महायान साहित्य

mahayanasootr

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mahayanasootr anant haian. unamean kuchh upalabdh haian, aur kuchh mool roop mean anupalabdh haian. bhot-bhasha, chini bhasha mean anek sootroan ke anuvad upalabdh haian. kuchh sootr avashy aise haian, jin ka mahayan bauddh parampara mean atyadhik adar hai. aise sootroan ki sankhya 9 hai. in 9 sootroan ko 'nav dharm' bhi kahate haian tatha 'vaipulyasootr' bhi kahate haian. ve is prakar hai-

1. saddharmapundarik,
2. lalitavistar,
3. lankavatar,
4. suvarnaprabhas,
5. gandavyooh,
6. tathagataguhyak,
7. samadhiraj,
8. dashabhoomishvar evan
9. ashtasahasika adi

• prajnaparamitasootr bhi in sootroan se alag ek mahtvapoorn sootr hai jisamean pramukhat: bhagavan buddh dvara gridhrakoot parvat par dvitiy dharmachakr ke kal mean upadisht deshanaean haian.

saddharmapundarik

• mahayan vaipulyasootroan mean yah anyatam evan ek adrit sootr hai. 'pundarik' ka arth 'kamal' hota hai. 'kamal' pavitrata aur poornata ka pratik hota hai. jaise pank (kich d) mean utpann hone par bhi kamal usase lipt nahian hota, vaise lok mean utpann hone par bhi buddh lok ke doshoan se lipt nahian hote. isi arth mean saddharmapundarik yah granth ka sarthak nam hai.
• chin, japan, koriya, tibbat adi mahayani deshoan mean isaka b da adar hai aur yah sootr bahut pavitr mana jata hai.
• chini bhasha mean isake chhah anuvad hue, jisamean pahala anuvad ee. sanh 223 mean hua.
• dharmaraksh, kumarajiv, jnanagupt aur dharmagupt in acharyoan ke anuvad bhi prapt hote haian.
• chin aur japan mean achary kumarajiv- krit isaka anuvad atyant lokapriy hai.
• eesviy 615 varsh mean japan ke ek rajapootr shi-toku-tay-shi ne is par ek tika likhi, jo atyant adar ke sath padhi jati hai.
• is granth par achary vasubandhu ne 'saddharm-pundarikashastr' namak tika likhi, jisaka bodhiruchi aur ratnamati ne lagabhag 508 eesviy varsh mean chini bhasha mean anuvad kiya tha. isaka sampadan 1992 mean pro. ech. karn evan buniyiu nanjiyoan ne kiya.
• is granth mean kul 27 adhyay hai, jinhean 'parivart' kaha gaya hai. pratham nidan parivart mean isamean upadesh ki prishthabhoomi aur prayojan ki charcha karate hue kaha gaya hai ki yah 'vaipulyasootraraj' hai. is parichchhed ka mukhy pratipady to bhagavan ka yah kahana hai ki 'tathagat nana nirukti aur nidarshanoan (udaharanoan) se, vividh upayoan se nana adhimukti, ruchi aur (buddhi ki) kshamata vale satvoan ko saddharm ka prakashan karate haian. saddharm kattee tarkagochar nahian hai. tathagat sattvoan ko tattvajnan ka samyagh avabodh karane ke lie hi lok mean utpann hua karate haian. tathagat yah mahanh krity ek hi yan par adhishthit hokar karate haian, vah ek yan hai 'buddhayan' usase any koee doosara aur tisara yan nahian hai. vah buddhamay hi sarvajnata ko prapt karane vala hai. atit, anagat aur pratyutpann tinoan kaloan ke buddhoan ne buddhayan ko hi apanaya hai. ve buddhayan ka hi tin yanoan (shravakayan, pratyek buddhayan aur bodhisattvayan) ke roop mean nirdesh karate haian. at: buddhayan hi ekamatr yan hai.

ekan hi yanan dvitiyan n vidyate
tritiyan hi naivasti kadapi loke.

