रसखान का कला-पक्ष
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hindi sahity mean krishna bhakt tatha ritikalin kaviyoan mean rasakhan ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. 'rasakhan' ko ras ki khan kaha jata hai. inake kavy mean bhakti, shrrigaanr ras donoan pradhanata se milate haian. rasakhan krishna bhakt haian aur prabhu ke sagun aur nirgun nirakar roop ke prati shraddhalu haian.
rasakhan ka kavy-roop
[[chitr:raskhan-1.jpg|rasakhan ki samadhi, mahavan, mathura|thumb|250px]] kavy ke bhed ke sanbandh mean vidvanoan ke apane-apane drishtikon haian.
- achary vishvanath ne shravy kavy ke padyamay svaroop ko liya hai. unake anusar padyatmak kavy vah hai jisake pad chhandobaddh hua karate haian. yah padyatmak kavy bhi kee prakar ka hua karata hai, jaise-
- muktak- jisake pady (apane arth mean) any kisi pady ki akaanksha se mukt athava svatantr hua karate haian,
- yugmak- jisamean do padyoan ki rachana paryapt mani jaya karati hai tatha jisaki rooparekha pady-chatushk mean poorn ho jati hai,
- kulak- jisamean paanch padyoan ka ek kul dikhaee diya karata hai.
sankshep mean kavy ke do bhed haian- prabandh aur muktak, muktak bhi do prakar ke haian- git aur agit.
prabandh kavy
jis rachana mean koee katha kramabaddh roop se kahi jati hai vah 'prabandh kavy' kahalata hai. prabandh kavy tin prakar ka hota hai-
- ek to aisi rachana jisamean poorn jivan vritt vistar ke sath varnit hota hai. aisi rachana ko 'mahakavy' kahate haian.
- jis rachana mean khand jivan mahakavy ki hi shaili mean varnit hota hai, aisi rachana ko 'khand kavy' kahate haian.
- hindi mean kuchh aisi rachanaean bhi dekhi jati haian, jinamean jivan vritt to poorn liya jata hai, kiantu mahakavy ki bhaanti katha vistar nahian dikhaee deta. aisi rachanaoan mean jivan ka koee ek paksh vistar ke sath pradarshit karane ka prayatn kiya jata hai. ekarth ki hi abhivyakti ke karan aisi rachanaean mahakavy aur khandakavy ke bich ki rachanaean hoti haian. inhean 'ekarth' ya keval 'kavy' kahana chahie. rasakhan ne is prakar ki koee rachana nahian ki.
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muktak
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muktak kavy taratamy ke bandhan se mukt hone ke karan (mukten muktakamh) muktak kahalata hai aur usaka pratyek pad svat: poorn hota hai. 'muktak' vah svachchhand rachana hai jisake ras ka udrek karane ke lie anubandh ki avashyakata nahian.[1] vastav mean muktak kavy ka mahattvapoorn roop hai, jisamean kavyakar pratyek chhand mean aise svatantr bhavoan ki srishti karata hai, jo apane ap mean poorn hote haian. muktak kavy ke praneta ko apane bhavoan ko vyakt karane ke lie any sahayak chhandoan ki avashyakata adhik nahian hoti. prabandh kavy ki apeksha muktak rachana ke lie katha ki avashyakata adhik hoti hai, kyoanki kavy roop ki drishti se muktak mean n to kisi vastu ka varnan hi hota hai aur n vah gey hai. yah jivan ke kisi ek paksh ka athava kisi ek drishy ka ya prakriti ke kisi paksh vishesh ka chitr matr hota hai.
