धर्मकीर्ति बौद्धाचार्य
achary dinnag ne jab 'pramanasamuchchay' likhakar bauddh pramanashastr ka bij vapan kiya to any bauddhetar darshanikoan mean usaki pratikriya hona svabhavik tha. tadanusar nyay darshan ke vyakhyakaroan mean udyotakar ne, mimaansak mat ke achary kumaril ne, jain acharyaan mean achary mallavadi ne dinnag ke mantavyoan ki samalochana ki. phalasvaroop bauddh vidvanoan ko bhi pramanashastr ke vishay mean apane vicharoan ko suvyavasthit karane ka avasar prapt hua. aise vidvanoan mean achary dharmakirti pramukh haian, jinhoanne dinnag ke darshanik mantavyoan ka suvishad vivechan kiya tatha udyotakar, kumaril adi darshanikoan ki jamakar samalochana karake bauddh pramanashastr ki bhoomika ko sudridh banaya. unhoanne keval bauddhetar vidvanoan ki hi alochana nahian ki, apitu kuchh gaun vishayoan mean apana mat dinnag se bhinn roop mean bhi prastut kiya. unhoanne dinnag ke shishy eeshvarasen ki bhi, jinhoanne dinnag ke mantavyoan ki apani samajh ke anusar vyakhya ki thi, unaki bhi samalochana kar bauddh pramanashastr ko paripusht kiya.
- achary dharmakirti ke pramanashastr vishayak sat granth prasiddh haian. ye satoan granth pramanasamuchchay ki vyakhya ke roop mean hi haian. pramanasamuchchay mean pratipadit vishayoan ka hi in granthoan mean vishesh vivaran hai. kintu ek bat asandigdh haian ki dharmakirti ke granthoan ke prakash mean ane ke bad dinnag ke granthoan ka adhyayan gaun ho gaya.
kritiyaan
achary dharmakirti ke sat granth is prakar haian-
- pramanavartik,
- pramanavinishchay,
- nyayabindu,
- hetubindu,
- vadanyay,
- sambandhapariksha evan
- santanantarasiddhi.
- inake atirikt pramanavartik ke 'svarthanuman parichchhed' ki vritti evan 'sambandhapariksha ki tika' bhi svayan dharmakirti ne likhi hai.
- achary dharmakirti ke is granthoan ka pradhan aur poorak ke roop mean bhi vibhajan kiya jata hai. tatha hi- 'nyayabindu' ki rachana tikshnabuddhi purushoan ke lie, 'pramanavinishchay' ki rachana madhyabuddhi purushoan ke lie tatha 'pramanavartik' ka nirman mandabuddhi purushoan ke lie haian- ye hi tinoan pradhan granth hai., jinamean pramanoan se sambaddh sabhi vaktavyoan ka suvishad niroopan kiya gaya hai. avashisht char granth poorak ke roop mean haian. tathahi-svarthanuman se sambaddh hetuoan ka niroopan 'hetubindu' mean hai. hetuoan ka apane sadhy ke sath sambandh ka niroopan 'sambandhapariksha' mean hai. pararthanuman se sambaddh vishayoan ka niroopan 'vadanyay' mean hai arthat isamean pararthanuman ke avayavoan ka tatha jay-parajay ki vyavastha kaise ho- isaka vishesh pratipadan kiya gaya hai.
- achary dharmakirti dakshin ke trimalay mean brahman kul mean utpann hue the. unhoanne prarambhik adhyayan vaidik darshanoan ka kiya tha. tadanantar vasubandhu ke shishy dharmapal, jo un dinoan atyant vriddh ho chuke the, unake pas vishesh roop se bauddh darshan ka adhyayan karane ke lie ve nalanda pahuanche. unako tarkashastr mean vishesh ruchi thi, isalie dinnag ke shishy eeshvarasen se unhoanne pramanashastr ka vishesh adhyayan kiya tatha apani pratibha ke bal se dinnag ke pramanashastr mean eeshvarasen se bhi age badh gaye. tadanantar apana agala jivan unhoanne vad-vivad aur pramanavartik adi sapt pramanashastroan ki rachana mean bitaya. ant mean kaliang desh mean unaki mrityu huee.
samay
tibbati parampara ke anusar achary kumaril aur achary dharmakirti samakalin the. kumaril ne dinnag ka khandan to kiya hai, kintu dharmakirti ka nahian, jabaki dharmakirti ne kumaril ka khandan kiya hai. aisi sthiti mean kumaril achary dharmakirti ke vriddh samakalin hi ho sakate haian. achary dharmakirti ne tarkashastr ka adhyayan eeshvarasen se kiya tha, kintu unake diksha guru prasiddh vidvan evan nalanda ke achary dharmapal the. dharmapal ko vasubandhu ka shishy kaha gaya hai. vasubandhu ka samay chauthi shatabdi nishchit kiya gaya hai. dharmapal ke shishy shilabhadr eesviy varsh 635 mean vidyaman the, jab hrenasaang nalanda pahuanche the. at: yah manana hoga ki jis samay dharmakirti dikshit hue, us samay dharmapal maranasann the. is drishti se vichar karane par dharmakirti ka kal 550-600 ho sakata hai.
- achary dharmakirti ke mantavyoan ka khandan vaisheshik darshan mean vyomashiv ne, mimaansa darshan mean shalikanath ne, nyay darshan mean jayant aur vachaspati mishr ne, vedant mean bhi vachaspati mishr ne tatha jain darshan mean akalank adi acharyoan ne kiya hai. dharmakirti ke tikakaroan ne un akshepoan ka yathasambhav nirakaran kiya hai. dharmakirti ke tikakaroan ko tin varg mean vibhakt kiya jata hai.
- pratham varg ke puraskarta devendrabuddhi mane jate haian, jo dharmakirti ke sakshat shishy the aur jinhoanne shabd pradhan vyakhya ki hai. devendr buddhi ne pramanavartik ki do bar vyakhya likhakar dharmakirti ko dikhaee aur donoan hi bar dharmakirti ne use nirast kar diya. ant mean tisari bar asantusht rahate hue bhi use svikar kar liya aur man mean yah sochakar nirash hue ki vastut: mera praman shastr yatharth roop mean koee samajh nahian sakega. shakyabuddhi evan prabhabuddhi adi bhi isi pratham varg ke achary haian.
- doosare varg ke aise achary haian, jinhoanne shabd pradhan vyakhya ka marg chho dakar dharmakirti ke tattvajnan ko mahattv diya. is varg ke puraskarta achary dharmottar hai. dharmottar ka karyakshetr kashmir raha, at: unaki parampara ko kashmir-parampara bhi kahate haian. vastut: dharmakirti ke mantavyoan ka prakashan dharmottar-parampara bhi kahate haian. vastut: dharmakirti ke mantavyoan ke prakashan dharmottar dvara hi hua hai. dhvanyalok ke karta anandavardhan ne bhi dharmottar krit pramanavinishchay ki tika par tika likhi hai, kintu vah anupalabdh hai. isi parampara mean shankaranand ne bhi pramanavartik par ek vistrit vyakhya likhana shuroo kiya, kintu vah adhoori rahi.
- tisare varg mean dharmik drishti ko mahattv dene vale dharmakirti ke tikakar haian. unamean prajnakar gupt pradhan hai. unhoanne svarthanuman ko chho dakar shesh tin parichchhedoan par 'alankar' namak bhashy likha, jise 'pramanavartikalankar bhashy' kahate haian. is shreni ke tikakaroan mean pramanavartik ke pramanaparichchhed ka atyadhik mahattv hai, kyoanki usamean bhagavan buddh ki sarvajnata tatha unake dharmakay adi ki siddhi ki gee hai. prajnakar gupt ka anusaran karane vale achary hue hai. 'jin' namak achary ne prajnakar ke vicharoan ki pushti ki hai. ravigupt prajnakar ke sakshat shishy the. jnanashrimitr bhi isi parampara ke anuyayi the. jnanashri ke shishy yamari ne bhi alankar ki tika ki. karnagomi ne svarthanuman parichchhed ne charoan parichchhedoan par tika likhi hai, kintu use shabdarthaparak vyakhya hi manana chahie.
- dharmakirti ke granthoan ki tika-parampara keval sanskrit mean hi nahian rahi, apitu jab bauddh dharm ka prasar evan vikas tibbat mean ho gaya to vahaan ke anek bhot vidvanoan ne bhi tibbati bhasha mean svatantr tikaean pramanavartik adi granthoan par likhian tatha unaka adhyayan-adhyapan aj bhi tibbati parampara mean prachalit hai. is prakar ham dekhate haian ki dinnag ke dvara jo bauddh pramanashastr ka bijavapan kiya gaya, vah dharmakirti aur unake anuyayiyoan ke prayasoan se vishal vatavriksh ke roop man parinat ho gaya.
sanbandhit lekh
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