• dvitiy upayakaushalyan parivart mean bhagavanh ne shariputr ke lie vyakaran kiya ki vah anagat kal mean padmanabh nam ke tathagat hoange aur saddharm ka prakash kareange. shariputr ke bare mean vyakaran sunakar jab vahaan upasthit 12 hazar shravakoan ko vichikitsa utpann huee tab use hatate hue bhagavan ne tritiy aupamyaparivart mean ek udaharan dete hue kaha ki kisi mahadhani purush ke kee bachche haian, ve khilaunoan ke shauqin haian. usake ghar mean ag lag jae, usamean bachche ghir jaean aur nikalane ka ek hi dvar ho, tab pita bachchoan ko pukar kar kahata hai- ao bachchoan, khilaune le lo, mere pas bahut khilaune haian, jaise- gorath, ashvarath, mrigarath adi. tab ve bachche khilaun ke lobh mean bahar a jate haian. tab shariputr, vah purush un sabhi bachchoan ko sarvotkrisht gorath deta hai. jo ashvarath aur mrigarath adi hin haian, unhean nahian deta. aisa kyoan? isalie ki vah mahadhani hai aur usaka kosh (khazana) bhara hua hai. bhagavan kahate haian ki usi prakar ye sabhi mere bachche haian, mujhe chahie ki in sabako saman man kar unhean 'mahayan' hi dooan. kya shariputr, us pita ne tinoan yanoan ko batakar ek hi 'mahayan' diya, isamean kya unaka mrishavad hai? shariputr ne kaha nahian bhagavan tathagat mahakarunik haian, vah sabhi satvoan ke pita haian. ve du:kh roopi jalate hue ghar se bahar lane ke lie tinoan yanoan ki deshana karate haian, kintu ant mean sabakoan buddhayan ki hi deshana dete haian.
• vyakaranaparivart namak shashth (chhathavean) parichchhed mean shravakayan ke anek sthaviroan ke bare mean, jo mahayan mean pravisht ho chuke the, vyakaran kiya gaya hai. buddh kahate haian ki mahasthavir mahakashyap bhavishy mean 'rashmiprabhas' tathagat hoange. sthavir subhooti, 'shashiketu', mahakatyayan 'jamboonadaprabhas' tatha mahamaudalayayan 'tamalapatr chandranagandh' nam ke tathagat hoange. *panchabhikshushatavyakaran parivart mean poorn maitrayani putr adi anek bhikshuoan ke buddhatv-prapti ka vyakaran kiya gaya hai.
• navam parivart mean ayushman anand aur rahul adi do sahasr shravakoan ke bare mean buddhatv-prapti ka vyakaran hai.
• us samay vahaan mahaprajapati gautami aur bhikshuni rahul mata yashodhara adi parishad mean du:khi hokar isalie baithi thian ki bhagavan ne hamare bare mean buddhatv ka vyakaran kyoan nahian kiya? bhagavanh ne unake chitt ka vichar janakar kripapoorvak unaka bhi vyakaran kiya.
• saddharmapundarik ke is sankshipt paryalochan se mahayan bauddh-dharm ka hinayan se sambandh spasht hota hai. pali-granthoan mean do prakar ki dharm deshana hai. ek danakatha, shilakatha adi upay dharm deshana haian ta doosari 'samukkansika dhammadeshana hai', jisamean char aryasatyoan ki deshana di jati hai. is saddharmapundarik mean char ayasatyoan ki deshana tatha sarvajnatajnan paryavasayi do deshanaean haian. yah sarvajnatajnan prapt karane vali deshana bhagavan ne shariputr adi ko jo pahale nahian dian, yah unaka upayakaushaly hai. yah dvitiy deshana hi paramarth deshana hai. isamean shariputr adi mahasthaviroan aur mahaprajapati gautami adi sthaviraoan ko buddhatv prapti ka ashvasan diya gaya hai. hinayan mean upadisht dharm bhi buddh ka hi hai. use ekantat: mithya nahian kaha gaya hai, kintu keval upayasaty hai, paramarthasaty to buddhayan hi hai.
• saddharmapundarik mean buddhayan evan tathagat ki mahima ka varnan hai, tathapi is granth ke kuchh adhyayoan mean avalokiteshvar adi bodhisattvoan ki mahima ka bhi pushkal varnan hai. avalokiteshvar bodhisattv karuna ki moorti haian. avalokiteshvar ne yadyapi bodhi ki prapti ki hai, tathapi jab tak sansar mean ek bhi sattv du:khi aur baddh rahega, tab tak nirvan prapt nahian karane ka unaka sankalp hai. ve nirvan mean pravesh nahian kareange. ve sada bodhisatv ki sadhana mean nirat rahate haian. isase unaki mahima kam nahian hoti. bodhisattv avalokiteshvar ke nam matr ke uchcharan mean anek du:khoan aur apadaoan se rakshan ki shakti hai. ham bodhisattvoan ki shraddha ke sath upasana ka prarambh is granth mean dekhate haian.

lalitavistar

• vaipulyasootroan mean yah ek anyatam aur pavitratam mahayanasootr mana jata hai.
• isamean sampoorn buddhacharit ka varnan hai.
• buddh ne prithvi par jo-jo kri da (lalit) ki, unaka varnan hone ke karan ise 'lalitavistar' kahate haian. ise 'mahavyooh' bhi kaha jata hai. isamean kul 27 adhyay haian, jinhean 'parivart' kaha jata hai. tibbati bhasha mean isaka anuvad upalabdh hai. samagr mool granth ka sampadan d aau. es0 lephaman ne kiya tha.
• pratham adhyay mean ratri ke vyatit hone par eeshvar, maheshvar, devaputr adi jetavan mean padhare aur bhagavan ki padavandana kar kahane lage-'bhagavanh, lalitavistar namak dharmaparyay ka vyakaran karean. bhagavan ka tushitalok mean nivas, garbhavakranti, janm, kaumaryacharya, sarv maramandal ka vidhvansan ityadi ka is granth mean varnan hai. poorv ke tathagatoan ne bhi is granth ka vyakaran kiya tha.' bhagavan ne devaputroan ki prarthana svikar ki. tadanantar avidoor nidan arthat tushitalok se chyuti se lekar samyag jnan ki prapti tak ki katha se prarambh kar samagr buddhacharit ka varnan sunane lage.
• bodhisattv ne kshatriy kul mean janm lene ka nirnay kiya.
• bhagavan ne bataya ki bodhisattv shuddhodan ki mahishi mayadevi ke garbh mean utpann hoange. vahi bodhisattv ke lie upayukt mata hai. jamboodvip mean koee doosari stri nahian hai, jo bodhisattv ke tuly mahapurush ka garbh dharan kar sake. bodhisattv ne mahanag arthat kunjar ke roop mean garbhavakranti ki.
• mayadevi pati ki ajna se lumbini van geean, jahaan bodhisattv ka janm hua. usi samay prithvi ko bhedakar mahapadm utpann hua. nand, upanand adi nagarajaoan ne shit aur ushn jal ki dhara se bodhisattv ko snan karaya. bodhisattv ne mahapadm par baithakar charoan dishaoan ka avalokan kiya. bodhisattv ne divyachakshu se samast, lokadhatu ko dekha aur jana ki shil, samadhi aur prajna mean mere tuly koee any sattv nahian hai. poorvabhimukh ho ve sat pag chale. jahaan-jahaan bodhisattv pair rakhate the, vahaan-vahaan kamal pradurbhoot ho jata tha. isi tarah dakshin aur pashchim ki disha mean chale. satavean qadam par sianh ki bhaanti ninad kiya aur kaha ki maian lok mean jyeshth aur shreshth hooan. yah mera antim janm hai. maian jati, jara aur maran du:kh ka ant karuanga. uttarabhimukh ho bodhisattv ne kaha ki maian sabhi praniyoan mean anuttar hooan niche ki or sat pag rakhakar kaha ki mar ko sena sahit nasht karuanga aur narakiy sattvoan par mahadharmamegh ki vrishti kar nirayagni ko shant karooanga. oopar ki or bhi sat pag rakhe aur antariksh ki or dekha.
• satavean parivart mean buddh aur anand ka sanvad hai, jisaka saraansh hai ki kuchh abhimani bhikshu bodhisattv ki parishuddh garbhavakranti par vishvas nahian kareange, jisase unaka ghor anisht hoga tatha jo is sootrant ko sunakar tathagat mean shraddha ka utpad kareange, anagat buddh bhi unaki abhilasha poorn kareange. jo meri sharan mean ate haian, ve mere mitr haian. maian unaka kalyan sadhit karooanga. isalie he anand, shraddha ke utpad ke lie yatn karana chahie.
• buddh ki garbhavakranti evan janm ki jo katha lalitavistar mean milati hai, vah pali granthoan mean varnit katha se kahian-kahian par bhinn bhi hai. pali granthoan mean visheshat: sanyukt nikay, dirgh nikay adi mean yadyapi buddh ke anek adbhut dharmoan ka varnan hai, tathapi ve adbhut dharmoan se samanvagat hote hue bhi any manushyoan ke saman jara, maran adi du:kh evan daurmanasy ke adhin the. *pali granthoan ke anusar buddh lokottar keval isi arth mean hai ki unhoanne moksh ke marg ka anveshan kiya tha tatha unake dvara upadisht marg ka anusaran karane se doosare log bhi nirvan aur arhapv pad prapt kar sakate haian. parantu mahasaanghik lokottaravadi nikay ke log isi arth mean lokottar shabd ka prayog nahian karate. isilie lokottarata ko lekar unamean vad-vivad tha.
• age ka lalitavistar ka varnan mahavagg ki katha se bahut kuchh milata-julata hai. jahaan samanata hai, vahaan bhi lalitavistar mean kuchh batean aisi haian, jo anyatr nahian paee jatian. udaharanarth shakyoan ke kahane se jab shuddhodan kumar ko apane devakul mean le gaye to sab pratimaean apane-apane svaroop mean akar kumar ke pairoan par gir p di. isi tarah kumar jab shiksha ke lie lipi shala mean le jaye gaye to achary, kumar ke tez ko sahan nahian kar paye aur moorchchhit hokar gir p de. tab bodhisatv ne achary se kaha- ap mujhe kis lipi ki shiksha deange. tab kumar ne brahmi, kharoshthi, pushkarasari, aang, bang, magadh adi 64 lipiyaan ginaeean. achary ne kumar ka kaushan dekhakar unaka abhivadan kiya.
• buddh ke jivan ki pradhan ghatanaean haian- nimitt darshan, jinase buddh ne jara, vyadhi, mrityu evan pravrajya ka jnan prapt kiya. isake atirikt abhinishkraman, bimbisar ke samip gaman, dushkaracharya, maradharshan, abhisanbodhi evan dharmachakrapravartan adi ghatanaean haian. jahaan tak in ghatanaoan ka sambandh hai, lalitavistar ka varnan bahut bhinn nahian hai. kintu lalitavistar mean kuchh atishayataean avashy haian. 27vean parivart mean granth ke mahatmy ka varnan hai.
• yah nishchit hai ki jin shilpiyoan ne java mean sthit borobudoor ke mandir ko pratimaoan se alankrit kiya tha, ve lalitavistar ke kisi n kisi path se avashy parichit the. shilp mean buddh ka charit is prakar utkirn hai, manoan shilpi lalitavistar ko hath mean lekar is kary mean pravritt hue the. jin shilpiyoan ne uttar bharat mean stoop adi kalatmak vastuoan ko buddhacharit ke drishyoan se alankrit kiya tha, ve bhi lalitavistar mean varnit buddh katha se parichit the.

