पतंजलि

patanjali ‘vyakaran-mahabhashy’ ke rachayita, yog darshan ke praneta tatha ayurved ki charak parampara ke janak haian. inaki ganana bharat ke agragany vidvanoan mean ki jati hai. inaka nivas sthan 'gonard' namak gram (kashmir) athava 'goanda' (uttar pradesh) mana jata hai. inaki mata ka nam 'gonika' bataya gaya hai tatha inake pita ka nam jnat nahian hai. pantajali ko naman karate hue bhartuhari ne apane granth 'vakyapadiy' ke prarambh mean nimn shlok likha hai-

yogen chittasy paden vachaan, malan sharirasy ch vaidyaken.
yoapakaroth tan pravaran muninaan, patanjali praanjaliranatoasmi..

arth- yog se chitt ka, pad (vyakaran) se vani ka v vaidyak se sharir ka mal, jinhoanne door kiya, un muni shreshth patanjali ko maian aanjali baddh hokar namaskar karata hooan.

janm katha

patanjali ke any nam bhi haian, jaise-gonardiy, gonikaputr, naganath, ahipati, choornikar, phanibhut, sheshahi, shesharaj aur padakar. ramachandr dikshit ne 'pantajalicharit' namak unaka charitr likha hai, jisamean patanjali ko shesh ka avatar manakar, tatsambandhi nimn akhyayika di gee hai-

ek bar jab shri vishnu sheshashayya par nidrit the, bhagavan shankar ne apana taandav nrity prarambh kiya. us samay shri vishnu gahari nidra mean nahian the. at: svabhavikat: unaka dhyan us shiv nrity ki or akarshit hua. us nrity ko dekhate hue shri vishnu ko itana anand prapt hua ki, vah unake sharir mean samata nahian tha. at: unhoanne apane sharir ko badhana prarambh kar diya. shri vishnu ka sharir vriddhigat hote hi shesh ko unaka bhar asahaniy ho utha. ve apane sahasr mukhoan se phuankar karane lage. usake karan lakshmi ji ghabaraeean aur unhoanne shri vishnu ko niand se jagaya. unake jagane par hi unaka sharir sankuchit hua. tab chhutakare ki shvaans lete hue shesh ne poochha, 'kya aj meri pariksha lena chahate the.' is par shri vishnu ne shesh ko shivaji ke taandav nrity ka kalatmak shreshthatv vishad karake bataya. tab shesh bole-'vah nrity ek bar maian dekhana chahata hooan.' is par shri vishnu ne kaha-'tum ek bar pun: prithvi par avatar lo, usi avatar mean tum shivaji ka taandav nrity dekh sakoge.'

namakaran

tadanusar avatar lene hetu uchit sthan ki khoj mean shesh ji chal p de. chalate-chalate gonard namak sthan par unhean gonika namak ek mahila, putr prapti ki ichchha se tapasya karati huee dikh p di. shesh ji ne use matri roop mean svikar karane ka man hi man nishchay kiya. at: jab gonika soory ko ardhy dene hetu siddh huee, tab shesh ji sookshm roop dharan usaki aanjali mean ja baithai aur usaki aanjali ke jal ke sath niche ate hi, usake sammukh balak ke roop mean kh de ho ge. gonika ne unhean apana putr manakar godi mean utha liya aur boli-‘meri aanjali se patan pane ke karan, maian tumhara nam patanjali rakhati hooan.’

adhyapan kary

patanjali ne balyavastha se hi vidyabhyas prarambh kiya. phir tapasya ke dvara unhoanne shiv ji ko prasann kar liya. shiv ji ne unhean chidambar kshetr mean apana taandav nrity dikhalaya aur padashastr par bhashy likhane ka adesh diya. tadanusar chidambaramh mean hi rahakar patanjali ne panini ke sootroan tatha katyayan ke vartikoan par vistrit bhashy ki rachana ki. yah granth ‘patanjal mahabhashy’ ke nam se prasiddh hua. is mahabhashy ki kirti sunakar, usake adhyayanarth hazaroan pandit patanjali ke yahaan par ane lage. patanjali ek yavanika (parde) ki ot mean baithakar, sheshanag ke roop mean un sahasroan shishyoan ko ek sath padhane lage.

