गंगा नदी

[[chitr:Haridwar.jpg|300px| ganga nadi, haridvar
|thumb]] bharat ki sabase mahattvapoorn nadi ganga, jo bharat aur baangladesh mean milakar 2,510 kimi ki doori tay karati huee uttaraanchal mean himalay se lekar bangal ki kha di ke suandaravan tak vishal bhoo bhag ko sianchati hai, desh ki prakritik sanpada hi nahian, jan jan ki bhavanatmak astha ka adhar bhi hai. 2,071 ki.mi tak bharat tatha usake bad baangladesh mean apani lanbi yatra karate hue yah sahayak nadiyoan ke sath das lakh varg kilomitar kshetraphal ke ati vishal upajaoo maidan ki rachana karati hai. samajik, sahityik, saanskritik aur arthik drishti se atyant mahattvapoorn ganga ka yah maidan apani ghani janasankhya ke karan bhi jana jata hai. 100 phit (31 mi) ki adhikatam gaharaee vali yah nadi bharat mean pavitr mani jati hai tatha isaki upasana maan aur devi ke roop mean ki jati hai. apane sauandary aur mahattv ke karan ek or jahaan puran aur sahity mean isaka ullekh bar bar milata hai, vahian videshi sahity mean bhi ganga nadi ke prati prashansa aur bhavukatapoorn varnanoan ki kami nahian.

is nadi mean machhaliyoan tatha sarpoan ki anek prajatiyaan to paee hi jati haian mithe pani vale durlabh dalaphin bhi pae jate haian. yah krishi, paryatan, sahasik kheloan tatha udyogoan ke vikas mean mahattvapoorn yogadan deti hai tatha apane tat par base shaharoan ki jalapoorti bhi karati hai. isake tat par vikasit dharmik sthal aur tirth bharatiy samajik vyavastha ke vishesh aang haian. isake oopar bane pul, baandh aur nadi pariyojanaean bharat ki bijali, pani aur krishi se sanbandhit zarooratoan ko poora karati haian. vaijnanik manate haian ki is nadi ke jal mean baiktiriyophej namak vishanu hote haian, jo jivanuoan v any hanikarak sookshmajivoan ko jivit nahian rahane dete haian. ganga ki is asimit shuddhikaran kshamata aur samajik shraddha ke bavajood isaka pradooshan roka nahian ja saka hai. phir bhi isake prayatn jari haian aur safaee ki anek pariyojanaoan ke kram mean navanbar, 2008 mean bharat sarakar dvara ise bharat ki rashtriy nadi tatha ilahabad aur haldiya ke bich (1600 kilomitar) ganga nadi jalamarg- ko rashtriy jalamarg ghoshit kiya hai.

udgam

ganga nadi ki pradhan shakha bhagirathi hai jo kumayooan mean himalay ke gomukh namak sthan par gangotri himanad se nikalati hai. ganga ke is udgam sthal ki ooanchaee 3140 mitar hai. yahaan ganga ji ko samarpit ek mandir bhi hai. gangotri tirth, shahar se 19 ki.mi. uttar ki or 3892 mi.(12,770 phi.) ki ooanchaee par is himanad ka mukh hai. yah himanad 25 ki.mi. lanba v 4 ki.mi. chau da aur lagabhag 40 mi. ooancha hai. isi gleshiyar se bhagirathi ek chhote se guphanuma mukh par avatarit hoti hai. isaka jal srot 5000 mi. ooanchaee par sthit ek besin hai. is besin ka mool pashchimi dhalan ki santopanth ki chotiyoan mean hai. gaumukh ke raste mean 3600 mi. ooanche chirabasa gram se vishal gomukh himanad ke darshan hote haian. is himanad mean nanda devi, kamat parvat evan trishool parvat ka him pighal kar ata hai. yadyapi ganga ke akar lene mean anek chhoti dharaoan ka yogadan hai lekin 6 b di aur unaki sahayak 5 chhoti dharaoan ka bhaugolik aur saanskritik mahattv adhik hai. alakananda ki sahayak nadi dhauli, vishnu ganga tatha mandakini hai. dhauli ganga ka alakananda se vishnu prayag mean sangam hota hai. yah 1372 mi. ki ooanchaee par sthit hai. phir 2805 mi. ooanche nand prayag mean alakananda ka nandakini nadi se sangam hota hai. isake bad karn prayag mean alakananda ka karn ganga ya piandar nadi se sangam hota hai. phir rrishikesh se 139 ki.mi. door sthit rudr prayag mean alakananda mandakini se milati hai. isake bad bhagirathi v alakananda 1500 phit par sthit dev prayag mean sangam karati haian yahaan se yah sammilit jal-dhara ganga nadi ke nam se age pravahit hoti hai. in paanch prayagoan ko sammilit roop se panch prayag kaha jata hai. is prakar 200 ki.mi. ka sankara paha di rasta tay karake ganga nadi rrishikesh hote hue pratham bar maidanoan ka sparsh haridvar mean karati hai.