suvarnaprabhas

• mahayan sootr sahity mean suvarnaprabhas ki mahattvapoorn sootroan mean ganana ki jati hai. chin aur japan mean isake prati atishay shraddha hai. phalasvaroop dharmaraksh ne 412-426 eesvi mean, paramarth ne 548 eesvi mean, yashogupt ne 561-577 eesvi mean, paokki ne 597 eesvi mean tatha itsiang ne 703 eesvi mean isaka chini bhasha mean anuvad kiya.
• isi tarah japani bhasha mean bhi tin ya char anuvad hue. tibbati bhasha mean bhi isaka anuvad upalabdh hai. sath hi uigar (Uigur) aur khotan mean bhi isaka anuvad hua. in anuvadoan se yah siddh hota hai ki is sootr ka adar evan lokapriyata vyapak kshetr mean thi. is sootr mean darshan, niti, tantr evan achar ka upakhyanoan dvara suspasht niroopan kiya gaya hai. is tarah bauddhoan ke mahayan siddhantoan ka vistrit pratipadan hai. isamean kul 21 parivart haian.
• pratham parivart mean suvarnaprabhas ke shravan ka mahatmy varnit hai.
• dvitiy parivart mean jis vishay ki alochana ki gee hai, vah atyant mahattvapoorn hai. buddh ne dirshayu hone ke do karan batae haian. pratham pranivadh se virat hona tatha dvitiy praniyoan ke anukool bhojan pradan karana. bodhisattv ruchiraketu ko sandeh hua ki bhagavan ne dirghayushkata ke donoan sadhanoan ka acharan kiya, phir bhi assi varsh mean hi unaki ayu samapt ho gee. at: unake vachan ka koee pramany nahian hai.
• is shanka ka samadhan karane ke lie char buddh akshobhy, ratnaketu, amitayu aur dundubhisvar ki katha ki tatha lichchhivi kumar brahman kondiny ki katha ki avatarana ki gee. ashay yah hai ki buddh ka sharir parthiv nahian hai, at: usamean sarshap (sarasoan) ke barabar bhi dhatu nahian hai tatha unaka sharir dharmamay evan nity hai. at: poorvokt shanka ka koee avasar nahian hai.

tatha hi: yada shashavishanen ni:shreni sukrita bhaveth.
svargasyarohanarthay tada dhaturbhavishyati॥
anasthirudhire kaye kuto dhaturbhavishyati.
api ch, n buddh: parinirvati n dharm: parihiyate.
sattvanaan paripakay parinirvanan nidarshyate॥
achintyo bhagavanh buddho nityakayastathagat:.
desheti vividhan vyoohanh sattvanaan hitakaranath.

• tritiy parivart mean ruchiraketu bodhisattv svapn mean ek brahman ko dundubhi bajate dekhata hai aur dundubhi se dharm gathaean nikal rahi haian. jagane par bhi bodhisattv ko gathaean yad rahati haian aur vah unhean bhagavan ke samane nivedit karata hai.
• chaturth parivart mean mahayan ke maulik siddhantoan ka gathaoan dvara upapadan kiya gaya hai.
• pancham parivart mean buddh ke stav haian, jinaka samoohik nam kamalakar hai. inamean buddh ki mahima ka varnan hai.
• shashth parivart mean vastumatr ki shoonyata ke parishilan ka nirdesh hai.
• saptam mean suvarnaprabhas ke mahatmy ka varnan hai.
• ashtam parivart mean sarasvati devi buddh ke sammukh avirbhoot huee aur suvarnaprabhas mean pratipadit dharm ka vyakhyan karane vale dharmabhanak ko buddh ki pratibha se sampann karane ki pratijna ki. *navam parivart mean mahadevi buddh ke sammukh prakat hueean aur ghoshana ki ki maian vyavaharik aur adhyatmik sampatti se dharmabhanak ko sampann karooangi.
• dasham parivart mean vibhinn tathagatoan evan bodhisattvoan ke namoan ka sankirtan kiya gaya hai.
• ekadash parivart mean dridha namak prithvi devi bhagavan ke sammakh upasthit hueean aur kaha ki dharmabhanak ke lie jo upaveshan-pith he, vah yathasambhav sukhapradayak hoga. sath hi agrah kiya ki dharmabhanak ke dharmamrit se apane ko tript karooangi.
• dvadash parivart mean yaksh senapati apane atthais senapatiyoan ke sath bhagavan ke pas aye aur suvarnaprabhas ke prachar ke lie apane sahayog ka vachan diya. sath hi dharmabhanakoan ki raksha ka ashvasan bhi diya.
• trayodash parivart mean rajashastr sambandhi vishayoan ka pratipadan hai.
• chaturdash parivart mean susambhav namak raja ka vrittant hai.
• panchadash parivart mean yakshoan aur any devataoan ne suvarnaprabhas ke shrotaoan ki raksha ki pratijna ki.
• shodash parivart mean bhagavan ne dash sahasr devaputroan ke buddhatv labh ki bhavishyavani ki.
• saptadash parivart mean vyadhiyoan ke upashaman karane ka vivaran diya gaya hai.
• ashtadash parivart mean jalavahan dvara matsyoan ko bauddhadharm mean pravesh karane ke charcha hai.
• unnisavean parivart mean bhagavan ne bodhisattv avastha mean ek vyaghri ki bhookh mitane ke lie apane sharir ka parityag kiya tha, usaki charcha hai.
• bisavean parivart mean suvarnaratnakarachhatrakoot namak tathagat ki bodhisattvoan dvara ki gee gathamay stuti pratipadit hai.
• ikkisavean parivart mean bodhisattvasamuchchaya namak kul-devata dvara vyakt sarvashoonyatavishayak gathaean ullikhit haian.

tathagataguhyak

• prarambhik tantr mahayanasootroan se bahut milate-julate haian. udaharanarth manjushrimoolakalp avatansak ke antargat 'mahavaipulyamahayanasootr', ke roop mean prasiddh hai.
• vidvanoan ki ray hai ki tathagataguhy, guhyasamajatantr tatha ashtadashapatal tinoan ek hi haian. arthat granth mean jo tathagataguhyasootr ke uddharan milate haian, ve guhyasamaj se bhinn haian. at: tathagataguhyasootr evan guhyasamajatantr ka abhed nahian hai arthat bhinn-bhinn haian.
• 'ashtadash' is nam se yah prakat hota hai ki is granth mean atharah adhyay ya parichchhed haian.
• tathagataguhyasootr ke anusar bodhisattv pranidhan karata hai ki shmashan mean sthit usake mrit sharir ka tiryag yoni mean utpann prani yathechchh upabhog karean aur is paribhog ki vajah se ve svarg se utpann ho. itana hi nahian, vah unake parinirvan ka bhi hetu ho.
• purashch, tadanusar bodhisattv dharmakay se prabhavit hota hai, isalie vah apane darshan, shravan aur sparsh se bhi sattvoan ka hit karata hai.
• usi sootr mean anyatr ullikhit hai ki jaise shantamati, jo vriksh mool se ukh d gaya ho, usaki sabhi shakhaean daliyaan aur patte sookh jate haian, usi prakar satkayadrishti ka nash ho jane se bodhisattv ke sabhi klesh shant ho jate haian.
• api ch, mahayan mean prasthit bodhisattv ke ye char dharm vishesh gaman ke aur aparihani ke hetu hote haian. kaun char? shraddha, gaurav, nirmanata (anahankar) evan viry.
• punashch, bodhisattattv sarvada apramadi hota hai aur apramad ka arth hai 'indriyasanvar'. vah n nimitt ka grahan karata hai aur n anuvyajann ka. vah sabhi dharmoan ke asvad, adinav aur ni:saran ko thik-thik janata hai.
• apramad apane chitt ka daman karata hai, doosaroan ke chittoan ki raksha, klesh mean arati evan dharm mean rati hai.
• yonish: prayukt bodhisattv 'jo hai' use asti ke roop mean aur 'jo nahian hai' use nasti ke roop mean janata hai.
• tathagataguhyasootr ke anusar jis ratri mean tathagat ne abhisambodhi prapt ki tatha jis ratri mean parinirvan prapt kareange, is bich mean tathagat ne ek bhi akshar n kaha aur n kaheange. prashn hai ki tab samast sur, asur, manushy, kinnar, siddh, vidyadhar, nag adi vineyajanoan ko unhoanne kaise vividh prakar ki deshana ki? matr ek kshan ki dhvani ke uchcharan se vah vividhajanoan ke manasik andhakar ka nash karane vali, unake buddhiroopi kamal ko vikasit karane vali, jara, maran adi roopi nadi aur samudr ka shoshan karane vali tatha pralayakalanal ko lajjit karane vali sharatkalik arun-prabha ke saman thi. vastut: jaise toori namak vadyayantr vayu ke jhokoan se bajati hai, vahaan koee bajane vala nahian hota, phir bhi shabd nikalate haian, vaise hi sattvoan ki vasana se prerit hokar buddh ki vani bhi ni:srit hoti hai, jabaki unamean kisi bhi prakar ki kalpana nahian hoti.
• nana ashay vale sattv samajhate haian ki tathagat ke mukh se vani nikal rahi hai. unhean aisa lagata hai, manoan bhagavan hamean dharm ki deshana kar rahe haian aur ham deshana sun rahe haian, kintu tathagat mean koee vikalp nahian hota, kyoanki unhoanne samast vikalp jaloan ka prahan kar diya hai.
• is prakar ham dekhate haian ki achary shantidev ke shikshasamuchchay aur chandrakirti ki prasannapada mool madhyamik karika tika mean anek sthaloan par tathagataguhyasootr ke uddharan upalabdh haian, jinaka hamane bhi yathasambhav padatippani mean ullekh kiya hai. yadi ye uddharan prakashit vartaman guhyasamaj mean upalabdh nahian hote hai- to samajha jana chahie ki tathagataguhyasootr aur guhyasamaj abhinn nahian hai, jaise ki kuchh vidvanoan ki dharana hai. achary shantidev aur chandrakirti ke kal mean ye donoan avashy bhinn-bhinn the.

dashabhoomishvar

• gandavyooh ki bhaanti yah sootr bhi avatansak ka ek bhag mana jata hai. isamean bodhisattv ki das aryabhoomiyoan ka vistrit varnan hai, jin bhoomiyoan par kramash: adhirohan karate hue buddhatv avastha tak sadhak pahuanchata hai. 'mahavastu' mean is siddhant ka poorvaroop upalabdh hota hai. is granth mean ukt siddhant ka paripak hua hai.
• mahayan mean is sootr ka atyuchch sthan hai. ise dashabhoomik, dashabhoomishvar evan dashabhoomak nam se bhi jana jata hai.
• ary asang ne 'dashabhoomak' shabd ka hi prayog kiya hai. isaki lokapriyata evan pramanikata mean yah praman hai ki atyant prachinakal mean hi isake tibbati, chini, japani ev mangoliyan anuvad ho gaye the.
• shri dharmaraksh ne isaka chini anuvad ee. sanh 297 mean kar diya tha. isake pratipadan ki shaili mean lambe-lambe samast pad evan roopakoan ki bharamar hai.
• mithila vidyapith ne d aau. jones rathar ke sanskaran ke adhar par isaka pun: sanskaran kiya hai.
• jnat hai ki mahayan mean das aryabhoomiyaan mani jati haian, yatha- pramudita, vimala, prabhakari, archishmati, sudarjaya, abhimukhi, doorangama, achala, sadhumati evan dharmamedha.
• aryavastha se poorv jo prithagjan bhoomi hoti hai, use 'adhimukticharyabhoomi' kahate haian. mahayan mean paanch marg hote haian- sambharamarg, prayogamarg, darshanamarg, bhavanamarg evan ashaikshamarg. darshanamarg prapt hone par bodhisattv 'ary' kahalane lagata hai. uparyukt das bhoomiyaan ary ki bhoomiyaan haian. darshan marg ki prapti se poorv bodhisatv prithagjan hota hai. sambharamarg evan prayogamarg prithagjanamarg haian aur unaki bhoomi adhimukticharyabhoomi kahalati hai.
• mahayan gotriy vyakti bodhichitt ka utpad kar mahayan mean pravesh karata hai. prithagjan avastha mean sambhar marg evan prayogamarg ka abhyas kar darshan marg prapt karate hi ary hokar pratham pramudita bhoomi ko prapt karata hai.
• paramitaean bhi das hoti haian, yatha-dan, shil, kshanti, viry, dhyan, prajna, upayakaushal, pranidhan, bal evan jnan paramita. bodhisattv pratyek bhoomi mean samanyat: in sabhi paramitaoan ka abhyas karata hai, kintu pratyek bhoomi mean kisi ek paramita ka pradhany hua karata hai. granth mean in bhoomiyoan ke vaishishty ka vistrit pratipadan kiya gaya hai-

pramudita

sanbodhi ko tatha sattvahit ki siddhi ko asann dekhakar is bhoomi mean prakrisht (tivr) mod (harsh) utpann hota hai, at: ise 'pramudita' bhoomi kahate haian. is avastha mean bodhisattv paanch bhayoan se mukt ho jata hai, yatha- jivikabhay, nindabhay, mrityubhay, durgatibhay evan parishadsharady (lajja ka) bhay. jo bodhisattv pramudita bhoomi mean adhishthit ho jata hai, vah jamboodvip par adhipaty karane mean samarth ho jata hai. is bhoomi mean bodhisattv samanyat: dan, priyavachan, parahitasampadan (arthacharya) evan samanarthata (sarvadharmasamata)- in krityoan ka sampadan karata hai. visheshat: is bhoomi mean usaki danaparamita ki poorti hoti hai.

vimala

dau:shily evan abhog adi sabhi malo se vyapagat (rahit) hone ke karan yah bhoomi 'vimala' kahi jati hai. is bhoomi mean bodhisattv shil mean pratishthit hokar das prakar ke kushalakarmo ka sampadan karata hai. is bhoomi mean char sangrah vastuoan mean priyavadita evan shilaparamita ka pradhany hota hai.

prabhakari

vishisht (mahan) dharmoan ka avabhas karane ke karan yah bhoomi 'prabhakari' kahalati hai. is avastha mean bodhisattv sabhi sanskar dharmoan ko anity, du:kh, anatm evan shoony dekhata hai. sabhi vastuean utpann hokar vinasht ho jati haian. ve atit avastha mean sankrant nahian hotian, bhavishy mean kahian jakar sthit nahian hotian tatha vartaman mean bhi kahian unaka avasthan nahian hota. sharir du:khaskandhatmak haian- aisa bodhisattv avadharan karata hai. usamean shanti, sham, audary evan priyavadita adi gunoan ka utkarsh hota hai. is bhoomi mean avasthit bodhisattv indr ke saman ban jate haian. is bhoomi mean sattvahit charya balavati hoti hai aur shantiparamita ka adhiky hota hai tatha bodhisatv doosaroan mean dharm ka avabhas karata hai.

archishmati

bodhipakshik prajna is bhoomi mean kleshavaran evan jneyavaran ka dahan karati hai. bodhipakshik dharm archishh (jvala) ke saman hote haian. phalat: bodhipakshik dharm aur prajna se yukt hone ke karan yah bhoomi 'archishmati' kahalati hai. bodhisattv is bhoomi mean das prakar ke dharmalok ke sath adhiroodh hota hai. bodhipakshik dharm saiantis hote haian., yatha-char smrityupasthan, char pradhan, char rriddhipad, paanch indriy, paanch bal, sat bodhyany aur ath aryamarg (aryashtangik marg) bodhisattv in bodhipakshik dharmoan ka is bhoomi mean vishesh labh karata hai. any parimataoan ki apeksha is bhoomi mean viryaparamita ki pradhanata hoti hai tatha sangrah vastuoan mean samanarthata adhik utkarsh ko prapt hoti hai.

sudurjaya

bodhisattv is bhoomi mean sattvoan ka paripak aur apani chitt ki vishesh roop se raksha karata hai. ye donoan kary atyant dushkar haian. in par jay prapt karane ke karan yah bhoomi 'sudurjaya' kahalati hai. bodhisattv is bhoomi mean das prakar ki chittavishuddhiyoan ko prapt karata hai tatha chaturvidh aryasatv ke yatharthajnan ka labh karata hai. is sthiti mean bodhisattv ko yah upalabdhi hoti hai ki sampoorn vishv shoony hai. sabhi praniyoan ke prati usamean mahakaruna ka pradurbhav hota hai tatha mahamaitri ka alok utpann hota hai. vah dan, priyavadita evan dharmopadesh adi ke dvara sansar mean kalyan ke marg ka nirdesh karata hai. is bhoomi mean any paramitaoan ki apeksha dhyanaparamita ki pradhanata hoti hai.

abhimukhi

is bhoomi mean prajna ka pradhany hota hai. prajnaparamita ki vajah se sansar aur nirvan donoan mean pratishthit nahian hone ke karan yah bhoomi sansar aur nirvan donoan ke abhimukh hoti hai. isalie 'abhimukhi' kahalati hai. is bhoomi mean bodhisatv bodhyangoan ki nishpatti ka vishesh prayas karate haian. is bhoomi mean prajnaparamita any paramitaoan ki apeksha adhik pradhan hoti hai.

doorangama

sanbodhi ko prapt karane vale ekayan marg se anvit hone ke karan yah bhoomi upay aur prajna ke kshetr mean door tak pravisht hai, kyoanki bodhisattv abhyas ki sima ko par kar gaya hai, isalie yah bhoomi 'doorangama' kahalati hai. is avastha mean bodhisattv shoonyata, animitt aur apranihit in trividhi vimoksh ya samadhiyoan ka labh karata hai. is bhoomi mean any paramitaoan ki apeksha 'upayakaushal paramita' adhik balavati hoti hai.

achala

nam se hi spasht hai ki is bhoomi par adhiroodh hone par bodhisattv ki paravritti (pichhe lautane) ki sambhavana nahian rahati. is bhoomi mean vah anutpattik dharmakshanti se samanvit hota hai. nimittabhogasanjna aur animittabhogasanjna in donoan sanjnaoan se vichalit nahian hone ke karan yah bhoomi 'achala' kahalati hai. is bhoomi ka labh karane par bodhisattv nirvan ki bhi ichchha nahian karate, kyoanki aisa karane par sabhi du:khi praniyoan ka kalyan karane ki unaki jo pratijna hai, usake bhang hone ki aanshaka hoti hai. ve lok mean hi avasthan karate haian. inaka poorv pranidhan is avastha mean balavanh hota hai. jo bodhisattv is bhoomi mean avasthan karate haian, unamean ayurvashita, chetovashita, karmavashita adi dash vashitaean tatha ashayabal, adhyashay bal, mahakaruna adi dash bal sampann hote haian. is bhoomi mean any paramitaoan ki apeksha 'pranidhan paramita' ka adhiky rahata hai.

sadhumati

char pratisanvidh (vishesh jnan) hoti haian, yatha- dharmapratisanvidh arthapratisanvidh, niruktipratisanvidh evan pratibhanapratisanvidh. is bhoomi mean bodhisatv in charoan pratisanvidh mean pravin (=sadhu arthat karmany) ho jata hai, isalie yah bhoomi 'sadhumati' kahalati hai. dharmapratisanvidh ke dvara vah dharmoan ke svalakshan ko janata hai. arthapratisanvidh ke dvara dharmoan ke vibhag ko janata hai. niruktipratisanvidh ke dvara dharmoan ko avibhakt deshana ko janata hai tatha pratibhanapratisanvidh ke dvara dharmoan ke anuprabandh arthath niravachchhinnata ko janata hai. is avasthh mean bodhisattv kushal aur akushaloan ko nishpatti ke prakar ko thik-thik jan leta hai. is bhoomi mean paramitaoan mean 'bal paramita' ka pradhany hota hai.

dharmamegha

dharm roopi akash vividh samadhi mukh aur vividh dharanimukh roopi meghoan se is bhoomi mean vyapt ho jata hai, at: yah bhoomi 'dharmamegha' kahalati hai. yah bhoomi abhishek bhoomi adi namoan se bhi parichit hai. is bhoomi mean bodhisattv ki 'sarvajnanabhishek samadhi' nishpann hoti hai. bodhisattav jab is samadhi ka labh karate haian tab ve 'maharatnarajapadm' namak asan par upavisht dikhalaee p date haian. ve ajnan se utpann klesh roopi agni ka dharmamegh ke varnan se upashaman karate haian. arthath klesharoopi agni ko bujha dete haian, isalie is bhoomi ka nam 'dharmamegha' hai. is bhoomi mean unaki 'jnanaparamita' any paramitaoan ki apeksha pradhany ka labh karati hai.

prajnaparamitasootr

• prajnaparamitasootr pramukhat: bhagavan buddh dvara gridhrakoot parvat par dvitiy dharmachakr ke kal mean upadisht deshanaean haian. kalantar mean ye sootr jamboodvip mean vilupt ho gaye.
• achary nagarjun ne nagalok jakar unhean prapt kiya aur ve vahaan se pun: jamboodvip lae. prajnaparamitasootroan ke do paksh haian.

1. ek darshanapaksh hai, jise prajnapaksh ya shoonyatapaksh bhi kaha jata hai.
2. doosara hai sadhanapaksh, jise upayapaksh ya karunapaksh bhi kaha jata hai.

• nagarjun ne prajnaparamitasootroan ke darshan paksh ko apani kritiyoan dvara prakashit kiya. prajnaparamitasootroan ke adhar par unhoanne pramukhat: moolamadhyamikakarika adi granthoan mean shoonyata-darshan ko yuktiyoan dvara pratishthapit kiya, jise age chalakar unake anuyayiyoan ne aur adhik vikasit kiya. prajnaparamitasootroan ke sadhanapaksh ko ary asang ne apani kritiyoan dvara prakashit kiya. tadanantar unake anuyayiyoan ne use aur adhik pallavit evan pushpit kiya. shoonyata, anutpad, anirodh adi paryayavachi shabd haian. sabhi dharmoan ki ni:svabhavata prajnaparamitasootroan ka mukhy pratipady hai. prajnaparamitasootroan ki sankhya atyadhik hai. shatasahasrika (ek lakh shlokatmak) prajnaparamita se lekar ekakshari prajnaparamita tak ye sootr paye jate haian. mahayani vaipulyasootroan ke do prakar haian. ek prakar ke ve sootr haian, jinamean buddh, bodhisattv, buddhayan adi ki mahatta pradarshit ki gee hai. lalitavistar, saddharmapundarik adi sootr isi prakar ke haian. doosare prakar mean ve sootr ate haian, jinamean shoonyata aur prajna ki mahatta pradarshit hai, ye sootr prajnaparamitasootr hi haian. shoonyata aur mahakaruna- in donoan ka samanvay prajnaparamitasootroan mean drishtigochar hota hai.
• mahayan sahity mean prajnaparamitasootroan ka atyadhik mahattv hai. any sootroan mean adhikatar buddh aur bodhisattvoan ka sanvad dikhalaee deta hai, jabaki prajnaparamitasootroan mean buddh subhooti namak sthavir se prashn karate haian. subhooti aur shariputr in do sthaviroan ka shoonyata ke bare mean sanvad hi tattvik evan gambhir hai. in sootroan ki prachinata isi se pramanit hai ki ee. sanh 179 mean prajnaparamitasootr ka chini bhasha mean roopantar ho gaya tha. pray: sabhi bauddh dharmanuyayi deshoan mean in sootroan ka atyadhik samadar hai.
• nepali parampara ke anusar mool prajnaparamita mahayan sootr sava lakh shlokatmak hai. pun: ek lakshatmak, pachchis hazar, das hazar aur ath hazar shlokatmak prajnaparamitasootr bhi prakashit haian. chini aur tibbati parampara mean isake aur bhi anek prakar haian.
• sanskrit mean nimnalikhit sootr aanshat: ya poornaroopen upalabdh hote haian-

1. shatasahasrikaprajnaparamita,
2. panchavianshatisahastrika prajnaparamita,
3. ashtasahastrikaprajnaparamita,
4. sardhadvisahastrika prajnaparamita,
5. saptashatika prajnaparamita,
6. vajrachchhedika (trishatika) prajnaparamita,
7. alpakshara prajnaparamita,
8. bhagavati prajnaparamitasootr adi.

• prajnaparamitasootroan ko janani sootr bhi kahate haian. prajnaparamita ke bina buddhatv ka labh sambhav nahian hai, at: yah buddhatv ko utpann karane vali hai. isi arth mean ise janani, buddhamata adi shabdoan se bhi abhihit karate haian. inhean 'bhagavati' bhi kahate haian, jo inake prati atyadhik adar ka soochak hai. janani sootroan ka tin mean vibhajan bhi kiya jata hai, yatha- vistrit, madhyam evan sankshipt jinajananisootr.
• shatasahastrika prajnaparamita vistrit jinajananisootr hai, jisaka upadesh bhagavan ne mridu-indriy aur vistritaruchi vineyajanoan ke lie kiya hai. madhyendriy aur madhyaruchi vineyajanoan ke lie madhyam jinajanani arthat panchavianshati sahastrika prajnaparamita ka tatha tikshnendriy aur sankshipt ruchi vineyajanoan ke lie sankshipt jinajanani arthat ashtasahastrika prajnaparamita ka bhagavan ne upadesh kiya hai. in sabhi mean ashtasahastrika poornat: upalabdh hai, at: usaka yahaan niroopan kiya ja raha hai.

avadan sahity

• is shabd ki vyutpatti ajnat hai. pali mean isake samakaksh 'apadan' shabd hai. sambhavat: isaka prarambhik arth asadharan ya adbhut kary hai.
• avadan kathaean karm-prabaly ko siddh karati haian.
• ajakal avadan ka arth kathamatr rah gaya hai. mahavastu ko bhi 'avadan' kahate haian.
• avadan kathaoan ka prachinatam sangrah 'avadanashatak' hai.
• tisari shatabdi mean isaka chini anuvad ho gaya tha. pratyek katha ke ant mean yah nishkarsh diya jata hai ki shukl karm ka shukl phal, krishna karm ka krishna phal tatha vyamishr ka vyamishr phal hota hai. inamean se anek mean atit janm ki katha hai. ise ham jatak bhi kah sakate haian. kyoanki jatak mean bodhisattv ke janm ki katha di gayi hai. kintu aise bhi avadan haian, jinamean atit ki katha nahian paee jati. kuchh avadan 'vyakaran' ke roop mean haian arthat inamean pratyutpann katha ka varnan karake anagat kal ka vyakaran kiya gaya hai. tibbati bhasha mean bhi avadan sahity anoodit hua hai.

avadanashatak

• yah hinayan ka granth hai- aisi manyata hai. isake chini anuvadakoan ka hi nahian, apitu isake antarang praman bhi haian.
• sarvastivadi agam ke parinirvanasootr tatha any sootroan ke uddharan avadanashatak mean paye jate haian. yadyapi isaki kathaoan mean buddh pooja ki pradhanata hai, tathapi bodhisattv ka ullekh nahian milata. avadanashatak ki kee kathaean avadan ke any sangrahoan mean aur kuchh pali-apadanoan mean bhi ati haian.