adhyapan ke samay pantajali ne shishyoan ko k di chetavani de rakhi thi, ki koee bhi yavanika ke andar jhaankakar n dekhe, kintu shishyoan ke hriday mean is bare se bhari kotuhal jagrit ho chuka tha, ki ek hi vyakti ek hi samay mean itane shishyoan ko granth ke anyany bhag kis prakar padha sakata hai. at: ek din unhoanne jab yavanika door ki, to unhean dikhaee diya, ki patanjali sahasr mukh vale sheshanag ke roop mean adhyapan kary kar rahe haian, kintu shesh ji ka tej itana prakhar tha ki sabhi shishy jalakar bhashm ho ge. keval ek shishy jo ki us samay jal lane ke lie bahar gaya tha, bach gaya. patanjali ne use adesh diya, ki vah suyogy shishyoan ko mahabhashy padhaye. phir patanjali chidambar kshetr se gonard gram laute.

rachanaean

apane gram pahuanchakar unhoanne apani mata ji ke darshan kie, aur phir apane mool shesh roop mean vah pravishth ho ge. mahabhashy ke saman hi patanjali ne ayurved ki charakasanhita bhi likhi, aisa kaha gaya hai. charakasanhita ka mool nam hai ‘atrey sanhita’. 'charak' krishna yajurved ki ek thi. usake anuyayiyoan ko bhi charak hi kaha jata tha. aisa prasiddh hai ki charak log samanyat: ayurvedajn, maantrik tatha nagopasak the. kaha jata hai ki patanjali bhi isi shakha ke hoange. charakasanhita atri ke nam par hote hue bhi adhikaansh vidvan manate haian ki patanjali ne us par prabal sanskar avashy kie hoange. patanjali ko ayurved ki achchhi janakari thi, yah bat unake mahabhashy se bhi dikhaee deti hai. unake mahabhashy mean sharir rachana, sharir sauandary, sharir vikriti, rog nidan, aushadhi vijnan adi ke vishay mean anek sthanoan par ullekh ae haian.

yogasootroan ki bhi rachana patanjali ne hi ki, aisa prasiddh hai, kintu 'bhashyakar', 'yogasootrakar' tatha 'charakasanskarta' ko ek hi vyakti manana, anek vidvanoan ko many nahian hai. unaka tark hai ki ye tinoan patanjali bhinn kal ke bhinn vyakti hone chahie. yogasootroan mean arsh (rrishi pranit) prayog nahian hai. sootroan ke arthoan ke lie adhyahar (vakyapoorti ke lie shabd-yojana) ki avashyakata nahian p dati aur usaki rachana-shaili mahabhashy ke anusar anuroop spasht evan prasadik hai. in adharoan par d aauktar prabhudayal agnihotri, mahabhashyakarta ko hi yogasootroan ka karta manate haian. any kisi bhi darshanik ki tulana mean yogasootrakar ek shreshth vaiyakaran pratit hote haian. chakrapani namak ek prachin tikakar ne bhi nimn shlok dvara patanjali ko ek hi vyakti mana hai-

patanjal-mahabhashy-charakapratisanskritai:.
manovakkayadoshanaan hantreahipataye nam:..

arth- yogasootr, mahabhashy tatha charak sanhita ka pratisanskaran in kritiyoan se, kramash: man, vani evan deh ke doshoan ka nirasan karane vale patanjali ko maian namaskar karata hooan.

vidvan vichar

'charak' shabd ke kalpit arth lekar vidvanoan ne jo tark prastut kie haian, unamean dvivedi kahate haian-'adhyay ki samapti ke pashchath, patanjali kuchh samay ke lie charak arthath bhramanashil rahe.' vibhinn pradeshoan v gramoan mean ghoom-phirakar, unhoanne panini, katyayan ke pashchath sanskrit bhasha ke shabd-prayogoan mean jo parivartan roodh hue unaka adhyayan kiya, aur unaka niroopan karane ke lie 'ishti' ke nam se kuchh naye niyam banae. pune nivasi karandikar ne charak ke 'char' arthath guptachar is arth ke adhar par apani sambhavana vyakt karate hue likha hai-

'prarambh mean patanjali ne ek guptachar ki bhoomika se bharat bhraman kiya hoga. us sthiti mean unaka samavesh, arthashastr mean varnit satri namak guptacharoan mean hua hona chahie. ary chanaky ne apane arthashastr mean kaha hai ki pitrihin v aptahin balakoan ko samudrik, mukh-pariksha, jadoo-vidya, vashikaran, ashram-dharm, shakun-vidya adi sikhakar, unamean se sansarg athava samagam dvara vratt-sangrah karane vale guptacharoan ka chunav kiya jana chahie. patanjali ko gonika-putr kahakar hi pahachana jata hai. at: unake pita ki akal mrityu huee hogi aur ve niradhar rahe hoange. parinamasvaroop satri namak guptacharoan ke bich hi unaki shiksha-diksha huee hogi, athava unhoanne svechchha se hi us sahasi vyavasay ko svikar kiya hoga.'