ganga ka maidan

[[chitr:Haridwar1.jpg| 300px| ganga nadi, haridvar
|thumb]]haridvar se lagabhag 800 ki.mi. maidani yatra karate hue gadhamukteshvar,soroan, pharrukhabad, kannauj, bithoor, kanapur hote hue ganga ilahabad (prayag) pahuanchati hai. yahaan isaka sangam yamuna nadi se hota hai. yah sangam sthal hinduoan ka ek mahattvapoorn tirth hai. ise tirtharaj prayag kaha jata hai. isake bad hindoo dharm ki pramukh mokshadayini nagari kashi (varanasi) mean ganga ek vakr leti hai, jisase yah yahaan uttaravahini kahalati hai. yahaan se mirajapur, patana, bhagalapur hote hue pakur pahuanchati hai. is bich isamean bahut-si sahayak nadiyaan, jaise son, gandak, ghaghara, kosi adi mil jati haian. bhagalapur mean rajamahal ki paha diyoan se yah dakshinavarti hoti hai. pashchim bangal ke murshidabad jile ke giriya sthan ke pas ganga nadi do shakhaoan mean vibhajit ho jati hai-bhagirathi aur padma. bhagirathi nadi giriya se dakshin ki or bahane lagati hai jabaki padma nadi dakshin-poorv ki or bahati pharakka bairaj (1974 nirmit) se chhanate huee bangala desh mean pravesh karati hai. yahaan se ganga ka deltaee bhag shuroo ho jata hai. murshidabad shahar se hugali shahar tak ganga ka nam bhagirathi nadi tatha hugali shahar se muhane tak ganga ka nam hugali nadi hai. ganga ka yah maidan moolat: ek bhoo-abhinati gart hai jisaka nirman mukhy roop se himalay parvatamala nirman prakriya ke tisare charan mean lagabhag 6-4 karo d varsh pahale hua tha. tab se ise himalay aur prayadvip se nikalane vali nadiyaan apane sath lae hue avasadoan se pat rahi haian. in maidanoan mean jalodh ki ausat gaharaee 1000 se 2000 mitar hai. is maidan mean nadi ki praudhavastha mean banane vali aparadani aur nikshepan sthalakॄtiyaan, jaise- baloo-rodhaka, visarp, gokhur jhilean aur guanphit nadiyaan paee jati haian.

ganga ki is ghati mean ek aisi sabhyata ka udbhav aur vikas hua jisaka prachin itihas atyant gauravamayi aur vaibhavashali hai. jahaan jnan, dharm, adhyatm v sabhyata-sanskriti ki aisi kiran prasphutit huee jisase n keval bharat balki samast sansar alokit hua. pashan ya prastar yug ka janm aur vikas yahaan hone ke anek sakshy mile haian. isi ghati mean ramayan aur mahabharat kalin yug ka udbhav aur vilay hua. shatapath brahman, panchavish brahman, gaupath brahman, aitarey aranyak, kaushitaki aranyak, saankhyayan aranyak, vajasaneyi sanhita aur mahabharat ityadi mean varnit ghatanaoan se uttar vaidikakalin ganga ghati ki janakari milati hai. prachin magadh mahajanapad ka udbhav ganga ghati mean hi hua jahaan se ganarajyoan ki paranpara vishv mean pahali bar praranbh huee. yahian bharat ka vah svarn yug vikasit hua jab maury aur gupt vanshiy rajaoan ne yahaan shasan kiya.