muktak ke prakar
vishay ke adhar par muktak ko tin vargoan mean baanta gaya hai- shrriangar parak, vir rasatmak tatha niti parak. svaroop ke adhar par muktak ke git, prabandh muktak, vishayapradhan, sanghat muktak, ekarth prabandh tatha muktak prabandh adi bhed kiye ja sakate haian.[2]
shrriangar muktak
shrriangar parakamuktakoan ke aantargat aihikataparak rachanaean ati haian jinamean adhikatar nayak-nayika ki shrriangari cheshtaean, bhav bhangima tatha sanket sthaloan ka saral varnan hota hai. milan kal ki madhur kri da tatha viyog ke kshanoan mean baithe aansoo girana athava virah ki ushnata se dharati aur asaman ko jalana adi atyuktipoorn rachanaean shrriangar muktak ke aantargat hi hoti hai. nayak-nayikaoan ki sanyog-viyog avasthaoan tatha vibhinn rrituoan ka varnan shrriangari muktakakaroan ne kiya hai. rasakhan ke kavy mean shrriangar ke darshan hote haian. unhoanne shrriangar-muktak mean sundar padyoan ki rachana ki hai.
mohan ke man bhai gayau ik bhai sau gvalin godhan gayau.
takoan lagyau chat, chauhat so duri auchak gat sauan gat chhuvayau.
rasakhani lahi ini chaturata rahi jab lauan ghar ayau.
nain nachai chitai musakai su ot hvai jai aangootha dikhayau.[3]
[[chitr:raskhan-2.jpg|rasakhan ke dohe, mahavan, mathura|thumb|250px]]
svatantr muktak
kosh muktak ki bhaanti hi svatantr muktak vishuddh muktak kavy ka ek aang athava bhed hai. jisake lie n to sankhya ka bandhan hai aur n ek prakar ke chhandoan ka hi. balki kavi ki lekhani se tatkal nikale pratyek phutakar chhand ko svatantr muktak ki sanjna di ja sakati hai. svatantr muktak kavy ke lie prem shrriangar, niti tatha vir ras adi koee bhi vishay chuna ja sakata hai. rasakhan ne adhikaansh rachana svatantr muktak ke roop mean ki. unhoanne bhakti evan shrriangar sanbandhi muktak likhe.
mor-pakha sir oopar rakhihau guanj ki mal gare pahirauangi.
odhi pitanbar lai lakuti ban godhan gvarani sang phirauangi.
bhav to vohi mero rasakhani so tere kahe sab svaang karauangi.
ya murali muralidhar ki adharan dhari adharan dharauangi॥[4]
chhandoyojana
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chhand vah bekhari (manavochcharit dhvani) hai, jo pratyakshikrit nirantar tarang bhangima se ahlad ke sath bhav aur arth ko abhivyanjana kar sake. bhasha ke janm ke sath-sath hi kavita aur chhando ka sanbandh mana gaya hai. chhandoan dvara aniyantrit vani niyantrit tatha tal yukt ho jati hai. gady ki apeksha chhand adhik kal tak sajaj mean prachalit rahata hai. jo bhav chhandobaddh hota hai use apekshakrit adhik amaratv milata hai. bhav ko preshit karane ke sath-sath chhand mean mugdh karane ki shakti hoti hai. chhand ke dvara kalpana ka roop sajag hokar man ke samane pratyaksh ho jata hai.
savaiya chhand
is chhand ki utpatti ke vishay mean vidvanoan mean matabhed hai. d aau. nagendr ka vichar hai ki savaiya shabd sapad ka apabhransh roop hai. isamean chhand ke aantim charan ko sabase poorv tatha aant mean padha jata tha arthat ek pankti do bar aur tin panktiyaan ek bar padhi jati thian. is prakar vastut: char panktiyoan ka path paanch panktiyoan ka-sa ho jata tha. path mean 'savaya' hone se yah chhand savaiya kahalaya. sanskrit ke kisi chhand se bhi isaka mel nahian he. at: yah janapad-sahity ka hi chhand bad ke kaviyoan ne apanaya hoga, aisa anuman kiya jata hai.[5] yadi yah anuman saty ho to prakrit, apabhransh adi mean yah chhand avashy milana chahie jo hindi mean roopaantarit ho gaya hai. kintu aise kisi chhand ke darshan nahian hote. yah sanbhav hai ki teees varnoan vale sanskrit ke upajati chhand ke 14 bhedoan mean se kisi ek ka parivartit roop savaiya ban gaya ho. savaiya 22 aksharoan se lekar 28 aksharoan tak ka hota hai. upajati bhi 22 aksharoan ka chhand hai. aksharoan ka laghu-guru bhav-savaiya mean bhi parivartan grahan karata hai. vaidik chhandoan ka bhi laukik sanskrit chhandoan tak ate b da roop parivartan hua. ho sakata hai ki upajati ka parivartit roop savaiya ho jo savaya bolane se savaiya kahalaya. 'prakritapeangalamh' mean bhi savaiyoan ka roop milata hai kintu vahaan use savaiya sanjna nahian di gee. 'prakritapeangalamh' ka rachanakal sanvat 1300 ke as-pas mana jata hai.
