कुमारजीव

kumarajiv ya chini bhasha mean "jik mo lao shin" ek bauddh darshanik the, jo bharat-chin ke bich saanskritik maitri ke purodha the. kumarajiv ki jivan kahani samany roop se bharat se bahar bharatiy sanskriti aur vishesh roop se bauddh dharm ke prasar ki kahani hai. unhoanne pahale koocha mean aur phir kashmir mean shiksha paee. 20 varsh ki avastha mean vah bauddh bhikshu ho gaye. vah koocha mean rah kar 'mahayani bauddh dharm' ki shiksha dete the. jab ve bandi bana kar chin le jaye ge, to chini samrat yao hin ne 401 ee. mean unase apane rajy mean bauddh dharm ka prachar karane ko kaha. isake bad kumarajiv chin ki rajadhani chaang an mean bas gaye aur 413 ee. mean apani mrityu tak vahian par rahe. bauddh vidvanh kumarajiv ne chin ke logoan ko bauddh dharm ki ek mahattvapoorn vichar shakha se vyavasthit roop se parichit karaya tatha chini bhasha mean anek bauddh granthoan ka sundar auऱ sahi anuvad karake un ke prabhav ko atyadhik badha diya.

janm tatha parivar

kumarajiv ka janm 344 ee. ke lagabhag hua tha. unake pita ka nam 'kumar' athava 'kumarayan' tha aur mata madhy eshiya sthit 'koocha' ke raja ki bahan 'rajakumari jiva' thian. tatkalin samay ka koocha, vartaman chin ke shin chyaandaj veigur svayat pradesh ka 'khoo chh' shahar tha.^[1]

shiksha

kumarajiv apani chhoti hi umr mean shiksha prapt karane uttar pashchimi bharat chale aye the. apani shiksha poorn karane ke bad mean vah chin laut aye the. unhean adha bharatiy auऱ adha chini mana ja sakata hai. jab kumarajiv keval sat varsh ke the to unhoanne aur unaki maan ne bauddh dharm mean diksha le li thi. nau varsh ki umr mean vah apani maan ke sath bharat chale aye. kumarajiv ek medhavi balak the. unhoanne bachapan mean hi anek bauddh granthoan ka adhyayan kar dala aur anek vidvanoan ko shastrarth mean pachha d diya. barah varsh ki ayu mean vah apani mata ke sath koocha ki taraf chal p de. raste mean shoole rajy mean ruk kar unhoanne bauddh darshan ke alava, any anek vishyoan ka adhyayan bhi kiya. shoole chin ke shinachyaang veivur svayat pradesh ke dakshin mean mahattvapoorn shahar kashgar hi hai. unhean prachin bharat ke lagabhag sabhi dharmik granthoan tatha 'nakshatr vijnan', 'ganti shastr', 'sanskrit vyakaran' adi vishayoan ki bahut achchhi janakari thi.

mata ki ichchha

kumarajiv ne pahale bauddh dharm ki hinayan shakha ka adhyayan kiya auऱ phir mahayan shakha ka. koocha lautane ke bad unhoanne apana adhyayan jari rakha auऱ vyakhyan dene shuroo kar diye. is tarah unaki khyati badhati gee. bad mean unaki mata bharat chali geean. jane se pahale unhoanne kumarajiv se kaha ki vah chin ke bhitari kshetr mean jakar bhari yogadan kar sakata hai, halaanki is kary mean sambhavatah musibatoan ka samana karana p dega. kumarajiv ne javab mean kaha- "agar maian doosare logoan ko phayada pahuancha sakooan, to kathor se kathor yantranaean sahakar bhi santoshapoorvak par sakooanga."^[1]