suandaravan delta

hugali nadi kolakata, hav da hote hue suandaravan ke bharatiy bhag mean sagar se sangam karati hai. padma mean brahmaputr se nikali shakha nadi jamuna nadi evan meghana nadi milati haian. aantatah ye 350 ki.mi. chau de suandaravan delta mean jakar bangal ki kha di mean sagar-sangam karati hai. yah delta ganga evan usaki sahayak nadiyoan dvara laee gee navin jalodh se 1,000 varshoan mean nirmit samatal evan nimn maidan hai. yahaan ganga aur bangal ki kha di ke sangam par ek prasiddh hindoo tirth hai jise ganga-sagar-sangam kahate haian. vishv ka sabase b da delta (suandaravan) bahut si prasiddh vanaspatiyoan aur prasiddh bangal taeegar ka nivas sthan hai. yah delta dhire dhire sagar ki or badh raha hai. kuchh samay pahale kolakata sagar tat par hi sthit tha aur sagar ka vistar rajamahal tatha silahat tak tha, parantu ab yah tat se 15-20 mil (24-32 kilomitar) door sthit lagabhag 1,80,000 varg kilomitar ke kshetr mean phaila hua hai. jab delta ka sagar ki or nirantar vistar hota hai to use pragatishil delta kahate haian. suandaravan delta mean bhoomi ka dhal atyant kam hone ke karan yahaan ganga atyant dhimi gati se bahati hai aur apane sath laee gayi mitti ko muhane par jama kar deti hai jisase delta ka akar badhata jata hai aur nadi ki kee dharaean evan upadharaean ban jati haian. is prakar bani huee ganga ki pramukh shakha nadiyaan jalangi nadi, ichchhamati nadi, bhairav nadi, vidyadhari nadi aur kalindi nadi haian. nadiyoan ke vakr gati se bahane ke karan dakshini bhag mean kee dhanushakar jhilean ban gayi haian. dhal uttar se dakshin hai, atah adhikaansh nadiyaan uttar se dakshin ki or bahati haian. jvar ke samay in nadiyoan mean jvar ka pani bhar jane ke karan inhean jvariy nadiyaan bhi kahate haian. delta ke sudoor dakshini bhag mean samudr ka khara pani pahuanchane ka karan yah bhag nicha, namakin evan daladali hai tatha yahaan asani se panapane vale maiangrov jati ke vanoan se bhara p da hai. yah delta chaval ki krishi ke lie adhik vikhyat hai. yahaan vishv mean sabase adhik kachche joot ka utpadan hota hai. kataka abhayarany suandaravan ke un ilakoan mean se hai jahaan ka rasta chhoti-chhoti naharoan se hokar guzarata hai. yahaan b di tadad mean suandari pe d milate haian jinake nam par hi in vanoan ka nam suandaravan p da hai. isake alava yahaan par deva, kev da, tarmaja, amalopi aur goran vrikshoan ki aisi prajatiyaan haian, jo suandaravan mean paee jati haian. yahaan ke vanoan ki ek khas bat yah hai ki yahaan vahi pe d panapate ya bach sakate haian, jo mithe aur khare pani ke mishran mean rah sakate hoan.

sahayak nadiyaan

ganga mean uttar ki or se akar milane vali pramukh sahayak nadiyaan yamuna, ramaganga, karanali (ghaghara), tapti, gandak, kosi aur kakshi haian tatha dakshin ke pathar se akar isamean milane vali pramukh nadiyaan chanbal, son, betava, ken, dakshini tos adi haian. yamuna ganga ki sabase pramukh sahayak nadi hai jo himalay ki bandarapooanchh choti ke adhar par yamunotri himakhand se nikali hai. himalay ke oopari bhag mean isamean toans tatha bad mean laghu himalay mean ane par isamean giri aur asan nadiyaan milati haian. chambal, betava, sharada aur ken yamuna ki sahayak nadiyaan haian. chambal itava ke pas tatha betava hamirapur ke pas yamuna mean milati haian. yamuna ilahabad ke nikat bayian or se ganga nadi mean ja milati hai. ramaganga mukhy himalay ke dakshini bhag nainital ke nikat se nikalakar bijanaur jile se bahati huee kannauj ke pas ganga mean milati hai. karanali nadi mapsatuang namak himanad se nikalakar ayodhya, phaijabad hoti huee baliya jile ke sima ke pas ganga mean mil jati hai. is nadi ko parvatiy bhag mean kauriyala tatha maidani bhag mean ghaghara kaha jata hai. gandak himalay se nikalakar nepal mean shaligram nam se bahati huee maidani bhag mean narayani nadi ka nam pati hai. yah kali gandak aur trishool nadiyoan ka jal lekar pravahit hoti huee sonapur ke pas ganga mean milati hai. kosi ki mukhyadhara arun hai jo gosaee dham ke uttar se nikalati hai. brahmaputr ke besin ke dakshin se sarpakar roop mean arun nadi bahati hai jahaan yaroo namak nadi isase milati hai. isake bad himalay ke kanchanajangha shikharoan ke bich se bahati huee yah dakshin ki or 90 kilomitar bahati hai jahaan pashchim se soonakosi tatha poorab se tamoor kosi namak nadiyaan isamean milati haian. isake bad kosi nadi ke nam se yah shivalik ko par karake maidan mean utarati hai tatha bihar rajy se bahati huee ganga mean mil jati hai. amarakantak paha di se nikalakar son nadi patana ke pas ganga mean milati hai. madhy-pradesh ke moo ke nikat janayab parvat se nikalakar chambal nadi itava se 38 kilomitar ki doori par yamuna nadi mean milati hai. betava nadi madhy pradesh mean bhopal se nikalakar uttar hamirapur ke nikat yamuna mean milati hai. bhagirathi nadi ke dayean kinare se milane vali anek nadiyoan mean baansalee, dvaraka, mayoorakshi, roopanarayan, kansavati aur rasoolapur pramukh haian. jalaangi aur matha bhaanga ya choonian bayean kinare se milati haian jo atit kal mean ganga ya padma ki shakha nadiyaan thian. kintu ye vartaman samay mean ganga se prithak hokar varshakalin nadiyaan ban gee haian.