divyavadan

• is bauddhik granth mean pushyamitr ko maury vansh ka antim shasak batalaya gaya hai .
• isamean mahayan evan hinayan donoan ke aansh pae jate haian. vishvas hai ki isaki samagri bahut kuchh mool sarvastivadi vinay se prapt huee hai. divyavadan mean dirghagam, udan, sthaviragatha adi ke uddharan pray: milate haian. kahian-kahian bauddh bhikshuoan ki charyaoan ke niyam bhi diye gaye haian, jo is tathy ki pushti karate haian ki divyavadan moolat: vinayapradhan granth hai. yah granth gady-padyatmak hai. isamean 'dinar' shabd ka prayog kee bar kiya gaya hai. isamean shuangakal ke rajaoan ka bhi varnan hai.
• shardoolakarnavadan ka anuvad chini bhasha mean 265 ee. mean hua tha.
• divyavadan mean ashokavadan evan kumaralat ki kalpanamanditika ke anek uddharan haian. isaki kathaean atyant rochak haian. upagupt aur mar ki katha tatha kunalavadan isake achchhe udaharan haian.
• avadanashatak ki sahayata se anek avadanoan ki rachana huee hai, yatha- kalpadrumavadanamala, ashokavadanamala, dvavianshatyavadanamala bhi avadanashatak ki rrini haian. avadanoan ke any sangrah bhadrakalyavadan aur vichitrakarnikavadan haian. inamean se pray: sabhi aprakashit haian. kuchh ke tibbati aur chini anuvad milate haian.
• kshemendr ki avadanakalpalata ka ullekh karana bhi prasang prapt hai. is granth ki samapti 1052 ee. mean huee. tibbat mean is granth ka atyadhik adar hai. is sangrah mean 107 kathaean haian.
• kshemendr ke putr somendr ne n keval is granth ki bhoomika hi likhi, apitu apani or se ek katha bhi jo di hai. yah jimootavahan avadan hai.

ashvaghosh sahity

• 1892 ee. mean silavaan levi dvara buddhacharit ke pratham sarg ke prakashan se poorv yoorop mean koee nahian janata tha ki ashvaghosh ek mahanh kavi hue haian. tibbati aur chini amnay ke anusar ashvaghosh maharaj kanishk ke samakalin the. jo praman upalabdh haian, unake anusar ve ashvaghosh ke samakalin ya usase kuchh poorvavarti the.
• chini amnay ke anusar ashvaghosh ka sambandh vibhasha se bhi tha, kintu vidvanoan ko isamean sandeh hai.
• ashvaghosh ki kavyashaili siddh karati hai ki vah kalidas se kee shatabdi poorv the.
• bhas unaka anusaran karate haian. shabd prayog se lagata hai ki kautily ke nikatavarti the.
• ashvaghosh apane ko 'saketak' kahate haian aur mata ka nam 'suvarnakshi' batate haian.
• ramayan ka unake granthoan par vishesh prabhav hai. unaka kahana hai ki shaky ikshvakuvanshiy the. ashvaghosh brahman the, usi prakar unaki shiksha bhi huee thi. bad mean ve bauddh dharm me dikshit hue. unake granthoan se siddh hota hai ki ve bauddh dharm ke prachar-prasar mean atyant vyast the. tibbati vivaran ke anusar ve ek achchhe sangitajn bhi the aur gayakoan ki mandali ke sath bhraman karate the tatha bauddh dharm ka prachar ve ganoan ke madhyam se karate the.

1. buddhacharit,
2. saundaranand aur
3. shariputr prakaran- ye tinoan granth unaki rachanaean haian.

buddhacharit mean buddh ki katha varnit hai. isamean 28 varg haian. buddh katha bhagavan ke janm se prarambh hoti hai au sanvegotpatti, abhinishkraman, maravijay, sanbodhi dharmachakrapravartan, parinirvan adi ghatanaoan ka varnan kar pratham sangiti aur ashok ke rajyakal par samapt hoti hai.

saundaranand mean buddh ke bhaee nand ke bauddh dharm mean dikshit hone ki katha hai. is granth mean 18 sarg haian. samagr granth surakshit hai.

shariputr prakaran yah natak granth hai. isamean 9 aank haian. isamean shariputr au maudgalyayan ke bauddh dharm mean dikshit hone ki katha varnit hai. yah khandit roop mean prapy hai. isaka uddhar prophesar ludars ne kiya hai. ye tinoan granth ek rachayita dvara rache hue pratit hote haian. shri jansatan ne buddhacharit ka sampadan kiya hai. poora avikal granth sanskrit mean upalabdh nahian hai. pratham sarg aur 14vean sarg ka kuchh aansh khandit hai. 2-13 sarg thik haian. 15 sarg se age mool sanskrit mean anupalabdh hai.

• tibbati aur chiniparampara ashvaghosh ko any granthoan ka bhi rachayita manati hai. tamas ne unaki soochi prakashit ki hai, kintu ve sanskrit mean aprapy haian, isalie unake bare mean kuchh kahana sambhav nahian hai. prophesar ludars ko shariputraprakaran ke sath do aur natakoan ke aansh mile haian. ek ke matr tin patr mile haian, jinamean buddh ke rridibal ka pradarshan hai. doosare mean ek navayuvak ki katha hai, jisane bauddh dharm ki diksha li. kintu inake ashvaghosh ki rachana hone mean vidvanoan mean aikamaty nahian hai.
• tin aur granth ashvaghosh ke bataye jate haian- vajrasoochi, gandistotr evan sootralankar. chini anuvadak sootralankar ko ashvaghosh ki kriti manate haian. bad mean prophesar ludars ko madhy eshiya mean is granth ke mool sanskrit mean kuchh aansh mile haian, unhoanne siddh kiya hai ki vahaan granthakar ka nam kumaralat hai aur granth ka nam kalpanamanditika hai. samanyat: vidvanh inhean ashvaghosh ki rachana nahian manate.
• apani rachanaoan mean ashvaghosh ne shraddha ki mahima ka zoradar varnan kiya hai.

shraddhankuramiman tasmath sanvardhayitumarhasi.
tadvriddhau vardhate dharmoan moolavriddhau yatha drum:॥ (saundaranand 12:)

• vidvanoan ka manana hai ki ashvaghosh bahushrutik haian. bahushrutik mahasaanghik ki shakha hai. isalie ye mahadev ki paanch vastuoan ko svikarate haian. inamean se chaturth ke anusar arhat parapratyay se jnan labh karate haian. par-pratyay ke lie shraddha avashyak hai.
• jansatan ke anusar ashvaghosh bahushrutik ya kaukkutik ya kaukkulik haian.
• taranath ke anusar matrichet ashvaghosh ka doosara nam hai. matrichet ka stotr atyant lokapriy tha.
• 'jatakamala' ke rachayita aryashoor ashvaghosh ke rrini haian. jatakamala mean 34 jatakakathaoan ka sangrah hai, lagabhag sabhi kathaane pali jatak mean paee jati haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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