bandi jivan

apani bis varsh ki umr mean kumarajiv kusha ke shahi mahal mean purohit niyukt hue the. kashagadh mean vah bauddh dharm ke 'hinayan' se 'mahayan' mean chale ge. vah utkrisht bhikshu the aur tatkalin uttari bharat ki bauddh shiksha mean poori tarah pravin ho chuke the. 379 ee. mean kumarajiv ki prasiddhi chin tak phail gee aur unhean vahaan bulane ke prayas hone lage. shin vansh ka poorv samrat 'phoo chyen' unhean apane darabar mean rakhane ka behad ichchhuk tha. jaisa ki kuchh srotoan se pata chalata hai ki samrat ne kumarajiv ko chin lane ke lie 384 eesavi mean apane janaral lu kuaang ko kusha vijay karane ke lie bheja tha. lu kuaang ne kumarajiv ko pak d liya aur unhean pashchimi riyasat, jise age chalakar 'liyaang' ke nam se jana jane laga tha, mean 17 varsh tak bandi banakar rakha. pahale unhean apamanit kiya gaya aur apana brahmachary to dane ke lie badhy kiya gaya aur usake bad apane darabar mean unaka istemal ek adhikari ke roop mean kiya gaya. lambe samay tak bandi rahane se kumarajiv ko chini bhasha ko poori tarah sikhane ka mauka mila. shin vansh ke bad ke shasak yao parivar kumarajiv ko chaangan lane ki ji-jan se koshish kar rahe the. lekin lu kuaang unhean riha karane se iankar karata raha. akhirakar sena bheji gee aur 402 mean kumarajiv ko chaangan laya gaya aur shasakoan ne unaka bhavy svagat kiya. usake phauran bad kumarajiv ne rajy dvara prayojit anuvad kary prarambh kar diya.^[2]

bauddh granthoan ka anuvad

jivan ke antim varshoan mean kumarajiv ki bauddhik kshamata asaman ko chhoone lagi tha. unake pandity ke age koee nahian tik pata tha. raja yao shiang unaka b da samman karata tha. usane kumarajiv se vyakhyan dene aur bauddh granthoan ka anuvad karane ka anurodh kiya tha. shighr hi kumarajiv ki khyati samooche chin mean phail gee. us samay shien mean anek jane-mane bhikshu rahate the. unamean se kuchh bharatiy bhi the auऱ kumarajiv ke guru bhi rah chuke the. ath sau se adhik chini bhikshu kumarajiv se vyakhyan sunate the aur anuvad kary mean unaki sahayata karate the. unhoanne kul milakar tin sau jildoan ka anuvad kiya. lekin yah sab unaki upalabdhiyoan ke dasavean hisse se bhi kam tha. kumarajiv ne jahaan ek or anek mahattvapoorn prachin bharatiy granthoan se chini logoan ko parichit karaya, vahian doosari or anuvad ke ek sundar sahityik roop ka bhi sootrapat kiya. unhoanne ek darshanik vichar shakha ki sthapana bhi ki.^[1]

bhasha jnan

kumarajiv se pahale ke anuvadakoan ko sanskrit aur chini donoan bhashaoan ki achchhi janakari nahian thi. ek achchhe anuvadak ko mool rachana ki bhasha auऱ anuvad ki bhasha donoan ki achchhi janakari honi chahie. unaka saman jnan atyant gahan auऱ vyapak hona chahie. apane kal mean keval kumarajiv hi in shartoan ko poora kar sakate the. kumarajiv se pahale sabhi anuvad, ek chini aur ek videshi bauddh vidvanh ke paraspik sahayog ke jarie kiye ge the. kabhi-kabhi koee tisara chini vidvanh dubhashie ke roop mean kam karata tha. aisi sthiti mean anuvad mean tritiyaan rah jana anivary tha. sath hi videshi vidvanoan ke pas yah pata lagane ka koee sadhan nahian tha ki chini anuvad kaisa ban p da hai. prarambh mean kumarajiv ne chini sahayogiyoan ke sath milakar kam kiya, lekin, jab chini bhasha ka unaka apana jnan behattar ho gaya to unhoanne svayan anuvad karana shuroo kar diya. vah pahale anudit granthoan ki vyakhya kate the, phir unake anuvad par vichar kiya jata tha. usaki jaanch ki jati thi aur usamean sudhar kiya jata tha. kumarajiv ke shishyoan aur sahayogiyoan mean anek pratibhashali vidvanh shamil the. jinamean kuchh log atyant medhavi the. kabhi-kabhi 500 log kumarajiv ki sahayata karate the. ve log anudit rachanaoan par vichar vinimay karate the aur unaka sampadan karate the tatha unaki tulana any logoan ke anuvadoan ke sath karate the.

kavi

kumarajiv ek achchhe kavi bhi the. durbhagyavash ab unaki keval ek hi kavita upalabdh hai. darshan ke kshetr mean kumarajiv ka bhi mahanh yogadan tha. unake do shishy chin ke do mahattvapoorn darshanik the. chini darshan ke itihas mean jab ham is kal ki bhautikavadi aur adarshavadi vichar shakhaoan ke bich huee anek garmagarm bahasoan par najar dalate haian, to kumarajiv ki bhoomika kami nahian bhool sakate, jinhoanne chiniyoan ko bharatiy bauddh darshan se avagat karaya. unhoanne sampoorn chini darshan ko samriddh banaya.^[1]

kumarajiv dvara anudit bauddh granthoan ka atyant dirghakalin aur vyapak prabhav p da. ve granth chini darshan aur sahity ke vikas mean sahayak siddh hue. kumarajiv mool rachanaoan ke arth ko vishuddh dharavahik chini bhasha mean vyakt kar sakate the. unhoanne vibhinn vichar shakhaoan ke granthoan ka anuvad kiya. unake dvara anudit jyadatar granthoan ko darshanik sahityak aur dharmik jagath mean bahut moolyavan samajha jata hai. mool rachanaoan ki shaili ko poorvavarti anuvadakoan ko bahut pichhe chho d diya. jab kabhi chini granth mean bauddh anuvadakoan ki shaili ki charcha karani hoti hai, to mukhyatah kumarajiv kalin anuvad shaili ka hi ullekh kiya jata hai. isaka mukhy shrey kumarajiv ko hi diya jata hai.

nidhan

shien pahuanchane ke lagabhag barah varsh bad 70 varsh ki umr mean kumarajiv ka isi shahar mean dehaant ho gaya. apane jivan kal ke in aantim barah varshoan mean kumarajiv ne chini vidvanoan ki sahayata se, jinhean chini samrat ne usaki seva mean niyukt kar diya tha, 98 sanskrit bauddh granthoan ka chini bhasha mean anuvad kiya. in granthoan mean prajnaparamita, vimalakirti-nirdesh tatha saddharm-puandarikasootr namak granth bhi haian, jo mahayani nikay ke mool siddhaant granth haian. usane bahut chiniyoan ko apana shishy banaya. usaka sabase prasiddh chini shishy pha-hiyan tha, jisane usake kahane se 405-411 ee. mean bharat ki yatra ki thi. is tarah kumarajiv ne mahayani bauddh dharm ki vijay pataka phaharayi, jisaka prasar pahale chin mean, phir vahaan se koriya mean aur phir japan mean hua tha. brihattar bharat ke nirman mean kumarajiv aur usake charan chihnoan par chalane vale anekanek bharatiy bauddh bhikshuoan ka bahut b da hath hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 bauddh vidvanh kumarajiv (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 06 aprail, 2013.
↑ kumarajiv- darshanik evan manishi (2013). . abhigaman tithi: 06 aprail, 2013.

bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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[ab-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 bauddh vidvanh kumarajiv (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 06 aprail, 2013.

[2] umarajiv- darshanik evan manishi (2013). . abhigaman tithi: 06 aprail, 2013.

[1]

[2]