jiv-jantu

aitihasik sakshyoan se yah jnat hota hai ki 16vian tatha 17vian shatabdi tak ganga-yamuna pradesh ghane vanoan se dhaka hua tha. in vanoan mean jangali hathi, bhaians, geanda, sher, bagh tatha gaval ka shikar hota tha. ganga ka tatavarti kshetr apane shaant v anukool paryavaran ke karan rang-birange pakshiyoan ka sansar apane aanchal mean sanjoe hue hai. isamean machhaliyoan ki 140 prajatiyaan, 35 sarisrip tatha isake tat par 42 stanadhari prajatiyaan paee jati haian. yahaan ki utkrisht paristhitiki sanrachana mean kee prajati ke vany jivoan jaise nilagay, saanbhar, kharagosh, nevala, chiankara ke sath sarisrip-varg ke jiv-jantuoan ko bhi ashray mila hua hai. is ilake mean aise kee jiv-jantuoan ki prajatiyaan haian jo durlabh hone ke karan sanrakshit ghoshit ki ja chuki haian. ganga ke parvatiy kinaroan par langoor, lal bandar, bhoore bhaloo, lom di, chite, barphile chite, hiran, bhauankane vale hiran, saanbhar, kastoori mrig, sero, bar d mrig, sahi, tahar adi kafi sankhya mean milate haian. vibhinn rangoan ki titaliyaan tatha kit bhi yahaan pae jate haian. badhati huee janasankhya ke dabav mean dhire-dhire vanoan ka lop hone laga hai aur ganga ki ghati mean sarvatr krishi hoti hai phir bhi ganga ke maidani bhag mean hiran, jangali sooar, jangali billiyaan, bhe diya, gid d, lom di ki anek prajatiyaan kaphi sankhya mean pae jate haian. dalaphin ki do prajatiyaan ganga mean paee jati haian. jinhean ganga dalaphin aur iravadi dalaphin ke nam se jana jata hai. isake alava ganga mean paee jane vale shark ki vajah se bhi ganga ki prasiddhi hai jisamean bahate huye pani mean paee janevali shark ke karan vishv ke vaijnanikoan ki kaphi ruchi hai. is nadi aur bangal ki kha di ke milan sthal par banane vale muhane ko suandaravan ke nam se jana jata hai jo vishv ki bahut-si prasiddh vanaspatiyoan aur prasiddh bangal taeegar ka grihakshetr hai.

arthik mahattv

ganga apani upatyakaoan mean bharat aur baangladesh ke krishi adharit arth mean bhari sahayog to karati hi hai, yah apani sahayak nadiyoan sahit bahut b de kshetr ke lie sianchaee ke barahamasi srot bhi haian. in kshetroan mean ugaee jane vali pradhan upaj mean mukhyatah dhan, ganna, dal, tilahan, aloo evan gehooan haian. jo bharat ki krishi aj ka mahattvapoorn srot haian. ganga ke tatiy kshetroan mean daladal evan jhiloan ke karan yahaan legyoom, mirch, sarasoan, til, ganna aur joot ki achchhi phasal hoti hai. nadi mean matsy udyog bhi bahut joroan par chalata hai. ganga nadi pranali bharat ki sabase b di nadi pranali hai. isamean lagabhag 375 matsy prajatiyaan upalabdh haian. vaijnanikoan dvara uttar pradesh v bihar mean 111 matsy prajatiyoan ki upalabdhata batayi gayi hai. pharakka baandh ban jane se ganga nadi mean hilsa machhali ke bijotpadan mean sahayata mili hai. ganga ka mahattv paryatan par adharit ay ke karan bhi hai. isake tat par aitihasik drishti se mahattvapoorn tatha prakritik sauandary se bharapoor kee paryatan sthal hai jo rashtriy ay ka mahattvapoorn srot haian. ganga nadi par raiphtiang ke shiviroan ka ayojan kiya jata hai. jo sahasik kheloan aur paryavaran dvara bharat ke arthik sahayog mean sahayog karate haian. ganga tat ke tin b de shahar haridvar, ilahabad evan varanasi jo tirth sthaloan mean vishesh sthan rakhate haian. is karan yahaan shraddhaluoan ki b di sankhya nirantar bani rahati hai aur dharmik paryatan mean mahattvapoorn yogadan karati hai. garmi ke mausam mean jab paha doan se barph pighalati hai, tab nadi mean pani ki matra v bahav achchha hota hai, is samay uttarakhand mean rrishikesh - badrinath marg par kaudiyala se rrishikesh ke madhy raiphtiang, kyakiang v kainoiang ke shiviroan ka ayojan kiya jata hai, jo sahasik kholoan ke shaukinoan aur paryatakoan ko vishesh roop se akarshit kar ke bharat ke arthik sahayog mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhata hai.

baandh evan nadi pariyojanaean

ganga nadi par nirmit anek baandh bharatiy jan-jivan tatha arth vyavastha ka mahattvapoorn aang haian. inamean pramukh haian farakka baandh, tihari baandh, tatha bhimagoda baandh. farakka baandh (bairaj) bharat ke pashchim bangal prant mean sthit ganga nadi par banaya gaya hai. is baandh ka nirman kolakata bandaragah ko gad (silt) se mukt karane ke liye kiya gaya tha jo ki 1950 se 1960 tak is bandaragah ki pramukh samasya thi. kolakata hugali nadi par sthit ek pramukh bandaragah hai. grishm rritu mean hugali nadi ke bahav ko nirantar banaye rakhane ke liye ganga nadi ke jal ke ek b de hisse ko farakka baandh ke dvara hugali nadi mean mo d diya jata hai. ganga par nirmit doosara pramukh baandh tihari baandh tihari vikas pariyojana ka ek prathamik baandh hai jo uttarakhand prant ke tihari jile mean sthit hai. yah baandh ganga nadi ki pramukh sahayogi nadi bhagirathi par banaya gaya hai. tihari baandh ki ooanchaee 261 mitar hai jo ise vishv ka paanchavaan sabase ooancha baandh banati hai. is baandh se 2400 megavat vidyut utpadan, 270,000 hektar kshetr ki sianchaee aur pratidin 102.20 karo d litar peyajal dilli, uttar-pradesh evan uttaraanchal ko upalabdh karana prastavit hai. tisara pramukh baandh bhimagoda baandh haridvar mean sthit hai jisako san 1840 mean aangrejo ne ganga nadi ke pani ko vibhajit kar oopari ganga nahar mean mo dane ke liye banavaya tha. yah nahar haridvar ke bhimagoda namak sh‍than se ganga nadi ke dahine tat se nikalati hai. praramh‍bh mean is nahar mean jalapoorti ganga nadi mean ek ash‍thayi b aauandh banakar ki jati thi. varshakal praramh‍bh hote hi ash‍thayi b aauandh toot jaya karata tha tatha manasoon avadhi mean nahar mean pani chalaya jata tha. is prakar is nahar se keval rabi ki phasaloan ki hi sianchaee ho pati thi. ash‍thayi b aauandh nirman sh‍thal ke daunash‍trim mean varsh 1978-1984 ki avadhi mean bhimagoda bairaj ka nirman karavaya gaya. isake ban jane ke bad oopari ganga nahar pranali se khariph ki phasal mean bhi pani diya jane laga.

pradooshan evan paryavaran

ganga nadi vishv bhar mean apani shuddhikaran kshamata ke karan jani jati hai. lanbe samay se prachalit isaki shuddhikaran ki manyata ka vaijnanik adhar bhi hai. vaijnanik manate haian ki is nadi ke jal mean baiktiriyophej namak vishanu hote haian, jo jivanuoan v any hanikarak sookshmajivoan ko jivit nahian rahane dete haian. nadi ke jal mean pranavayu (aauksijan) ki matra ko banae rakhane ki asadharan kshamata hai. kiantu isaka karan abhi tak ajnat hai. ek rashtriy sarvajanik rediyo karyakram ke anusar is karan haija aur pechish jaisi bimariyaan hone ka khatara bahut hi kam ho jata hai, jisase mahamariyaan hone ki sanbhavana b de star par tal jati hai. lekin ganga ke tat par ghane base audyogik nagaroan ke naloan ki gandagi sidhe ganga nadi mean milane se ganga ka pradooshan pichhale kee saloan se bharat sarakar aur janata ki chianta ka vishay bana hua hai. audyogik kachare ke sath-sath plastik kachare ki bahutayat ne ganga jal ko bhi behad pradooshit kiya hai. vaijnanik jaanch ke anusar ganga ka bayolajikal aauksijan star 3 digri (samany) se badhakar 6 digri ho chuka hai. ganga mean 2 karo d 90 lakh litar pradooshit kachara pratidin gir raha hai. vishv baiank riport ke anusar uttar-pradesh ki 12 pratishat bimariyoan ki vajah pradooshit ganga jal hai. yah ghor chintaniy hai ki ganga-jal n snan ke yogy raha, n pine ke yogy raha aur n hi sianchaee ke yogy. ganga ke parabhav ka arth hoga, hamari samoochi sabhyata ka ant. ganga mean badhate pradooshan par niyantran pane ke lie gh diyaloan ki madad li ja rahi hai. shahar ki gandagi ko saph karane ke lie sanyantroan ko lagaya ja raha hai aur udyogoan ke kacharoan ko isamean girane se rokane ke lie kanoon bane haian. isi kram mean ganga ko rashtriy dharohar bhi ghoshit kar diya gaya hai aur ganga ekshan plan v rashtriy nadi sanrakshan yojana lagoo ki gee haian. haanlaanki isaki saphalata par prashnachihn bhi lagae jate rahe haian. janata bhi is vishay mean jagrit huee hai. isake sath hi dharmik bhavanaean ahat n hoan isake bhi prayatn kie ja rahe haian. itana sabakuchh hone ke bavajood ganga ke astitv par sankat ke badal chhae hue haian. 2007 ki ek sanyukt rashtr riport ke anusar himalay par sthit ganga ki jalapoorti karane vale himanad ki 2030 tak samapt hone ki sanbhavana hai. isake bad nadi ka bahav manasoon par ashrit hokar mausami hi rah jaega.

dharmik mahattv

bharat ki anek dharmik avadharanaoan mean ganga nadi ko devi ke roop mean nirupit kiya gaya hai. bahut se pavitr tirthasthal ganga nadi ke kinare par base huye haian jinamean varanasi aur haridvar sabase pramukh haian. ganga nadi ko bharat ki pavitr nadiyoan mean sabase pavitr mana jata hai evan yah manyata hai ki ganga mean snan karane se manushy ke sare papoan ka nash ho jata hai. marane ke bad log ganga mean apani rakh visarjit karana moksh prapti ke liye avashyak samajhate haian, yahaan tak ki kuchh log ganga ke kinare hi pran visarjan ya aantim sanskar ki ichchha bhi rakhate haian. isake ghatoan par log pooja archana karate haian aur dhyan lagate haian. gangajal ko pavitr samajha jata hai tatha samast sanskaroan mean usaka hona avashyak hai. panchamrit mean bhi gangajal ko ek amrit mana gaya hai. anek parvoan aur utsavoan ka ganga se sidha sanbandh hai. udaharan ke lie makar sankraanti, kuanbh aur ganga dashahara ke samay ganga mean nahana ya keval darshan hi kar lena bahut mahattvapoorn samajha jata hai. isake tatoan par anek prasiddh meloan ka ayojan kiya jata hai aur anek prasiddh mandir ganga ke tat par hi bane hue haian. mahabharat ke anusar matr prayag mean magh mas mean ganga-yamuna ke sangam par tin karo d das hajar tirthoan ka sangam hota hai. ye tirth sthal sampoorn bharat mean saanskritik ekata sthapit karate haian. ganga ko lakshy karake anek bhakti granth likhe ge haian. jinamean shrigangasahasranamastotramh aur arati sabase lokapriy haian. anek log apane dainik jivan mean shraddha ke sath inaka prayog karate haian. gangotri tatha any sthanoan par ganga ke mandir aur moortiyaan bhi sthapit haian jinake darshan kar shraddhalu svayan ko kritarth samajhate haian. uttarakhand ke panch prayag tatha prayagraj jo ilahabad mean sthit hai ganga ke ve prasiddh sangam sthal haian jahaan vah any nadiyoan se milati haian. ye sabhi sangam dharmik drishti se poojy mane ge haian.

