22vean tirthankar neminath ko jain dharm mean shrikrishna ke samakalin aur unaka chachera bhaee mana jata hai. is prakar jain dharm-granthoan ki prachin anushrutiyoan mean braj ke prachinatam itihas ke anek sootr milate haian. jain granthoan mean ullekh hai ki yahaan parshvanath mahavir svami ne yatra ki thi. 'pumachariy' mean ek katha varnit hai, jisake anusar sat sadhuoan dvara sarvapratham mathura mean hi shvetaanbar jain sampraday ka prachar kiya gaya tha.
prajataantrik braj ke adhar mean bauddh anushruti
aranbhik braj vasiyoan (shoor senaee) mean sarvasammati se neta nirvachit kiya jata tha, jo `mahasammat' kahalata tha. sarvastivadi vinay pitak mean kaha gaya hai ki us raja ne mathura ke pas apana sarvapratham rajy sthapit kiya tha. is prakar bauddh anushruti ke anusar bhi mathura is bhootal ka 'adi rajy' siddh hota hai. [3] jis samay bhagavanh buddh mathura aye the, tab unhoanne anand se kaha tha ki yah adi rajy hai, jisane apane liye raja (mahasammat) chuna tha.[4] pali sahity ke prachinatam granth `aanguttaranikay' mean bhagavan buddh se pahale ke jin 16 mahajanapadoan ka namollekh milata hai, unamean pahila nam `shoorasen' janapad ka hai. is prakar bauddh dharm ke sahity mean bhi braj ki pragaitihasik paranpara ke ullekh prapt hote haian.
madhupur, madhuvan aur madhupuri
puranoan mean anek rajaoan aur shasakoan ke vishay mean pray: adhoore varnan avashy milate haian. yatha ushanas ne ek sau ashvamedh yajn kiye. krath-bhim ke bhaee kaushik se yadavoan ke chedi vansh ka prarambh hai.[[chitr:Vishram-Ghat-11.jpg|thumb|left|250px|yamuna mean snan, vishram ghat, mathura]] bad mean vidarbh ka shasak bhimarath hua, jisaki putri damayanti nishadaraj raja nal ko byahi gee. yadavoan mean madhu ek pratapi shasak mana jata hai. yah ikshvaku vanshi raja dilip dvitiy ka athava usake uttaradhikari dirghabahu ka samakalin raha hoga madhu ke gujarat se lekar yamuna tat tak ke svami hone ka varnan hai. [5] , pray: madhu ko `asur`, daity, danav adi kaha gaya hai. sath hi yah bhi hai ki madhu b da dharmik evan nyayapriy shasak tha. madhu ki stri ka nam kuanbhinasi tha, jisase lavan ka janm hua.
lavan b da hone par logoan ko anek prakar se kasht pahuanchane laga. lavan ko atyachari raja kaha gaya hai. is par du:khi hokar kuchh rrishiyoan ne ayodhya jakar shriram se sab batean bataee aur unase prarthana ki ki lavan ke atyacharoan se logoan ko shighr chhutakara dilaya jay. ant mean shriram ne shatrughn ko madhupur jane ki ajna di. lavan ko mar kar shatrughn ne usake pradesh par apana adhikar kiya. puranoan tatha valmiki ramayan ke anusar madhu ke nam par madhupur ya madhupuri nagar yamuna tat par basaya gaya.[6] isake asapas ka ghana van `madhuvan` kahalata tha. madhu ko lila namak asur ka jyeshth putr likha hai aur use b da dharmatma, buddhiman aur paropakari raja kaha gaya hai. madhu ne shiv ki tapasya kar unase ek amogh trishool prapt kiya. nishchay hi lavan ek shaktishali shasak tha, kintu krishna datt vajapeyi ke matanusar 'chandravansh' ki 61vian pidhi mean hua ukt 'madhu' tatha lavan-pita 'madhu' ek hi the athava nahian, yah vivadaspad hai. puranoan adi ki talika mean poorvokt madhu ke pita ka nam devan tatha putr ka nam puroovansh diya hai aur isako ayodhya naresh raghu ke poorvavarti dirghavahu ka samakalin dikhaya gaya hai, n ki ram ya dasharath ka. isase tatha puranoan ke haryashch-madhumati upakhyan'[7] se bhasit hota hai ki sanbhavat: yaduvanshi madhu tatha lavan-pita madhu ek vyakti n the.'
mathura nagari
lavan ne apane rajy ko vistrit kar liya. is kam mean apane bahanoee hriryashv se madad li hogi. lavan ne rajy ki poorvi sima ganga nadi tak badha li aur ram ko kahalavaya ki 'mai tumhare rajy ke nikat ke hi rajy ka raja hooan.' lavan ki chunauti se spsht tha ki lavan ki shakti badh gee thi. lavan ke dvara ravan ki sarahana tatha ram ki nianda is bat ki soochak hai ki ravan ki niti aur kary use pasand the. isase pata chalata hai ki lavan aur usaka pita madhu sanbhavat: kisi anary shakha ke the. prachin sahity mean madhu ki nagari madhupuri ke varnanoan se jnat hota hai ki us nagari ka sthapaty shreshth koti ka tha. shatrughn bhi us manamohak nagar ko dekh kar arshchayachakit ho gaye. vaidik sahity mean anaryoan ke vishal tatha dridh durgoan ev makanoan ke varnan milate haian. sanbhavatah lavan-pita madhu ya unake kisi poorvaj ne yamuna ke tatavarti pradesh par adhikar kar liya ho. yah adhikar lavan ke samay se samapt ho gaya. madhuvan aur madhupuri ke nivasiyoan ya lavan ke anuyayioan ko shatrughn ne samapt kar diya hoga. sanbhavat: unhoanne madhupuri ko nasht nahian kiya. unhoanne jangal ko saf karavaya tatha prachin madhupuri ko ek naye dhang se abad kar use sushobhit kiya. prachin pauranik ullekhoan tatha ramayan ke varnan se yahi prakat hota hai. ramayan mean devoan se var maangate hue shatrughn kahate haian- `he devatagan, mujhe var dean ki yah sundar madhupuri ya mathura nagari, jo aisi sushobhit hai manoan devataoan ne svayan banaee ho, shighr bas jay.` devataoan ne `evamastu` kaha aur mathura nagari bas gee. barah varsh mean is mathura tatha isake nikatasth pradesh ki kaya hi palat gee.[8]
| left|30px|link=braj ka pauranik itihas|pichhe jaean | braj ka adim kal | right|30px|link=braj ka krishna kal|age jaean |
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ jinasenachary krit mahapuran- parv 16, shlok 155
- ↑ jinaprabh soori krit 'bibidh tirth kalp' ka 'mathura puri kalp' prakaran, prishth 17 v 85
- ↑ uttar pradesh mean bauddh dharm ka vikas, prishth 30
- ↑ uttar pradesh mean bauddh dharm ka vikas, prishth 181
- ↑ harivansh puran 1,54,22; vishnu puran 1, 12, 3 adi isaka ek karan yah kaha ja sakata hai ki puranakaroan adi ne bhramavash madhukaitabh daity aur yadav raja madhu ko ek samajh liya.
- ↑ yahi nagar bad mean `madhura' ya `mathura' hua. vajapeyi-mathura-parichay (mathura, 1950) prishth 38
- ↑ madhu ne hriryashv kaha -`tumhara vansh kalaantar mean yayati vale yaduvansh ke sath ghul-mil jayega aur tumhari santati chandravansh ki ek shakha ho jayegi`
yayatamapi vanshaste sameshyati ch yadvamh.
anuvansh ch vanshaste somasy bhavita kil.. (hari0 2, 37, 34)isake bad hriryashv ke dvara rajy-vistar tatha unake dvara giri par ek nagar (sanbhavat: govardhan) basane ka ullekh hai aur shasan ki prashansa haian. - ↑ iyan madhupuri ramya mathura devanirmita.