matabhed

patanjali ke janm sthan ke bare mean bhi vidvanoan ka ek mat nahian hai. patanjali ne katyayan ko 'dakshinaty' kaha hai. isase anuman hota hai, ki ve uttar bharat ke nivasi rahe hoange. unake janm-gram ke roop mean gonard gram ka namollekh ho chuka hai. kintu gonard ka sambandh goand pradesh se bhi manate haian. katipay panditoan ke matanusar gonard gram avadh pradesh ka goanda hoga. vebar is gaanv ko magadh ke poorv mean sthit manate haian. kaniangham ke anusar, gonard gaud haian, kintu patanjali aryavart ka abhiman rakhane vale the. at: unaka janm-gram, aryavart hi mean kahian n kahian hona chahie, isamean sandeh nahian. us drishti se vah gonard, vidisha aur ujjain ke bich kisi sthan par hona chahie. profesar silvhaan levhi bhi gonard ko vidisha v ujjain ke marg par hi manate haian. unhoanne yah bhi bataya hai ki vidisha ke samip sthit saanchi ke bauddh stoop ko, asapas ke pray: sabhi gaanvoan ke logoan dvara dan die jane ke ullekh milate haian, kintu usamean gonard ke logoan ke nam dikhaee nahian dete.

is bat par unhoanne ashchary bhi vyakt kiya hai. tathapi is par se anuman nikalata hai ki gonard ke log kattar bauddh virodhak hoange. aise bauddh virodhakoan ke kendr mean patanjali pale yah ghatana unake charitr ki drishti se mahattvapoorn hai. vyakaran-mahabhashy se yah soochit hota hai, ki patanjali ki maury samrat brihadrath ka vadh karane vale pushyamitr shuang se mitrata thi. patanjali ne vyakaran ki pariksha pataliputr (patana) mean di. vahian par un donoan ki mitrata huee hogi. bauddh banakar vaidik dharm ka virodh karane vale maury vansh ka uchchhed kar bharat mean vaidik dharmi rajy ki prasthapana karane ki yojana un donoan ne vahian par banaee hogi. is drishti se karandikar ne patanjali se sambandhit akhyayikaoan ko aitihasik arth lagane ka nimn prakar se prayatn kiya hai-

shri vishnu ne apane sharir ko badhaya aur usaka bhar shesh ji ko asahy hua. isaka arth yah hai ki prithvipati roopi vishnu arthath maury samrath dvara apane adhikar-maryada ka kiya gaya ullanghan, patanjali ke saman hi madhy bharat ke sabhi nag kulotpannoan ko asahy ho chuka tha. pratit hota hai ki patanjali ka nagakul se ghanishth sambandh tha. kyoanki unhean sheshanag ka avatar mana gaya hai. in nagoan ka pushyamanav namak ek sanghathan, pushyamitr ke hi netritv mean nirman hua hoga. yah bat ‘mahipalavach: shrutva jughushu: pushyamanava:’ arthath mahipal ka (raja ka) vachan sunakar pushyamanav prakshubdh hue-is mahabhashyaantargat shlok se soochit hoti hai. yah kalpana prabhatachandr chatarji se lekar d aauktar vasudev sharan agraval tak anek vidvanoan ne svikar ki hai. pushyamitr ke sath hi patanjali ne bhi is sangathan ka netritv kiya hoga.

sanskrit bhasha ka utkarsh

pushyamitr shuang v patanjali donoan hi vaidik dharm evan sanskrit bhasha ke abhimani the. pushyamitr ne do ashvamedh yajn kie the aur unaka paurohity kiya tha, patanjali ne. vyakaran mahabhashy likhakar to patanjali ne sanskrit bhasha ke gaurav ko to shikhar par hi pahuancha diya tha. isake parinamasvaroop pali-ardhamagadhi jaisi bauddh janoan ki dharm bhashaean tak sanskrit ke samane pichh d geean. ‘sanskrit tatha apabhransh shabdoan se yadyapi ek jaisa arth vyakt hota hai, phir bhi dharmik drishti se sanskrit shabdoan ka hi prayog kiya jana chahie, kyoanki aisa karane se abhyuday hota hai’-aisa patanjali ne kaha hai. us kal mean patanjali v pushyamitr dvara kiye ge sanskrit bhasha ke punarutthan ke karan hi ramayan tatha mahabharat adi mahan granthoan ka akhil bharat mean samanyat: ek hi svaroop mean prachar hua, aur bharat ka ek rashtriyatv ab tak tik saka.