pauranik prasang

ganga ke pauranik prasang vistar mean

ganga nadi ke sath anek pauranik kathaean ju di huee haian. mithakoan ke anusar brahma ne vishnu ke pair ke pasine ki booandoan se ganga ka nirman kiya. trimoorti ke do sadasyoan ke sparsh ke karan yah pavitr samajha gaya. ek any katha ke anusar raja sagar ne jaduee rup se sath hajar putroan ki prapti ki. ek din raja sagar ne devalok par vijay prapt karane ke liye ek yajn kiya. yajn ke liye gho da avashyak tha jo eershyalu iandr ne chura liya tha. sagar ne apane sare putroan ko gho de ki khoj mean bhej diya aant mean unhean gho da patal lok mean mila jo ek rrishi ke samip bandha tha. sagar ke putroan ne yah soch kar ki rrishi hi gho de ke gayab hone ki vajah haian unhoanne rrishi ka apaman kiya. tapasya mean lin rrishi ne hajaroan varsh bad apani aankhean kholi aur unake krodh se sagar ke sabhi sath hajar putr jal kar vahian bhasm ho gaye. sagar ke putroan ki atmaean bhoot banakar vicharane lagian kyoanki unaka aantim sanskar nahian kiya gaya tha. sagar ke putr aanshuman ne atmaoan ki mukti ka asaphal prayas kiya aur bad mean aanshuman ke putr dilip ne bhi. bhagirath raja dilip ki doosari patni ke putr the. unhoanne apane poorvajoan ka aantim sanskar kiya. unhoanne ganga ko prithvi par lane ka pran kiya jisase unake aantim sanskar kar, rakh ko gangajal mean pravahit kiya ja sake aur bhatakati atmaean svarg mean ja sakean. bhagirath ne brahma ki ghor tapasya ki taki ganga ko prithvi par laya ja sake. brahma prasann huye aur ganga ko prithvi par bhejane ke liye taiyar huye aur ganga ko prithvi par aur usake bad patal mean jane ka adesh diya taki sagar ke putroan ki atmaoan ki mukti sanbhav ho sake. tab ganga ne kaha ki maian itani ooanchaee se jab prithvi par girooangi, to prithvi itana veg kaise sah paegi? tab bhagirath ne bhagavan shiv se nivedan kiya, aur unhoanne apani khuli jataoan mean ganga ke veg ko rok kar, ek lat khol di, jisase ganga ki aviral dhara prithvi par pravahit huee. vah dhara bhagirath ke pichhe-pichhe ganga sagar sangam tak gee, jahaan sagar-putroan ka uddhar hua. shiv ke sparsh se ganga aur bhi pavan ho gayi aur prithvi vasiyoan ke liye bahut hi shraddha ka kendr ban gayian. puranoan ke anusar svarg mean ganga ko mandakini aur patal mean bhagirathi kahate haian. isi prakar ek pauranik katha raja shaantanu aur ganga ke vivah tatha unake sat putroan ke janm ki hai.

sahityik ullekh

bharat ki rashtr-nadi ganga jal hi nahian, apitu bharat aur hiandi sahity ki manaviy chetana ko bhi pravahit karati hai. rrigved, mahabharat, ramayan evan anek puranoan mean ganga ko puny salila, pap-nashini, moksh pradayini, saritshreshtha evan mahanadi kaha gaya hai. sanskrit kavi jagannath ray ne ganga ki stuti mean 'shrigangalahari' namak kavy ki rachana ki hai. hindi ke adi mahakavy prithviraj raso^[k] tatha visaladev ras^[kh] (narapati nalh) mean ganga ka ullekh hai. adikal ka sarvadhik lok vishrut granth jaganik rachit alhakhand^[g] mean ganga, yamuna aur sarasvati ka ullekh hai. kavi ne prayagaraj ki is triveni ko papanashak batalaya hai. shriangari kavi vidyapati^[gh], kabir vani aur jayasi ke padmavat mean bhi ganga ka ullekh hai, kintu sooradas^[n], aur tulasidas ne bhakti bhavana se ganga-mahatmy ka varnan vistar se kiya hai. gosvami tulasidas ne kavitavali ke uttarakand mean ‘shri ganga mahatmy’ ka varnan tin chhandoan mean kiya hai- in chhandoan mean kavi ne ganga darshan, ganga snan, ganga jal sevan, ganga tat par basane valoan ke mahattv ko varnit kiya hai.^[ch] ritikal mean senapati aur padmakar ka ganga varnan shlaghaniy hai. padmakar ne ganga ki mahima aur kirti ka varnan karane ke lie gangalahari namak granth ki rachana ki hai. senapati^[chh] kavitt ratnakar mean ganga mahatmy ka varnan karate hue kahate haian ki pap ki nav ko nasht karane ke lie ganga ki punyadhara talavar si sushobhit hai. rasakhan, rahim^[j] adi ne bhi ganga prabhav ka sundar varnan kiya hai. adhunik kal ke kaviyoan mean jagannathadas ratnakar ke granth gangavataran mean kapil muni dvara shapit sagar ke sath hajar putroan ke uddhar ke lie bhagirath ki 'bhagirath-tapasya' se ganga ke bhoomi par avatarit hone ki katha hai. sampoorn granth terah sargoan mean vibhakt aur rola chhand mean nibaddh hai. any kaviyoan mean bharatendu harishchandr, sumitranandan pant aur shridhar pathak adi ne bhi yatr-tatr ganga ka varnan kiya hai. chhayavadi kaviyoan ka prakriti varnan hindi sahity mean ullekhaniy hai. sumitranandan pant ne ‘nauka vihar’ mean grishm kalin tapas bala ganga ka jo chitr ukera hai, vah ati ramaniy hai. unhoanne ganga namak kavita bhi likhi hai. ganga nadi ke kee pratikatmak arthoan ka varnan javahar lal neharoo ne apani pustak bharat ek khoj (diskavari aauph iandiya) mean kiya hai.^[jh] ganga ki pauranik kahaniyoan ko mahendr mittal apani kriti maan ganga mean sanjoya hai.

vithika

• chitr:Haridwar2.jpg

  ganga nadi, haridvar
  Ganga River, Haridwar

• chitr:Kachla-Ghat.jpg

  ganga nadi, kachhala ghat
  Ganga River, Kachla Ghat

tika tippani

k.    ^{^}  iando kian aandoliya ami e chakkivan ganga sire. .................etane charitr te gang tire.
kh.    ^{^}  ki re himali mahian giluan. ki tu jhanphaghadan gang-duvari...................bahin divaooan rai ki. thara byah karabuan gang ni pari.
g.    ^{^} pragaraj so tirath dhyavauan. jahan par gang matu laharay.. / ek or se jamuna aee. donoan milian bhuja phailay.. / sarasvati niche se nikali. tirabeni so tirth kahay..
gh.    ^{^} kajjal roop tua kali kahiae, ujjal roop tua bani. / ravimandal parachanda kahiae, ganga kahiae pani..
n.    ^{^} sukadev kahyo sunau naranah. ganga jyauan aee jagamaanh.. / kahauan so katha sunau chitalai. sunai so bhavatari hari pur jai..
ch.    ^{^} devanadi kahan jo jan jan kie manasa kahuan koti udhare. / dekhi chale jhagaraian suranari, sures banai viman savaanre.
          pooja ko saju viranchi rachaian tulasi je mahatam jani tihare. / ok ki lok pari hari lok vilokat gang tarang tihare..(kavitavali-uttarakand 145)
          brahm jo vyapak ved kahaian, gamanahian gira gun-gyan-guni ko. / jo karata, bharata, harata, sur sahebu, sahebu din dukhi ko.
          soi bhayo drav roop sahi, jo hai nath viranchi mahes muni ko. / mani pratiti sada tulasi, jagu kahe n sevat dev dhuni ko..(kavitavali-uttarakand 146)
          bari tiharo nihari murari bhean parasean pad papu lahauango. / ees hvai sis dharauan pai darauan, prabhu ki samataan b de dosh dahauango.
          baru barahian bar sarir dharauan, raghubir ko hvai tav tir rahauango. / bhagirathi binavauan kar jori, bahori n khori lagai so kahauango..(kavitavali-uttarakand 147)
chh.    ^{^} pavan adhik sab tirath taian jaki dhar, jahaan mari papi hot surapur pati hai. / dekhat hi jakau bhalo ghat pahachaniyat, ek roop bani jake pani ki rahati hai.
          b di raj rakhai jakauan mahadhir tarasat, senapati thaur-thaur nikiyai bahati hai. / pap patavari ke katal karibe ko ganga, puny ki asil taravari si lasati hai..--senapati
j.    ^{^} achyut charan tarangini, shiv sir malati mal. hari n banayo surasari, kijau iandav bhal..--rahim
jh.    ^{^} "The Ganga, especially, is the river of India, beloved of her people, round which are interwined her memories, her hopes and fears, her songs of triumph, her victories and her defeats. She has been a symbol of India's age long culture and civilization, ever changing , ever flowing, and yet ever the same Ganga." -javaharalal neharoo

sandarbh

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