ghanakshari
ghanakshari ya kavitt ke pratham darshan bhaktikal mean hote haian. hindi mean ghanakshari vrittoan ka prachalan kab se hua, is vishay mean nishchit roop se kahana kathin hai.
- chandabaradaee ke prithviraj rasoan mean doha tatha chhappay chhandoan ki prachurata hai. savaiya aur ghanakshari ka vahaan bhi prayog nahian milata. pramanik roop se ghanakshari ka prayog akabar ke kal mean milata hai.
soratha
yah arddh sam matrik chhand hai. doha chhand ka ulata hota hai. isamean 25-23 matraean hoti haian. rasakhan ke kavy mean char[6] sorathe milate haian.
pritam nandakishor, ja din te nainani lagyau.
manabhavan chit chor, palak aut nahi sahi sakauan॥[7]
chhand aur shabd svaroop viparyay
kavy mean sundar abhivyakti ke lie tatha chhandanurodh par pray: kavi shabdoan ko to da-maro da karate haian rasakhan ne bhi kavy chamatkar evan chhand ki matraoan ke anurodh par shabdoan ke svaroop ko badala hai—
- jhalakaiyat, tulaiyat, lalachaiyat, laiyat[8]- chhandagrah se jhalakana, tulana, lalachana, lana shabdoan se.
- pag paijani bajat piri kachhauti[9]-krishna ki vay ki laghuta ke agrah, svabhavikata evan sauandary lane ke lie kachhauta se kachhauti.
- toote chhara bachharadik gaudhan[10]- chhandanurodh par tatha bachhara se shabd samy ke lie chhalla se chhara.
- mol chhala ke lala ne bikehauan[11]- lala ke agrah se chhala.
- min si aankhi meri aansuvani rahaian[12]- aansuoan se bhari rahane ke arth mean madhury lane ke lie aansoo se aansuvani.
alankar-yojana
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- alankar shabd ka arth hai jo doosari vastu ko alankrit kare- alankaroti iti alankar:.
- achary dandi ne kaha hai ki kavy ke sabhi shobhakarak dharm alankar haian.[13] unaki is paribhasha mean chamatkar utpann karane vale sabhi kavy tattvoan ki visheshataoan ko alankar man liya gaya hai.
- alankar se bhamah ka abhipray aisi shabd ukti se hai jo vakr arthat vichitr arth ka vidhan karane vali ho.[14] alankar shabd aur arth mean vidyaman kavi pratibhotthit aise vaichitry ko alankar kah sakate haian, jo vaky-sauandary ko atishayata pradan karata hai. isi se sabhi bharatiy kavyashastriyoan ne kavy mean alankar ke mahattv ko nirvivad roop se svikar kiya hai.
shabdalankar
anupras
- keval bharatiy kaviyoan ne hi nahian balki pashchaty kaviyoan ne bhi anupras alankar ka bahut adhik ruchi ke sath prayog kiya hai.
- anupras ki paribhasha evan svaroop ke vishay mean bhi achary moolat: ekamat haian.
- sthool roop se, varnasamy ko 'anupras' kaha gaya hai.
yamak
- jahaan bhinnarthak varnoan (nirarthak ya sarthak) ki kramash: punaravritti ho, vahaan 'yamak' alankar hota hai.[15]
- 'yamak' ka shabdik arth hai jo da.
- is alankar ka nam 'yamak' isalie rakha gaya hai kyoanki isamean ek jaise do shabd prayukt hote haian.
shlesh
- jahaan shlisht padoan dvara anek arthoan ka kathan kiya jay vahaan shlesh alankar hota hai.[16]
- shlesh pray: any alankaroan ka sahayogi hokar hi kavy mean yojit hota hai.
- bhavuk kaviyoan ke kavy mean is alankar ka prayog bahut simit roop mean hua hai.
vakrokti
kisi ek abhipray vale kahe hue vaky ka, kisi any dvara shlesh athava kaku se, any arth lie jane ko 'vakrokti' alankar kahate haian.[17] vakrokti alankar do prakar ka hota hai- shlesh vakrokti aur kaku bakrokti. shlesh vakrokti mean kisi shabd ke anek arth hone ke karan vakta ke abhipret arth se any arth grahan kiya jata hai aur kaku vakrokti mean kanth dhvani arthath bolane vale ke lahaje mean bhed hone ke karan doosara arth kalpit kiya jata hai. vakrokti alankar ka niyojan ek kashtasadhy karm hai, jisake lie prayas karana anivary hai.
roopak [[chitr:raskhan-3.jpg|rasakhan ki samadhi, mahavan, mathura|thumb|250px]] upamey par upaman ke nishedh-rahit abhed arop ko roopak kahate haian.[18] 'arop' ka arth hai- roop dena arthath doosare ke roop mean rang dena. yah 'arop' kalpit hota hai. roopak mean upamey ko upaman samajh liya jata hai. upama mean upamey aur upaman mean sadrishy hote hue bhi bhinnata hoti hai jabaki roopak mean donoan ek se jan p date haian.
utpreksha
jahaan prastut mean aprastut ki sanbhavana ki jay, vahaan utpreksha alankar hota hai.[19] 'utpreksha' (uth+pr+eeksha) ka shabdik arth hai, ooancha dekhana arthath u dan lena. upamey aur upaman ko paraspar bhinn janate hue bhi is alankar mean kalpana ki ooanchi u dan ke sahare upamey ko upaman samajhane ka prayatn kiya jata hai. 'sanbhavana' ka tatpary 'ek koti ka prabal' jnan hai. isamean jnan poora nishchayatmak nahian hota, balki tho da kam hota hai. utpreksha rasakhan ke sabase priy alankaroan mean se ek hai. isake anek prayog unake kavy ki shrivriddhi karate haian. isaka karan yah he ki utpreksha ka prayog karate hue kavi-kalpana ko u dan bharane ki adhik guanjaish rahati hai.
apahnuti
jahaan prakrit ka nishedh kar aprakrit ka sthapan kiya jay vahaan 'apahnuti' alankar hota hai. apahnuti keval sadrishy-sambandh mean hi hoti hai. 'apahnuti' ka shabdik arth hai- chhipana ya nishedh karana. isamean kisi saty bat ko chhipakar ya nishedh karake usake sthan par koee jhoothi bat sthapit ki jati hai. apahnuti ki yojana mean pray: kritrimata ane ki ashanka rahati haian rasakhan ke kavy mean yah alankar bahut hi viral roop mean aya hai.
atishayokti
jahaan upaman dvara upamey ka nigaran, asambandh mean maian sambandh ki kalpana, upamey ka anyatv athava karan aur kary ka pauvapiry- viparyay varnit ho, vahaan 'atishayokti' alankar hota hai.[20] atishayokti ka arth hai atikant athava ullanghan arthat kisi vastu ke vishay mean lokasima se badha-chadhakar kathan karana. kavy mean atishayokti ke adhar par hi kavi kalpana ki madhur u danean bharate haian. samany jivan ke vyavahar mean bhi atishayokti ka prayog bahulata se kiya jata hai. at: use manav ki svabhav-jany visheshata kaha ja sakata hai.
atishayokti kaviyoan ki paranpara se prapt alankar hai. rasakhan ne bhi kavy paranparagat roop mean hi usako grahan kiya hai, jisase usamean navinata aur kathan mean suandar chamatkar a gaya hai. unaki atishayokti-yojana keval vaichitry-pradarshan banakar hi nahian rah gee hai, balki abhipret varny vishay mean utkarsh lane ko poornat: samarth hai.
vyatirek
jahaan upaman ki apeksha adhik gun hone ke karan upamey ka utkarsh ho vahaan 'vyatirek alankar' hota hai. vyatirek ka shabdik arth hai adhiky. vyatirek mean karan ka hona anivary hai. rasakhan ke kavy mean vyatirek ki yojana kahian kahian hi huee hai. kintu jo hai, vah akarshak hai. nayika apani sakhi se kah rahi hai ki aisi koee stri nahian hai jo krishna ke sundar roop ko dekhakar apane ko sanbhal sake. he sakhi, maianne 'brajachandr' ke salaune roop ko dekhate hi lokalaj ko 'taj' diya hai kyoanki—
khanjan mil sarojani ki chhabi ganjan nain lala din hono.
bhauanh kaman so johan ko sar bedhan pranani nand ko chhono.[21]
paryay
jahaan ek vastu ki anek vastuoan mean athava anek vastuoan ki ek vastu mean kram se (kal-bhed se) sthiti ka varnan ho vahaan paryay alankar hota hai.[22]
virodhamoolak alankar, virodhabhas
vastut: virodh n hone par jahaan virodh ka abhas ho vahaan 'virodhabhas' alankar hota hai.[23] virodh ke karan samany ukti mean bhi anokha chamatkar a jata hai. is alankar mean virodh keval abhasit hota hai. lekin vichar karane par usaka parihar ho jata hai. aisi uktiyoan ke karan kavy-saundary mean utkarsh ata hai. rasakhan ke kavy mean virodhabhas alankar ki yojana namamatr ko huee hai. isaka karan yah hai ki ve bhakt the, kavy unaki tivr bhavabhivyakti ka sadhan tha. vah bat ko belag kahate the- bahut adhik ghuma phira kar nahian. vachan-vidagdhata ke pradarshan ki cheshta unhoanne kahian nahian ki hai.
visangati
jahaan apatat: virodh drishtigat hote hue, kary aur karan ka vaiyadhikarany varnit ho, vahaan asangati alankar hota hai.[24] isamean do vastuoan ka varnan hota hai- jinamean karan karyasambandh hota hai.
ekavali
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jahaan shrriankhalaroop mean varnit padarthoan mean visheshy visheshan bhav sambandh ho vahaan ekavali alankar hota hai.[25] is alankar ki yojana kavi log keval chamatkar utpann karane ke lie karate haian. isamean kalpana ki u dan ka vinodatmak roop hota hai.
any sansarg moolak alankar, udaharan
samany roop se hi huee bat ko spasht karane ke lie jahaan usi samany mean ek aansh ko udaharan ke roop mean rakha jata hai, vahaan udaharan alankar hota hai.[26] udaharan alankar ki yojana rasakhan ne alp matra mean ki hai. unake udaharan samany jivan se grahan kie ge haian aur sundar ban p de haian 'udaharan' ke kuchh udaharan nimnaankit haian— rasakhani gubiandahi yauan bhajiyai jimi nagari ko chit gagari maian.[27]
any alankar, anuman
sadhan ke dvara sadhy ke chamatkarapoorn jnan ke varnan ko anuman alankar kahate haian.[28] anuman alankar mean hetu ke dvara sadhy ka anuman karaya jata hai aur yah jnan kavi ke dvara kalpit chamatkar se poorn hota hai. rasakhan ke kavy mean is alankar ka prayog bahut kam hua hai.
- lokokti
jahaan varnit prasang mean lok-prasiddh pravad (kahavat lokokti muhavare adi) ka kathan kiya jay, vahaan 'lokokti' alankar hota hai. rasakhan ke kavy mean lokoktiyoan ka prayog sundar roop mean hua hai. kavi ne unhean bhavoan ke bhooshan mean chamakate hue naginoan ki tarah sthan sthan par j d diya hai. isake anek saras udaharan drashtavy haian. nayak aur nayika donoan kalindi ke tir par milate haian, mu d-mu dakar muskarate haian, ek doosare ki balaiyaan lete haian.
manavikaran
pashchaty kavyashastr ke prabhav se hindi mean kuchh adhunik alankaroan ki charcha bhi hone lagi hai. unhian mean se ek alankar 'manavikaran' hai. yah shabd aangrezi ke 'parasoniphikeshan' ka hindi anuvad hai. 'amanav' mean 'manav' gunoan ke arop karane ki sadharan pravritti ya prakriya ko 'manavikaran' kaha jata hai.[29] manavikaran ke dvara varnaniy vishay mean martikata aur preshaniyata laee jati hai. hindi ki chhayavadi kavita mean manavikaran ka b da hi manohar evan sashakt prayog hua hai. prachin kaviyoan ke kavy mean bhi manavikaran ki visheshataean upalabdh haian. sahaj bhavuk kavi rasakhan ne bhi 'manavikaran' alankar ki sundar yojana ki hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ adhunik hindi kavy mean chhand yojana, pri0 21
- ↑ darabari sanskriti aur hindi muktak, pri0 42
- ↑ sujan rasakhan 101
- ↑ sujan rasakhan 86
- ↑ riti kavy ki bhoomika tatha dev aur unaki kavita, pri0 236
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 77,98,123,152
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 77
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 61
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 21
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 44
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 44
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 74
- ↑ kavyashobhakaranh dharmanalankaranh pravakshate. te chadyapi vikalpyante kastanh katsyain vakshyati॥ -kavyadarsh, 2.1
- ↑ vakrabhidhey shabdoktirishtavachamalankriti:. -kavyalankar, 1. 36
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 1,2,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12, 14,37,78
- ↑ shlishtai, paderanekarthabhidhane shlesh eeshyate॥ - sahityadarpan, 10 . 11
- ↑ yaduktamanyathavakyamanyatha nyen yojyate. shleshen kakva va jnaiya sa vakroktiratatha dvidha॥ - kavyaprakash 9.78
- ↑ abhedapradhanye arope aropavishayanapahnave roopakamh. -alankarasarvasv, pri0 34
- ↑ sansabhavanamarthotpreksh prakritasy samen yath. -kavyaprakash, 10 . 9
- ↑ nigiryadhyavasanantu prakritaroo paren yath. prastutasy yadanyatvan padyarthokau ch kalpanamh॥ karyakaranayoryashch paurvaparyaviparyay: vijneya tishayokti: sa....॥ -kavyaprakash, 10 . 100-101
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 72
- ↑ ekamanekasminnanekamekasminkamen paryay:. -alankarasarvasv, pri0 189
- ↑ viruddhabhasatvan virodh:. -kavyalankarasootr, 4.3.12
- ↑ viruddhatvenapatato bhasamanan hetukaryaporveyadhikaranyamasangati:॥ -rasagangadhar, pri0 589
- ↑ saiv shrriankhala sansargasy visheshyavisheshanabhavaroopatve ekavali. -rasagangadhar, pri0 623
- ↑ alankar pradip, pri0 189
- ↑ sujan rasakhan, 8
- ↑ anumanan tu vichchhitya jnanan sadhyasy sadhanat. --sahityadarpan, pri0 10. 63
- ↑ sahity kosh (san0- d aau. dhirendr varma) pri0 589
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