vyakaran mahabhashy patanjali ki ajaramar kriti hai. bharat mean anek bhashyoan ka nirman hua, jinake nirmata the- shabar, shankarachary, ramanuj, sayan jaise mahan achary, kintu keval patajanli ka bhashy hi 'mahabhashy' hone ke samman ko prapt kar saka. is mahabhashy ke dvara vyakaran ke sookshmatisookshm rahasyoan tak ka udaghatan kiya jata hai. isake sath hi apane is granth mean shabd ki vyapakata par prakash dalakar patanjali ne ‘sphotavad’ namak ek navin darshanik siddhant ki nianv bhi dali hai. anadi, anant, akhand, ajney, svayan prakashaman adi nana visheshanoan se vibhooshit shabdabrahm hi srishti ka adikaran hai, aisa patanjali manate haian.

any rachanaean

vyakaran mahabhashy ke atirikt patanjali nam se sambandhit nimn kritiyaan haian-

1. maharaj samudragupt krit ‘krishnacharit’ mean patanjali ko ‘mahanand’ ya ‘mahanandamay’ kavy ka praneta kaha gaya hai, jisamean kavy ke bahane yog ka varnan kiya gaya hai. ‘saduktikarnamrit’ mean bhashyakar ke nam se nimn shlok uddhrit kiya gaya hai-

yadyapi svachchhabhaven darshayatyambudhirmaninh.
tathapi janudandhoasmati chetasi ma katha:..

1. sharadatanay-rachit 'bhavaprakashan' mean kisi vasuki achary krit 'sahityashastriy' granth ka ullekh hai. isamean bhavoan dvara rasotpatti ka kathan kiya gaya hai. isase anuman hota hai ki patanjali ne koee kavy shastriy granth likha hoga.
2. lohashastr-shivadas krit vaidyak granth 'chakradatt' ki tika mean 'lohashastr' namak granth ke rachayita patanjali batae ge haian.
3. siddhant saravali-isake praneta bhi patanjali kahe ge haian.
4. kosh-anek kosh granthoan ki tikaoan mean vasuki, shesh, phanapati v bhogiandr adi namoan dvara rachit kosh granth ke uddharan prapt hote haian.

patanjali ka samay

bahusankhy bharatiy v pashchaty vidvanoan ke anusar patanjali ka samay 150 ee. poo. hai, par yudhishthir mimaansakaji ne jor dekar bataya hai ki patanjali vikram sanvat se do hazar varsh poorv hue the. is sambandh mean abhi tak koee nishchit praman prapt nahian ho saka hai, par aant:sakshy ke adhar par inaka samay niroopan koee kathin kary nahian hai. mahabhashy ke varnan se pata chalata hai ki pushyamitr ne kisi aise vishal yajn ka ayojan kiya tha, jisamean anek purohit the aur jinamean patanjali bhi shamil the. ve svayan brahman yajak the aur isi karan se unhoanne kshatriy yajak par kataksh kiya hai- yadi bhavadvidh: kshatriyan yajayeth.

pushyamitroan yajate, yajaka: yajayati. tatr bhavitavyamh pushyamitro yajayate, yajaka: yajayantiti yajvadishu chaviparyaso vaktavy:.

isase pata chalata hai ki patanjali ka abhirbhav kalidas ke poorv v pushyamitr ke rajy kal mean hua tha. ‘matsy puran’ ke anusar pushyamitr ne 36 varshoan tak rajy kiya tha. pushyamitr ke sianhasan par baithane ka samay 185 ee. poo. hai aur 36 varsh kam kar dene par usake shasan ki sima 149 ee. poo. nishchit hoti hai. goldastukar ne mahabhashy ka kal 140 se 120 ee. poo. mana hai. d aauktar bhaandarakar ke anusar patanjali ka samay 158 ee. poo. ke lagabhag hai, par profesar vebar ke anusar inaka samay kanishk ke bad, arthath ee. poo. 25 varsh hona chahie. d aauktar bhaandarakar ne profesar vebar ke is kathan ka khandan kar diya hai. bothaliank ke matanusar pantajali ka samay 2000 ee. poo. hai. is mat ka samarthan meksamoolar ne bhi kiya hai. kith ke anusar patanjali ka samay 140-150 ee. poo. hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh