पितृमेध या अन्त्यकर्म संस्कार

30px yah lekh pauranik granthoan athava manyataoan par adharit hai at: isamean varnit samagri ke vaijnanik praman hone ka ashvasan nahian diya ja sakata. vistar mean dekhean asvikaran

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pitrimedh ya antyakarm ya aantyeshti sanskar hindoo dharm sanskaroan mean shodash sanskar hai. yah antim sanskar hai. mrityu ke pashchath yah sanskar kiya jata hai. is sanskar ko pitrimedh, antkarm, dah-sanskar, shmashanakarm tatha antyeshti-kriya adi bhi kahate haian. yah sanskar vedamantroan ke uchcharan dvara hota hai. hindoo dharm mean mrityu ke bad dah-sanskar karane ka vidhan hai. keval sannyasi-mahatmaoan ke lie—niragri hone ke karan sharir chhoot jane par bhoomisamadhi ya jalasamadhi adi dene ka vidhan hai. kahian-kahian sannyasi ka bhi dah-sanskar kiya jata hai aur usamean koee dosh nahian mana jata hai.

mrityu ke uparant manav ka kya hota hai?

yah ek aisa prashn hai jo adikal se jyoan-ka-tyoan chala aya hai; yah ek aisa rahasy hai, jisaka bhedan aj tak sambhav nahian ho saka hai. adikalin bharatiyoan, misriyoan, chaldiyanoan, yoonaniyoan evan parasiyoan ke samaksh yah prashn ek mahattvapoorn jijnasa evan samasya ke roop mean vidyaman raha hai. manav ke bhavishy, is prithivi ke uparant usake svaroop evan is vishv ke ant ke vishay mean bhaanti-bhaanti ke mat prakashit kiye jate rahe haian, jo mahattvapoorn evan manoram haian. pratyek dharm mean isake vishay mean prithakh drishtikon raha hai. is prashn evan rahasy ko lekar ek nayi vidya ka nirman bhi ho chuka hai, jise aangrezi mean ishchait aaul aauji (Eschatology) kahate haian. yah shabd yoonani shabdoan-ishchait aaus (Eschatos=Last) evan logiya (Logia=Discourse) se bana hai, jisaka tatpary hai, antim batoan, yatha-mrityu, nyay evan mrityu ke uparant ki avastha se sambandh rakhane vala vijnan. isake do svaroop haian, jinamean ek ka sambandh hai mrityu ke uparant vyakti ki niyati, atma ki amarata, pap evan dand tatha svarg evan narak ke vishay ki charcha se, aur doosare ka sambandh hai akhil brahmand, usaki srishti, parinati evan uddhar tatha sabhi vastuoan ke param ant ke vishay ki charcha se. prachin granthoan mean pratham svaroop par hi adhik bal diya gaya hai, kintu ajakal vaijnanik drishtikon rakhane vale log bahudha doosare svaroop par hi adhik sochate haian.

mrityu vilakshan evan bhayavah

samanyat: mrityu vilakshan evan bhayavah samajhi jati hai, yadyapi kuchh darshanik manovritti vale vyakti ise mangalaprad evan shariraroopi bandigrih mean bandi atma ki mukti ke roop mean grahan karate rahe haian. mrityu ka bhay bahutoan ko hota hai; kintu vah bhay aisa nahian hai ki us samay ki arthath maran-kal ki samay ki sambhavit pi da se ve akrant hote haian, pratyut unaka bhay us rahasy se hai, jo mrityu ke uparant ki ghatanaoan se sambandhit hai tatha unaka bhay un bhavanaoan se hai, jinaka gambhir nirdesh jivanoparant sambhavit evan achinty parinamoan ke upabhog ki or hai. si.ee. vulliyami ne apane granth 'immartal main' mean kaha hai-yadyapi (mrityuparant ya pret) jivan ke sambandh mean atyant kathor evan bhayanak kalpanaoan se lekar uchch evan sundaratam kalpanaean prakashit ki gayi haian, tathapi tattvik bat yahi rahi hai ki sharir marata hai n ki atma.

aangrezi shabd ‘spirit’ evan bharatiy shabd atma mean dharmik evan darshanik drishti se arth-samy nahian hai. pratham shabd jivanochchhvas ka dyotak hai aur doosare ko bharatiy darshan mean paramatma ki abhivyakti ka roop diya gaya hai. atma amar hai, sharir nashavanh. gita mean aya bhi hai-

nainan chhindanti shastrani nainan dahati pavak:.
n chainan kledayantyapo n shoshayati marut:..

mrityu ke sambandh mean dharanaean

mrityu ke vishay mean adim kal se lekar sabhy avastha tak ke logoan mean bhaanti-bhaanti ki dharanaean rahi haian. kathopanishad mean aya hai-'jab manushy marata hai to ek sandeh utpann hota hai, kuchh logoan ke mat se mrityooparant jivatma ki satta rahati hai, kintu kuchh log aisa nahian manate haian.' nachiketa ne is sandeh ko door karane ke lie yam se prarthana ki hai. mrityooparant jivatma ka astitv manane valoan mean kee prakar ki dharanaean payi jati haian. kuchh logoan ka vishvas hai ki mritoan ka ek lok hai, jahaan mrityooparant jo kuchh bach rahata hai, vah jata hai. kuchh logoan ki dharana hai ki sukrityoan evan dushkrityoan ke phalasvaroop sharir ke atirikt prani ka vidyamanaansh kram se svarg evan narak mean jata hai. kuchh log avagaman evan punarjanm mean vishvas rakhate haian.

granthoan ke anusar

brahmapuran ne aise vyaktiyoan ka ullekh kiya hai, jinhean mrityu sukhad evan saral pratit hoti hai; n ki pi dajanak evan chintayukt. vah kuchh yoan hai-'jo jhooth nahian bolata, jo mitr ya snehi ke prati kritaghn nahian hai, jo astik hai, jo devapooja parayan hai aur brahmanoan ka samman karata hai tatha jo kisi se eershya nahian karata-vah sukhad mrityu pata hai.' isi prakar anushasanaparv ne vistar ke sath akalamrityu evan dirgh jivan ke karanoan ka varnan kiya hai, vah kuchh yoan hai-nastik, yajn n karane vale, guruoan evan shastroan ki ajna ke ullanghanakarta, dharm n janane vale evan dushkarmi log alpayu hote haian. jo charitravanh nahian haian, jo sadachar ke niyam to da karate haian aur jo kee prakar se sambhog kriya karate rahate haian, ve alpayu hote haian aur narak mean jate haian. jo krodh nahian karate, jo satyavadi hote haian, jo kisi ki hiansa nahian karate, jo kisi ki eershya nahian karate aur jo kapati nahian hote, ve shatayu hote haian.

mrityu ke agaman ke sanket

bahut se granth mrityu ke agaman ke sanketoan ka varnan karate haian, yatha-shantiparv), deval, vayu puran, markandey puran, liang puran adi puranoan mean mrityu ke agaman ke sanketoan ya chihnoan ki lambi-lambi soochiyaan milati haian. sthanabhav se adhik nahian likha ja sakata, kintu udaharanarth kuchh batean di ja rahi haian.

shantiparv ke anusar

shantiparv ke anusar jo arundhati, dhruv tara evan poorn chandr tatha doosare ki aankhoan mean apani chhaya nahian dekh sakate, unaka jivan bas ek varsh ka hota hai; jo chandramandal mean chhidr dekhate haian, ve keval chh: mas ke shesh jivan vale hote haian; jo sooryamandal mean chhidr dekhate haian ya pas ki sugandhit vastuoan mean shav ki gandh pate haian, unake jivan ke keval sat din bache rahate haian. asann mrityu ke lakshan ye haian-kanoan evan nak ka jhuk jana, aankhoan evan daantoan ka rang parivartan ho jana, sanjnashoonyata, shariroshnata ka abhav, kapal se dhoom nikalana evan achanak bayian aankh se pani girana.

deval ke anusar

deval ne 12, 11 ya 10 mas se lekar ek mas, 15 din ya 2 dinoan tak ki mrityu ke lakshanoan ka varnan kiya hai aur kaha hai ki jab aanguliyoan se band karane par kanoan mean svar ki dhamak nahian jnat hoti ya aankh mean prakash nahian dikhata to samajhana chahie ki mrityu ane hi vali hai.

vayupuran evan liangapuran ke anusar

antim do lakshanoan ko vayupuran evan liangapuran ne sabase bura mana hai. muanshi hirak jayanti granth mean d aau. ar. ji. harshe ne kee granthoan ke adhar par likha hai ki jab vyakti svapn mean gadha dekhata hai to usaka maran nishchit-sa hai, jab vah svapn mean boodhi kumari stri dekhata hai to bhay, rog evan mrityu ka lakshan samajhana chahie ya jab trishool dekhata hai to mrityu parilakshit hoti hai.

maranasann avastha

bharat ke adhikaansh bhagoan mean aisi pratha hai ki jab vyakti maranasann rahata hai ya jab vah ab-tab rahata hai, to log use khat se utarakar prithivi par lita dete haian. yah pratha yoorop mean bhi hai.

• kaushikasootr mean aya hai; jab vyakti shaktihin hota hai, arthath marane lagata hai to (putr ya seva karane vala koee sambandhi) shala mean lagi huee ghas par kush bichha deta hai aur use 'syonasmai bhav' mantr ke sath (bistar ya khat se) uthakar us par rakh deta hai.
• baudhayanapitrimedhasootr ke mat se jab yajaman ke marane ka bhay ho jae to yajnashala mean prithivi par baloo bichha deni chahie aur us par darbh phaila dene chahie, jinaki noank dakshin ki or hoti hai, maranasann ke dayean kan mean 'ayush: pranan santanu' se arambh hone vale anuvak ka path (putr ya kisi any sambandhi dvara) hona chahie.

durbalibhavantan shalatrineshu darbhanastiry syonasmai bhavetyavarohayati.
mantroktavanumantrayate. yatte krishnaetyavadipayati..

'yada kanthasthanagatajivi vihvalo dehi bhavati tada bahirgomayenopaliptayaan bhoomau kushandakshinagranastiry tadupari dakshinashirasan sthapayitva suvarnarajatagobhoomidipatilapatrani dapayeth.'

durbalan snapayitva tu shuddhachailabhisanvritamh.
dakshinashirasan bhoomau bahishmatyaan niveshayeth..

• shuddhiprakash mean aya hai ki jab koee vyakti mritapray ho, usaki aankheanan adhi band ho gee hoan aur vah khat se niche utar diya gaya ho, to usake putr ya kisi sambandhi ko chahie ki vah usase nimn prakar ka koee ek ya sabhi prakar ke das dan karaye-gau, bhoomi, til, sona, ghrit, vastr, dhany, gu d, rajat (chaandi) evan namak. ye dan gayashraddh ya saik doan ashvamedhoan se badhakar haian. sankalp is prakar ka hota hai-'abhyuday (svarg) ki prapti ya papamochan ke lie maian das dan karooanga.' das danoan ke uparant utkranti-dhenu (mrityu ko dhyan mean rakhakar bachh de ke sath gau) di jati hai, aur isake uparant vaitarani gau ka dan kiya jata hai.

asannamrityuna deya gau: savatsa tu poorvavath.
tadabhave tu gaurev narakottaranay ch..
tada yadi n shaknoti datuan vaitaranian tu gam.
shaktoanyoarukh tada dattva dadyachchhreyo mritasy ch..

garu dapuran mean aya hai:-

nadian vaitaranian tartu dadyadvaitaranian ch gamh.
krishnastani skrishnaaangi sa vai vaitarani smrita..

arthat; yam ke dvar par vaitarani nam ki nadi hai, jo rakt evan paine astroan se paripoorn hai; jo log marate samay gaudan karate haian, ve us nadi ko gay ki pooanchh pak dakar par kar jate haian. skandapuran jahaan vaitarani ki charcha hai:-

mrityukale prachachchhanti ye dhenuan brahmanay vai.
tasya: puchchhan samashrity te taranti ch taan nrip..

• antyeshtipaddhati evan shuddhiprakash mean un mantroan ka (jo vaidik nahian hai) ullekh hai jo danoan ke samay kahe jate haian. antyeshtipaddhati antyakarmadipak adi ne vyavastha di hai ki jab vyakti asannamrityu ho, to usake putr ya sambandhiyoan ko chahie ki ve usase vratodyapan, sarvaprayashchitt evan das danoan ke krity karayean, kintu yadi maranasann in krityoan ko svayan karane mean ashakt ho to putr ya sambandhi ko usake lie aisa kar dena chahie. jab vyakti sankalpit vrat nahian kar pata to marate samay vah vratodyapan krity karata hai.

vratodyapan

sankshep mean vratodyapan yoan hai-putr ya sambandhi maranasann vyakti ko snan dvara ya pavitr jal se marjan karake ya ganga jal pilakar pavitr karata hai, svayan snanasandhya se pavitr ho leta hai, dip jalata hai, ganesh evan vishnu ki pooja-vandana karata hai, pooja ki samagri rakhakar sankalp karata hai:-

atr prithivyaan jamboodvipe bharatakhande aryavartekadeshe vishnorajnaya pravartamanasy brahmano dvitiyapararve...

...amukatiyau amukagotr...

...amukashamahian mamatman: (mam pitrade:) vratagrahanadivasadarabhy ady yavatphalabhilashadigrihitanaan nishkamataya grihitanaan ch amukamukavratanamakritodyapanadoshaparihararth shrutismriti-puranoktatattadavratajanyasaangaphalapraptyarth vishnvadinaan tattaddevanaan pripaye idan suvarnamagnidaivatamh (tadabhave idan rajatan chandradaivatamh) amukagotrayamukasharmanh brahmanay dasye oan tatsath n mam iti sankalp...adi-adi.

nimantrit brahman ko sammanit karata hai aur pahale se sankalpit sona use deta hai aur brahman ghoshit karata hai-'sabhi vrat poorn hoan. udyapan (vrat-poorti) ke phal ki prapti ho.' sarvaprayashchit mean putr char ya tin vidvanh brahmanoan ya ek atmajnani brahman ko 6, 3 ya dedh varsh vale prayashchittoan ke nishkriy roop mean sona adi ka dan deta hai aur isaki ghoshana karata hai aur vah ashauch ke uparant prayashchit karata hai. maranasann vyakti ko ya putr ya sambandhi ko sarvaprayashchit karana p data hai. vah kshirakarm karake snan karata hai, panchagavy pita hai, chandanalep evan any padarthoan se ek brahman ko sammanit karata hai, gopooja karake ya usake sthan par dhan ka dan karata hai.

deshakalau sankirty mam (matpatradervaan) jnatajnatakamakamasakridasakritkayikavachikamanasikataansargik-sprishtasprisht-bhuktabhukt-pitapitasakalapatakanupatakopapatakalaghupatakasankarikaranamalinikaranapatri- karanajatibhranshakaraprakirnakadinanavidhapatakanaan nirasen dehavasanakale dehashuddhidvara shriparameshvaraprityarthamimaan sarvaprayashchittapratyamnayabhootaan yathashaktyalankritaan savatsaan gaan rudradevatamamukagotrayamukasharmane brahmanay tubhyamahan sanpradade oan tatsath n mam.

sarvaprayashchit ke uparant dash-dan hote haian. garu dapuran ne mahadan sanjnak any danoan ki vyavastha di hai, yatha-til, loha, sona, rooee, namak, sat prakar ke ann, bhoomi, gau; kuchh any dan bhi haian, yatha-chhata, chandan, aangoothi, jalapatr, asan, bhojan, jinhean padadan kaha jata hai. garu dapuran ke mat se yadi maranasann vyakti atur-sannyas niyamoan ke anusar sannyas grahan kar leta hai, to vah avagaman (janm-maran) se chhutakara pa jata hai. adikal se hi aisa vishvas raha hai ki marate samay vyakti jo vichar rakhata hai, usi ke anusar daihik jivan ke uparant usaka jivatma akrant hota hai (ante ya mati: sa gati:), at: mrityu ke samay vyakti ko saansarik moh-maya chho dakar hari ya shiv ka smaran karana chahie aur man hi man 'ooan namo vasudevay' ka jap karana chahie. bahut se vachanoan ke anusar use vaidik path sunana chahie.

maranasann vyakti dvara smaran

hiranyakeshipitrimedhasootr ke mat se ahitagni ke marate samay putr ya sambandhi ko usake kan mean (jab vah brahmajnani ho) taittiriyopanishad ke do anuvak (2|1 evan 3|1) kahane chahie. antyakarmadipak ka kathan hai ki jab maranasann vyakti jap n kar sake to use vishnu ya shiv ka ramaniy roop man mean dharan kar vishnu ya shiv ke sahasr nam sunane chahie aur bhagavadgita, bhagavat, ramayan, eeshavasy adi upanishadoan evan samavediy mantroan ka path sunana chahie.

japeasamarthashched hridaye chaturbhujan shankhachakragadapadmadharan pitambarakiritakeyoorakaustubhavanamaladharan ramaniyaroopan vishnuan trishooladamarudharan trinetran gangadharan shivan va bhavayanh sahasranamagitabhagavatabharataramayaneshavasyadyupanishad: pavamanadini sooktani ch yathasambhavan shrinuyath.

upanishadoan mean bhi maranasann vyakti ki bhavanaoan ke vishay mean sanket milate haian. chhandogyopanishad mean aya hai-'sabhi brahm hai. vyakti ko adi, ant evan isi sthiti ke roop mean isaka (brahm ka) dhyan karana chahie. isi ki ichchha ki srishti manushy hai. is vishv mean usaki jo ichchha (ya bhavana) hogi, usi ke anusar vah ihalok se jane ke uparant hoga.

sarvakhalvidan brahm tajjalaniti shant upasitath khalu kratumay: purusho yathakraturasmianlloke purusho bhavati tathet: prety bhavati s kratuan kurvit.

antakale ch mamev smaranmuktva kalevaramh.
y: prayati s madbhavan yati nastyatr sanshay:..
yan yan vapi smaranbhavan tyajatyante kalevaramh.
tan tamevaiti kauntey sada tadbhav bhavit:..

isi prakar ki bhavana prashnopanishad mean bhi payi jati hai. vahaan aisa aya hai ki vichar-shakti atma ko uchchatar uthati jati hai, jisase manushy-man ko aisa parijnan hona chahie ki akhil brahmand mean jitane bhautik padarth ya abhivyaktiyaan haian, ve sab ek haian aur unamean ek hi vibhu roop samaya hua hai. bhagavadgita ne yahi bhavana aur adhik spasht roop se vyakt ki hai-'vah vyakti, jo antakal mean mujhe smaran karata hua is jivan se vida hota hai, vah mere pas ata hai, isamean sanshay nahian hai'. kintu ek bat smaraniy yah hai ki antakal mean hi keval bhagavan ka smaran karane se kuchh n hoga, jab jivan bhar atma aisi bhavana se abhibhoot rahata hai, tabhi bhagavatprapti hoti hai. aisa kaha gaya hai-'vyakti mrityu ke samay jo bhi roop (ya vastu) sochata hai, usi ko vah prapt hota hai, aur yah tabhi sambhav hai, jabaki vah jivan bhar aisa karata aya ho.'

tirthasthan gaman

puranoan ke adhar par kuchh nibandhoan ka aisa kathan hai ki antakal upasthit hone par vyakti ko, yadi sambhav ho to, kisi tirth-sthan (yatha ganga) mean le jana chahie. shuddhitattv ne koormapuran ko uddhrit kiya hai-'ganga ke jal mean, varanasi ke sthal ya jal mean, gangasagar mean ya usaki bhoomi, jal ya antariksh mean marane se vyakti moksh (sansar se antim chhutakara) pata hai.' isi arth mean skandapuran mean aya hai-'ganga ke tatoan se ek gavyooti (do kos) tak kshetr (pavitr sthan) hota hai, itani door tak dan, jap evan hom karane se ganga ka hi phal prapt hota hai; jo is kshetr mean marata hai, vah svarg jata hai aur pun: janm nahian pata'. poojaratnakar mean aya hai-'jahaan jahaan shalagramashila hoti hai, vahaan hari ka nivas rahata hai; jo shalagramashila ke pas marata hai, vah hari ka paramapad prapt karata hai.' aisa bhi kaha gaya hai ki yadi koee anary desh (kikat) mean bhi shalagram se ek kos ki doori par marata hai, vah vaikunth (vishnulok) pata hai. isi prakar jo vyakti tulasi ke van mean marata hai ya marate samay jisake mukh mean tulasidal rahata hai, vah karo doan pap karane par bhi mokshapad prapt karata hai. is prakar ki bhavanaean aj bhi lokaprasiddh haian.

koormapuranamh- gangayaan ch jale moksho varanasyaan jale sthale.
jale sthale chantarikshe gangasagarasangame..
skande- tiradh gavyootimatran tu parit: kshetramuchyate.
atr danan japo homo gangayaan natr sanshay:..
atrasthastridivan yanti ye mrita n punarbhava:.
poojaratnakare- shalagramashila yatr tatr sannihito hari:.
tatsannighau tyajeth prananh yati vishno: paran padamh..
liangapurane-shalagramasamipe tu kroshamatran samantat:.
kikatepi mrito yati vaikunthabhavanan nar:..
vaishnavamrite vyas-tulasikanane jantoryadi mrityurbhaveth kvachith.
s nirbhartsy naran papi lilayaiv harian visheth..
prayanakale yasyasye diyate tulasidalamh.
nirvanan yati pakshindr papakotiyritopi s:..

kikat magadh desh ka nam hai, jise rrigved mean aryadharm se bahar ki bhoomi kaha gaya hai. aur dekhie nirukt jahaan kikat desh ko anary nivas kaha gaya hai. shuddhiprakash ‘kikatepi’ ke sthan par ‘kitakoapi’ likhata hai jo adhik samichin hai, kintu yah sanshodhan bhi ho sakata hai.

mrityu ka uttam kal

mrityu ke uttam kal ke vishay mean bhi kuchh dharanaean haian. shantiparv mean aya hai- 'jo vyakti soory ke uttar disha mean jane par (uttarayan hone par) marata hai ya kisi any shubh nakshatr evan muhoort mean marata hai, vah sachamuch punyavan hai.' yah bhavana upanishadoan mean vyakt uttarayan evan dakshinayan mean marane ki dharana par adharit hai. chhandogyopanishad mean aya hai- 'ab (yadi yah atmajnani vyakti marata hai) chahe log usaki antyeshti kriya (shraddh adi) karean ya n karean, vah archi: arthath prakash ko prapt hota hai, prakash se din, din se chandr ke ardh prakash (shukl paksh), usase uttarayan ke chh: mas, usase varsh, varsh se soory, soory se chandr, chandr se vidyut ko prapt hota hai. amanav use brahm ki or le jata hai. yah devoan ka marg hai; vah marg, jisase brahm ki prapti hoti hai. jo log is marg se jate haian, ve manav jivan mean pun: nahian lautate. haan, ve nahian lautate.' aisi hi bat chhandogyopanishad mean ayi hai, jahaan kaha gaya hai ki panchagni-vidya janane vale grihasth tatha vishvas (shraddha) evan tap karane vale vanaprasth evan parivrajak (jo abhi brahm ko nahian janate) bhi devayan (devamarg) se jate haian. aur jo log gramavasi haian, yajnaparayan haian, dan-dakshinayukt haian, dhoom ko jate haian, ve dhoom se ratri, ratri se chandr ke ardh aandhakar (krishna paksh) mean, usase dakshinayan ke chh: mas, usase pitrilok, usase akash evan chandr ko jate haian, jahaan ve karmaphal pate haian aur pun: usi marg se laut ate haian. chhandogyopanishad ne ek tisare sthan ki or sanket kiya hai, jahaan kit-patang adi lagatar ate-jate rahate haian.

brihadaranyakopanishad ne bhi devalog, pitrilok evan us lok ka ullekh kiya hai, jahaan kit, patang adi jate haian. bhagavadgita ne bhi upanishadoan ke in vachanoan ko sookshm roop mean kaha hai-maian un kaloan ka varnan karooanga, jab ki bhaktagan kabhi n lautane ke lie is vishv se vida hote haian. agni, jyoti, din, shukl paksh, uttarayan soory ke chh:; jab brahmajnani in kaloan mean marate haian, to brahmalok jate haian. dhoom, ratri, krishna paksh, dakshinayan soory ke chh: masoan mean marane vale bhaktagan chandralok mean jate haian aur pun: laut ate haian. is vishay mean ye do marg, jo prakashaman evan aandhakaramay haian, sanatan haian. ek se jane vala kabhi nahian lautata, kintu doosare se ane vala laut ata hai. vedantasootr ne 'prakash', 'din' adi shabdoan ko yathashrut shabdik arth mean lene ko nahian kaha hai; arthath usake mat se ye margoan ke lakshan ya star nahian haian, pratyut ye un devataoan ke pratik haian, jo mritatmaoan ko sahayata dete haian aur devalok evan pitrilok ke margoan mean unhean le jate haian, arthath ve ativahik evan abhimani devata haian. shankar ne vedantasootr ki vyakhya mean bataya hai ki jab bhishm ne uttarayan ki bat johi to isase yahi samajhana chahie ki vahaan archiradi ki prashasti matr hai-jo brahmajnani hai, vah yadi dakshinayan mean mar jata hai to bhi vah apane jnan ka phal pata hai, arthath brahm ko prapt karata hai. jab bhishm ne uttarayan ki bat johi to aisa karake unhoanne keval lokaprasiddh prayog ya acharan ko manyata di aur unhoanne yah bhi prakat kiya ki unamean yah shakti bhi thi ki ve apani ichchhashakti se hi mar sakate haian, kyoanki unake pita ne unhean aisa var de rakha tha. shankar evan vedantasootr ke vachanoan ke rahate hue bhi lokaprasiddh bat yahi rahi hai ki uttarayan mean marana uttam hai.

antyeshti ek sanskar

antyeshti ek sanskar hai. yah dvijoan dvara kiye jane vale solah ya isase bhi adhik sanskaroan mean ek hai aur manu, yajnavalkyasmriti evan jatukarny ke mat se yah vaidik mantroan ke sath kiya jata hai. ye sanskar pahale striyoan ke lie bhi hote the, kintu bina vaidik mantroan ke (kintu vivah sanskar mean vaidik mantroanchcharan hota hai) aur shoodroan ke lie bhi bina vaidik mantroan ke. baudhayan pitrimedhasootr ka kathan hai ki pratyek manav ke lie do sanskar rrin-svaroop haian (arthath unaka sampadan anivary hai) aur ve haian, janm sanskar evan mritak sanskar. dah sanskar tatha shraddh adi ahitagni evan smartagni ke lie bhinn-bhinn ritiyoan se hote haian, tatha un logoan ke lie bhi jo shraut ya smart koee agni nahian rakhate. jo stri hai, bachcha hai, parivrajak hai, jo door desh mean marata hai, jo akal mrityu pata hai ya atmahatya karata hai ya durghatanavash mar jata hai; unake lie antyeshti-krity bhinn-bhinn prakar ke hote haian. ek hi vishay ki krity-vidhiyoan mean shrautasootr evan grihyasootr vibhinn batean kahate haian aur age chalakar madhy evan pashchatyakalin yugoan yugoan mean vidhiyaan aur bhi vistrit hoti chali gayi haian. nirnayasindhu ne spasht kaha hai ki, antyeshti pratyek shakha mean bhinn roop se ullikhit hai, kintu kuchh batean sabhi shakhaoan mean ek-si haian. anty-karmoan ke vistar, abhav evan upasthiti ke adhar par sootroan, smritiyoan, puranoan evan nibandhoan ke kal-kram-sambandhi nishkarsh nikale gaye haian, kintu ye nishkarsh bahudha anumanoan evan vaiyaktik bhavanaoan par hi adharit haian.

rrigved ke sookt

shrautasootroan, grihyasootroan evan pashchatkalin granthoan mean ullikhit anty karmoan ko upasthit karane ke poorv rrigved ke paanch sooktoan ka anuvad is prakar hai. in sooktoan ki rrichaean (mantr) bahudha sabhi sootroan dvara prayukt huee haian aur unaka prayog aj bhi antyeshti ke samay hota hai aur unamean adhikaansh vaidik sanhitaoan mean bhi payi jati haian. bharatiy evan pashchaty tikakaroan ne in mantroan ki tika evan vyakhya vibhinn prakar se ki hai.

pratham sookt

rrigved mean pratham sookt ka varnan is prakar hai-

1. "(yajaman!) us yam ki pooja karo, jo (pitaroan ka) raja hai, vivasvanh ka putr hai, (mrit) purushoan ko ekatr karane vala hai, jisane (shubh karm karane vale) bahutoan ke lie marg khoj dala hai aur jisane mahanh (aparthiv) ooanchaiyaan par kar li haian.
2. ham logoan ke marg ka jnan sarvapratham yam ko hua; vah aisa charagah (nivas) hai, jise koee nahian chhin sakata, vah vahi nivas-sthan hai, jahaan hamare prachin poorvaj apane-apane marg ko janate hue gaye.
3. matali (indr ke sarathi ya svayan indr) 'kavy' namak (pitaroan) ke sath, yam aangirasoan ke sath evan brihaspati rrikvanoan ke sath samriddhishali hote haian (shakti mean vriddhi pate haian); jinhean (arthath pitaroan ko) devagan ashray dete haian aur jo devagan ko ashray dete haian; unamean kuchh log (devagan, indr tatha any) svaha se prasann hote haian aur any log (pitar) svadha se prasann hote haian. mean rrikvan (gayak) log brihaspati se sambandhit haian. any sthanoan par ve vishnu, aj-ekapad evan som se bhi sambandhit mane gaye haian. svaha ka uchcharan devagan ko ahuti dete samay tatha svadha ka uchcharan pitaroan ko ahuti dete samay kiya jata hai.
4. he yam! aangirash namak pitaroan ke sath ekamat hokar is yajn mean jao aur (kushoan ke) asan par baitho. vijn logoan (purohitoan) dvara kahe jane vale mantr tumhean (yahaan) layean. (rajanh!) is ahuti se prasann hoo.
5. he yam! aangirasoan evan vairoopoan (ke sath jao) aur anandit hoo. maian tumhare pita vivasvan ka ahvan karata hooan; yajn mean bichhe hue kushasan par baithakar (ve svayan anandit hoan).
6. aangiras, navagv, atharv evan bhrigu log hamare pitar haian aur som se priti rakhate haian. hamean un shraddhaspadoan ki sadichchha prapt ho! hamean unaka kalyanaprad anugrah bhi prapt ho!
7. jin margoan se hamare poorvaj gaye, unhian prachin margoan se shighrata karake jao. tum log (arthath mrit log) yam evan varun namak do rajaoan ko svechchhapoorvak anand manate hue dekho.
8. he mrit! uchchatam svarg mean pitaroan, yam evan apane ishtapoort ke sath ja milo. apane papoan ko vahian chho dakar apane ghar ko laut jao! divy jyoti se paripoorn ho (navin) sharir se ja milo!
9. he dushtatmaoan! door hato, prasthan karo, is sthan (shmashan) se alag hat jao; pitaroan ne usake (mrit) ke lie yah sthan (nivas) nirdharit kiya hai. yam ne usako yah vishramasthan diya hai, jo jaloan, divasoan evan ratoan se bhara-poora hai.
10. he mritatma! shighrata karo, achchhe marg se badhate hue sarama ki santan (yam ke) do kuttoan se, jinhean char aankheanan prapt haian, bachakar badho. is prakar apane pitaroan ke sath pahuancho, jo tumhean pahachan leange aur jo svayamh yam ke sath anandopabhog karate haian.
11. he raja yam! ise (mritatma ko) un apane do kuttoan se, jo rakshak haian, char-char aankh vale haian, jo pitrilok ke marg ki raksha karate haian aur manushyoan par drishti rakhate haian, suraksha do. tum isako anand aur svasthy do.
12. yam ke do doot, jinake nathune chau de hote haian, jo ati shaktishali haian aur jinhean kathinaee se santusht kiya ja sakata hai, manushyoan ke bich mean vicharan karate haian. ve donoan (doot) hamean aj vah shubh jivan phir se pradan karean, jisase ki ham soory ko dekh sakean.
13. he purohitoan! yam ke lie somaras nikalo, yam ko ahuti do. vah yajn, jisase agni devoan tak le jane vala doot kaha gaya hai aur jo poornaroopen sannnaddh hai, yam ke pas pahuanchata hai.
14. purohitoan! ghi-mishrit ahutiyoan yam ko do aur tab prarambh karo. vah hamean devapooja mean lage rahane de, jisase hamean lambi ayu prapt ho.
15. yamaraj ko atyant madhur ahuti do, yah pranam un rrishiyoan ko hai, jo hamase bahut pahale utpann hue the aur jinhoanne hamare lie marg banaya. vah brihath (brihatsam) tin yajnoan mean aur chh: brihath vistaroan mean vicharata hai. trishtuph, gayatri adi chhand-sabhi yam mean kendrit haian."

dvitiy sookt

rrigved mean dvitiy sookt ka varnan is prakar hai-

1. "som-nimn, madhyam ya uttaratar shreniyoan ke snehi pitar log age aanyean, aur ve pitar log bhi jinhoanne shashvat jivan ya mritatma ka roop dharan kiya hai, kripalu hoan aur age ayean, kyoanki ve dayapoorn evan rritu ke jnata haian. ve pitar log, jinaka ham ahvan karean, hamari raksha karean.
2. aj hamara pranam un pitaroan ko hai jo (is mrit ke janm ke poorv hi) chale gaye ya (is mrit ke janmoparant) bad ko gaye, aur (ham unhean bhi pranam karate haian) jo is vishv mean virajaman haian ya jo shaktishali logoan ke bich sthan grahan karate haian.
3. maian un pitaroan ko jan gaya hooan jo mujhe (apana vanshaj) pahachaneange aur maian vishnu ke padanyas evan unake bachche (arthath agni) ko jan gaya hooan. ve pitar, jo kushoan par baithate haian aur apani ichchha ke anusar havi evan som grahan karate haian, barambar yahaan ayean.
4. he kushasan par baithane vale pitar logoan, (niche) apani raksha lekar hamari or ao; hamane apake lie havi taiyar kar rakhi hai; inhean grahan karo. kalyanakari raksha ke sath ao aur aisa anand do jo du:kh se rahit ho.
5. kush par rakhi huee priy nidhiyoan (havyoan) ko grahan karane ke lie amantrit somapriy pitar log ayean. ve hamari stutiyaan (yahaan) sune. ve hamare paksh mean bolean aur hamari raksha karean.
6. he pitar logoan, ap sabhi, ghutane mo dakar evan havy ki dayian or baithakar yajn ki prashansa karean; manushy hone ke nate ham apake prati jo galati karean, usake lie ap hamean pi da n dean.
7. pitar log agni ki divy jvala ke samane (usaki god mean) baithakar mujh marty yajaman ko dhan dean. ap mrit vyakti ke putroan ko dhan dean aur unhean shakti dean.
8. yam hamare jin purane evan samriddh pitaroan sangit ka anand uthate haian, ve somapan ke lie ek-ek karake ayean, jo yashasvi the aur jinaki sangati mean (pitaroan ke raja) yam ko anand milata hai, vah (hamare dvara diye gaye) havy svechchhapoorvak grahan karean.
9. he agni, un pitaroan ke sath jao, jo trisha se vyakul the aur (devoan ke lokoan mean pahuanchane mean) pichhe rah jate the, jo yajn ke vishay mean janate the aur jo stutiyoan ke roop mean stomoan ke praneta the, jo hamean bhali-bhaanti janate the, ve (hamari pukar) avashy sunate haian. jo kavy namak havi grahan karate haian aur jo garm doodh ke chaturdik baithate haian.
10. he agni, un avashy ane vale pitaroan ke sath pahale aur samay se kalantar mean jao aur jo (diye hue) havy grahan karate haian, jo havy ka pan karate haian, jo usi rath mean baithate haian, jisamean indr evan any dev virajaman haian, jo sahasroan ki sankhya mean devoan ko pranam karate haian aur jo garm doodh ke chaturdik baithate haian.
11. he agnishvatt namak pitar logoan, jo achchhe pathapradarshak kahe jate haian, (is yajn mean) ao aur apane pratyek uchit asan par virajaman hoo. (diye hue) pavitr havy ko, jo kush par rakha hua hai, grahan karo aur shoor putroan ke sath samriddhi do.
12. he jataveda agni, (ham logoan dvara) prashansit hone par, havyoan ko svadayukt bana lene par aur unhean lakar (pitaroan ko) de dene par ve unhean abhyasavash grahan karean. he dev, ap poot havyoan ko khayean.
13. he jataveda, ap janate haian ki kitane pitar haian, yatha-ve jo yahaan (pas) haian, jo yahaan nahian haian, jinhean ham janate haian aur jinhean ham nahian janate haian (kyoanki ve hamare oopar door ke poorvaj haian). ap is bhali prakar bane hue havy ko apane acharan ke anusar kripa kar grahan karean.
14. he agni, unake (pitaroan ke) sath jo (jinake sharir) agni se jala diye ge the, jo nahian jalaye ge the aur jo svadha ke sath anandit hote haian, ap mrit ki ichchha ke anusar sharir ki vyavastha karean, jisase naye jivan (svarg) mean use prerana mile."

tritiy sookt

rrigved mean tritiy sookt ka varnan is prakar hai-

1. "he agni! is (mrit vyakti ?) ko n jalao, chaturdik ise n jhulao, isake charm (ke bhagoan ko) itastat: n pheanko; he jataveda (agni)! jab tum ise bhali prakar jala lo to ise (mrit ko) pitaroan ke yahaan bhej do.
2. he jataveda! jab tum ise poornaroopen jala lo to ise pitaroan ke adhin kar do. jab yah (mrit vyakti) us marg ka anusaran karata hai, jo ise (nav) jivan ki or le jata hai, to yah vah ho jaye jo devoan ki abhilashaoan ko hota hai.
3. tumhari aankheanan soory ki or jayean, tumhari saans hava ki or jaye aur tum apane gunoan ke karan svarg ya prithivi ko jao ya tum jal mean jao, yadi tumhean vahaan anand prapt ho (ya yadi yahian tumhara bhagy ho to), apane sare aangoan ke sath tum oshadhiyoan (j di-bootiyoan) mean virajaman hoo.
4. he jataveda, tum us bakari ko jala dalo, jo tumhara bhag hai, tumhari jvala, tumhara divy prakash us bakari ko jala dale; tum ise (mrit ko) un logoan ke lok mean le jao, jo tumhare kalyanakari shariroan (jvalaoan) ke dvara achchhe karm karate haian.
5. he agni, (is mrit ko) pitaroan ki or chho d do, yah jo tumhean arpit hai, charoan or dhoom raha hai. he jataveda, yah (nav) jivan grahan kare aur apane havyoan ko badhaye tatha ek navin (vayavy) sharir se yukt ho jae.
6. he mrit vyakti! vah agni jo sab kuchh jala dalata hai, tumhare us shariraang ko doshamukt kar de, jo kale pakshi (kaua) dvara kat liya gaya hai, ya jise chianti ya sarp ya jangali pashu ne kata hai, aur brahmanoan mean pravisht som bhi yahi kare.
7. he mrit vyakti! tum gayoan ke sath agni ka kavach dharan karo (arthath agni ki jvalaoan se bachane ke lie gay ka charm dharan karo) aur apane ko mote maans se chhipa lo, jisase (vah agni) jo apani jvala se gher leta hai, jo (vastuoan ko nasht karane mean) anandit hota hai, jo tikshn hai aur poornataya bhasm kar deta hai, (tumhare bhagoan ko) idhar-udhar bikher n de.
8. he agni, is pyale ko, jo devoan ko evan somapriy (pitaroan) ko priy hai, nasht n karo. is chamas (chammach ya pyale) mean, jisase dev pite haian, amar dev log anand lete haian.
9. jo agni kachche maans ka bhakshan karata hai, maian use bahut door bhej deta hooan, vah agni jo dushkarmoan (papoan) ko dhota hai, yam lok ko jae! doosara agni (jataveda), jo sab kuchh janata hai, devoan ko arpit havy grahan kare.
10. maian, pitaroan ko havy dene ke hetu (jataveda) agni ko nirikshit karata hua, kachcha maans khane vale agni ko prithakh karata hooan, jo tumhare ghar mean pravisht hua tha; vah (doosara agni) dharm (garm doodh ya havy) ko uchchatam lok ki or prerit kare.
11. vah agni jo havyoan ko le jata hai, rrit ke anusar samriddhi pane vale pitaroan ko use de. vah devoan evan pitaroan ko havy de.
12. he agni! hamane, jo tumhean pyar karate haian, tumhean pratishthapit kiya hai aur jalaya hai. tum pyare pitaroan ko yahaan le ao, jo hamean pyar karate haian aur ve havy grahan karean.
13. he agni! tum us sthal ko, jise tumane shavadah mean jalaya, (jal se) bujha do. kiyambu (paudha) yahaan uge aur doorva ghas apane aankuroan ko phailati huee yahaan uge.
14. he shitika (shital paudhe), he shitalaprad aushadhi, he hladika (tarotaja karane vali booti) anand bikherati huee medhaki ke sath poornaroopen ghul-mil jao. tum is agni ka anandit karo."

chaturth sookt

rrigved mean chaturth sookt ka varnan is prakar hai- is sookt ke tin se lekar chh: tak ke mantroan ko chho dakar any mantr antyeshti par prakash nahian dalate, at: ham keval char mantroan ko hi anoodit kareange.

1, 2. pratham do mantr tvashta ki kanya evan vivasvanh ke vivar evan vivasvanh se utpann yam evan yami ke janm ki or sanket karate haian. nirukt mean donoan ki vyakhya vistar se di huee hai. sarasvati ki stuti vale mantr (7-9) atharvaved mean bhi paye jate haian. aur kaushikasootr mean unhean atharvaved ke sath antyeshti krity ke lie prayukt kiya gaya hai.

3. "sarvavijn poosha, jo pashuoan ko nasht nahian hone deta aur vishv ki raksha karata hai, tumhean is lok se (doosare lok mean) bheje. vah tumhean in pitaroan ke adhin kar de aur agni tumhean janane vale devoan ke adhin kar de.

4. vah poosha jo is vishv ka jivan hai, jo svayan jivan hai, tumhari raksha kare. ve log jo tumase age gaye haian (svarg ke) marg mean tumhari raksha karean. savita dev tumhean vahaan pratishthapit kare, jahaan sundar karm karane vale jakar nivas karate haian.

5. poosha in sabhi dishaoan ko kram se janata hai. vah hamean us marg se le chale, jo bhay se rahit hai. vah samriddhidata hai, prakashaman hai, usake sath sabhi shooravir haian; vah vijn hamare age bina kisi truti ke badhe.

6. poosha (pitrilok mean jane vale) margoan ke sammukh sthit hai, vah svarg ko jane vale margoan aur prithivi ke margoan par kh da hai. hamako priy lagane vala vah donoan lokoan ke sammukh kh da hai aur vah vijn donoan lokoan mean ata-jata rahata hai."

pancham sookt

rrigved mean pancham sookt ka varnan is prakar hai-

1. "he mrityu! us marg ki or ho jao, jo tumhara hai aur devayan se prithakh hai. maian tumhean, jo aankhoan evan kanoan se yukt ho, sambodhit karata hooan. hamari santanoan ko pi da n do, hamare vir putroan ko hani n pahuanchao.
2. he yajn karane vale (yajnik) hamare sambandhigan! kyoanki tum mrityu ke padachihnoan ko mitate hue aye ho aur apane lie dirgh jivan pratishthapit kar chuke ho tatha samriddhi evan santanoan se yukt ho, tum pavitr evan shuddh bano.
3. ye jivit (sambandhi) mrit se prithakh ho pichhe ghoom gaye haian; aj ke din devoan ke prati hamara ahvan kalyanakari ho gaya. tab ham nachane ke lie, (bachchoan ke sath) hansane ke lie aur dirgh jivan ko dridhata se sthapit karate hue age gaye.
4. maian jivit (sambandhiyoan, putr adi) ki raksha ke lie yah badha (avarodh) rakh raha hooan, jisase ki any lok (is mrit vyakti ke) lakshy ko n pahuanche. ve sau sharadoan tak jivit rahean. ve is parvat (patthar) ke dvara mrityu ko door rakhean.
5. he dhata! bache hue logoan ko usi prakar sambhal ke rakho, jis prakar din ke uparant din ek-ek kram mean ate rahate haian, jis prakar anukram se rrituean ati haian, jisase ki chhote log apane b de (sambandhi) ko n chho dean.
6. he bache hue logoan, budhapa svikar kar dirgh ayu pao, kram se jo bhi tumhari sankhyaean ho (vaisa hi prayatn karo ki tumhean lambi ayu mile); bhadr janm vala evan kripalu tvashta tumhean yahaan (is vishv mean) dirgh jivan de.
7. ye nariyaan, jinake pati yogy evan jivit haian, aankhoan mean aanjan ke saman ghrit lagakar ghar mean pravesh karean. ye patniyaan prathamat: susajjit, ashruhin evan pi dahin ho ghar mean pravesh kare.
8. he (mrit ki) patni! tum apane ko jivit (putroan evan any sambandhi) logoan ke lok ki or uthao; tum us (apane pati) ke nikat soyi huee ho, jo mrit hai; ao, tum patnitv ke prati saty rahi ho aur us pati ke prati, jisane pahale (vivah ke samay) tumhara hath pak da tha aur jisane tumhean bhali-bhaanti pyar kiya, saty rahi ho.
9. (maian) mrit (kshatriy) ke hath se pran karata hooan, jisase ki hamamean sainik virata, divyata evan shakti aye. tum (mrit) vahaan aur ham yahaan shoor putr payean aur yahaan sabhi akramanakari shatruoan par vijay payean.
10. he mrit! is vishal evan sundar mata prithivi ke pas ao. yah nayi (prithivi), jisane tumhean bheant di aur tumhean mrityu ki god se surakshit rakha, tumhare lie oon ke saman mridu lage.
11. he prithivi! oopar uth jao, ise n dabao, isake lie saral pahuanch evan ashray bano, aur is (haddiyoan ke roop mean mrit vyakti) ko usi prakar dhanko, jis prakar mata apane aanchal se putr ko dhankati hai.
12. prithivi oopar uthe aur atal rahe. sahasroan stambh is ghar ko sambhale hue kh de rahean. ye ghar (mitti ke khand) use bhojan dean. ve yahaan sabhi dinoan ke lie usake hetu (haddiyoan ke roop mean mrit ke lie) ashray banean.
13. maian tumhare charoan or tumhare lie mitti ka ashray bana de raha hooan. mitti ka yah khand rakhate samay meri koee hani n ho. pitar log is stambh ko atal rakhean. yam tumhare lie yahaan asanoan ki vyavastha kar dean.
14. devagan ne mujhe din mean rakha hai, jo pun: tir ke pankh ke saman (kal ke roop mean) laut ayega; (at:) maian apani vani usi prakar rok raha hooan, jis prakar koee lagam se gho da rokata hai."

rrigved mean pitri-yajn

yah avalokaniy hai ki 'pitri-yajn' shabd rrigved mean aya hai. isaka kya tatpary hai? hamean yah smaran rakhana hai ki rrigved ki rrichaean kisi ek vyakti ke marane ke uparant ke krityoan ki or sanket karati hai. unaka sambandh poorvapurushoan ki shraddh-kriyaoan se nahian hai. poorvapurushoan se, jinhean barhishad: evan agnishvattath kaha gaya hai, turant ke mritatma ke prati sneh pradarshit karane ke lie utsukata avashy prakat ki gayi hai. poorvapurushoan ko 'havi:' diya gaya hai aur ve use grahan karate haian, aisa pradarshit kiya gaya hai. taittiriy sanhita mean diye gaye mantroan ke uddeshy se uparyukt rrigvediy mantroan ka uddeshy prithakh hai. yah bat thik hai ki taittiriy sanhita ke tin mantr rrigved ke haian aur ve pind-pitriyajn mean prayukt hote haian. kintu yah kahane ke lie koee tark nahian hai ki rrigved ka 'pitriyajn', pind-pitriyajn se adhik prachin hai. yah sambhav hai ki ye donoan vibhinn batoan ki or sanket karate hue samakalik prachalan ke hi dyotak hoan.

sootragranthoan ke anusar maranoparaant krity

ashvalayan shrautasootr ke anusar

somayajn ya satr ke lie dikshit vyakti ke (yajn-samapti ke poorv hi) mar jane par jo krity hote the, unaka varnan ashvalayan shrautasootr mean hua hai. isamean aya hai-"jab dikshit mar jata hai, to usake sharir ko ve tirth se le jate haian, use us sthan par rakhate haian, jahaan avabhrith hone vala tha aur use un alankaranoan se sajate haian, jo bahudha shav par rakhe jate haian. ve shav ke sir, chehare evan sharir ke bal aur nakh katate haian. ve nalad (jatamaansi) ka lep lagate haian aur shav par naladoan ka har chadhate haian. kuchh log aant diyoan ko katakar unase mal nikal dete haian aur unamean prishadajy (mishrit ghrit evan dahi) bhar dete haian. ve shav ke paanv ke barabar navin vastr ka ek tuk da kat lete haian aur usase shav ko is prakar dhank dete haian ki aanchal pashchim disha mean p d jata hai (shav poorv mean rakha rahata hai) aur shav ke paanv khule rahate haian. kap de ke tuk de ka bhav putr adi le lete haian.

shav ke vastr ko 'shav vastramh‌' ya 'shav achchhadanamh‌' kahate haian jise bolachal ki bhasha mean 'kafan' (arabi bhasha) kahate haian.

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mrit ki shraut agniyaan araniyoan par rakhi rahati haian, shav ko vedi se bahar laya jata hai aur dakshin ki or le jate haian, gharshan se agni utpann ki jati hai aur usi mean shav jala diya jata hai. shmashan se lautane par unhean din ka kary samapt karana chahie. doosare din prat: shastroan ka path, stotroan ka gayan evan sastavoan (samavet roop mean mantrapath) ka gayan bina duharaye evan bina 'himh' svar uchcharit kiye hota hai. usi din purohit log grahoan (pyaloan) ko lene ke poorv tirthoan se ate haian, dahine hath ko ooancha karake shmashan ki parikrama karate haian aur nimn prakar se usake chaturdik baith jate haian; hota shmashan ke pashchim mean, adhvaryu uttar mean, adgata adhvaryu ke pashchim aur brahma dakshin mean. isake uparant dhime svar mean 'ayan gau: prishnirakramith' se arambh hone vala mantr gate haian. gayan samapt hone ke uparant hota apane bayean hath ko shmashan ki or karake shmashan ki tin parikrama karata hai aur bina 'om' ka uchcharan kiye udgata ke gayan turant pashchath dhimean svar mean stotriy ka path karata hai aur nimn mantroan ko, jo yam evan yamyayanoan (rrishiyoan ya pranetaoan) ke mantr haian, kahata hai; yatha-rrigved.unhean rrigved ke sath samapt karana chahie aur isake uparant kisi gh de mean asthiyaan ekatr karani chahie, gh de ko tirth ki taraf se le jana chahie aur us asan par rakhana chahie, jahaan mrit yajaman baithata tha.

any shrautasootroan ke anusar

shaankhayan shrautasootr ne ahitagni ki antyeshti-kriya ke vishay mean vistar ke sath likha hai. katyayan shrautasootr ne yahi batean sankshep mean kahi hai. katyayan shrautasootr ne kesh evan nakh katane evan mal padarth nikal dene ki charcha ki hai. kaushikasootr evan shaankhayan shrautasootr ne bhi in sab batoan ki or sanket kiya hai aur itana jo d diya hai ki yadi ve dahini or se aant diyaan katakar nikalate haian, to unhean pun: darbh se si dete haian ya ve keval sharir ko snan kara dete haian (bina mal svachchh kiye), use vastr se dhank dete haian, sanvarate haian, asandi par, jis par kala mrigacharm bichha rahata hai, rakh dete haian, us par nalad ki mala rakh dete haian, aur use navin vastr se dhank dete haian. satyashadh shrautasootr evan gautamapitrimedhasootr mean bhi aisi batean di huee haian aur yah bhi hai ki shav ke hath evan pair ke aangoothe shvet sootroan ya vastr ke aanchal bhag se baandh diye jate haian aur asandi udumbar lak di ki bani hoti hai. kaushikasootr ne atharvaved ke bahut-se mantroan ka ullekh kiya hai, jo chita jalane par evan havi dete samay kahe jate haian.

shavadahan prakriya

shatapath brahman ka kathan hai ki patthar evan mitti ke bane yajn-patr kisi brahman ko dan de dene chahie, kintu log mitti ke patroan ko shavavahan samajhate haian, at: unhean jal mean pheank dena chahie. anustarani (bakari ya gay) ki vapa (vasa ya charbi) nikalakar usase (antyeshti kriya karane vale dvara) mrit ke mukh evan sir ko dhank dena chahie aur aisa karate samay 'agnervarm' ka path karana chahie. pashu ke donoan vrikk nikalakar mrit ke hathoan mean rakh dene chahie-dahina vrikk dahine hath mean aur bayaan bayean hath mean-aur 'atidrav' ka keval ek bar path karana chahie. vah pashu ke hriday ko shav ke hriday par rakhata hai, kuchh logoan ke mat se bhat ya jau ke ate ke do pind bhi rakhata hai.

katyayan shrautasootr ke anusar anustarani pashu ko kan ke pas ghayal karake mara jata hai. jatookarny ke mat se shav ke vibhinn bhagoan par pashu ke unhian bhagoan ke aang rakhe jate haian. kintu katyayan ise nahian manate, kyoanki aisa karane par jalane ke pashchath asthiyoan ko ekatr karate samay pashu ki asthiyaan bhi ekatr ho jayeangi, at: unake mat se keval maans bhag hi shav ke aangoan mean lagana chahie. shatapath brahman ashvalayanagrihyasootr ne kaha hai ki pashu ka prayog vikalp se hota hai, arthath ya to pashu kata ja sakata hai ya chho d diya ja sakata hai ya kisi brahman ko de diya ja sakata hai. shaankhayanashrautasootr ka kathan hai ki mare gaye ya jivit pashu ke donoan vrikk pichhe se nikalakar dakshin agni mean tho da garm karake mrit ke donoan hathoan mean rakh dene chahie aur 'atidrav' ka path karana chahie. shav ke aangoan par pashu ke vahi aang kat-katakar rakh deta hai aur pun: usaki khal se shav ko dhankakar pranita ke jal ko age le jate samay vah (antyeshti karm karane vala) 'imamh agne' ka ahvan ke roop mean path karata hai. apana bayaan ghutana mo dakar vah dakshin-agni mean ghrit ki char ahuti yah kahakar dalata hai-'agni ko svaha! som ko svaha! lok ko svaha! anumati ko svaha!' paanchavian ahuti shav ki chhati par yah kahakar di jati hai, 'jahaan se too utpann hua hai! vah tujhase utpann ho, n n. svargalok ko svaha'.

isake uparant ashvalayan grihyasootr yah batata hai ki yadi ahavaniy agni ya garhapaty ya dakshin agni shav ke pas pratham pahuanchati hai ya sabhi agniyaan ek sath hi shav ke pas pahuanchati haian, to kya samajhana chahie; aur jab shav jalata rahata hai to vah us par mantrapath karata hai. jo vyakti yah sab janata hai, usake dvara jalaye jane par dhoom ke sath mrit vyakti svargalok jata hai, aisa hi (shruti se) jnat hai. 'ime jiva:' ke path ke uparant sabhi (sambandhi) log dahine se bayean ghoomakar bina pichhe dekhe chal dete haian. ve kisi sthir jal ke sthal par jate haian aur usamean ek bar dubaki lekar aur donoan hathoan ko oopar karake mrit ka gautr, nam uchcharit karate haian, bahar ate haian, doosara vastr pahanate haian, ek bar pahane hue vastr ko nicho date haian aur apane kuratoan ke sath unhean uttar ki or door rakhakar ve taroan ke uday hone tak baithe rahate haian ya sooryast ka ek aansh dikhaee deta hai to ve ghar laut ate haian, chhote log pahale aur boodhe log ant mean pravesh karate haian. ghar lautane par ve patthar, agni, gobar, bhune jau, til evan jal sparsh karate haian. aur jahaan any krity bhi diye gaye haian, yatha snan karana, jal-tarpan karana, bail ko chhoona, aankh mean aanjan lagana tatha sharir mean aangarag lagana.

agnihotr

shatapath brahman evan paraskar grihyasootr ne spasht likha hai ki jisaka upanayan sanskar ho chuka hai, usaki antyeshti kriya usi prakar ki jati hai, jis prakar shraut agnihotr karane vale vyakti ki, antar keval itana hota hai ki ahitagni tinoan vaidik agniyoan ke sath jala diya jata hai, jisake pas keval smart agni ya aupasan agni hoti hai, vah usake sath jala diya jata hai aur sadharan logoan ka shav keval sadharan agni se jalaya jata hai. deval ka kathan hai ki sadharan agni ke prayog mean chandal ki agni ya ashuddh agni ya sootakagrih-agni ya patit ke ghar ki agni ya chita ki agni ka vyavahar nahian karana chahie. pitadayita ke mat se jisane agnihotr n kiya ho, usake lie 'asmath tvamh adi' mantr ka path nahian karana chahie. paraskar grihyasootr ne vyavastha di hai ki ek hi gaanv ke rahane vale sambandhi ek hi prakar ka krity karate haian, ve ek hi vastr dharan karate haian, yajnopavit ko dahine kandhe se latakate haian aur bayean hath ki chauthi aanguli se vajasaneyi sanhita ke sath jal tarpan karate haian tatha dakshinabhimukh hokar jal mean dubaki lete haian aur aanjali se ek bar jal tarpan karate haian.

parivarajanoan dvara snan

apastamb dharmasootr ka kathan hai ki jab kisi vyakti ki mata ya pita ki satavian pidhi ke sambandhi ya jahaan tak vanshavali jnat ho, vahaan tak ke vyakti marate haian, to ek varsh se chhote bachchoan ko chho dakar sabhi logoan ko snan karana chahie. jab ek varsh se kam avastha vala bachcha marata hai to mata-pita evan unako jo bachche ka shav dhote haian, snan karana chahie. uparyukt sabhi logoan ko bal nahian sanvarane chahie, baloan se dhool hata deni chahie, ek hi vastr dharan karana chahie, dakshinabhimukh hona chahie, pani mean dubaki lagani chahie, mrit ko tin bar jal tarpan karana chahie aur nadi ya jalashay ke pas baith jana chahie. isake pashchath gaanv ko laut jana chahie tatha striyaan jo kuchh kahean use karana chahie. yajnavalkyasmriti ne bhi aise niyam diye haian aur 'ap n: shoshuchadh aghamh' ke path ki vyavastha di hai.

gautamapitrimedhasootr ke mat se chita ka nirman

gautamapitrimedhasootr ke mat se chita ka nirman yajniy vriksh ki lak di se karana chahie aur sapind log jinamean striyaan aur visheshat: kam avastha vali sabase age rahati haian. chita par rakhe gaye shav par apane vastr ke antabhag (aanchal) se hava karate haian, antyeshti kriya karane vala ek jalapoorn gh da leta hai aur apane sir par darbhendu rakhata hai aur tin bar shav ki parikrama karata hai. purohit gh de par ek patthar (ashm) ya kulha di se dhimi chot karata hai aur 'ima ap: adi' ka path karata hai. jab toote gh de se jal ki dhar bahar nikalane lagati hai to mantr ke shabdoan mean kuchh parivartan ho jata hai, yatha 'asminh loke' ke sthan par 'antarikshe adi'. antyeshtikarta kh de roop mean jalapoorn gh de ko pichhe pheank deta hai. isake uparant 'tasmath tvamadhijatosi......asau svargay lokay svaha' ke path ke sath shav ko jalane ke lie chita mean agni prajvalit karata hai. shatapath brahman ka kathan hai ki ghar ke log apani dahini jaanghoan ko pitate haian, aanchal se shav par hava karate haian aur tin bar shav ki bayean or hokar parikrama karate haian tatha 'ap n: shoshuchadaghamh' padhate haian. isane age kaha hai ki shav kisi ga di mean ya char purushoan ke dvara dhoya jata hai, aur dhote samay char sthanoan par roka jata hai aur un charoan sthanoan par prithvi khod di jati hai aur usamean bhat ka pind 'poosha tvet:' evan 'ayurvishvayu:' mantroan ke sath ahuti ke roop mean rakh diya jata hai. varah puran ke anusar pauranik mantroan ka uchcharan karana chahie, antyeshtikarta ko chita ki parikrama karani chahie aur usake us bhag mean agni prajvalit karani chahie jahaan par sir rakha rahata hai.

shav ko le jane ke niyam

shav ko le jane ke vishay mean kee prakar ke niyamoan ki vyavastha hai. hamane oopar dekh liya hai ki shav ga di mean le jaya jata tha ya sambandhiyoan ya naukaroan (dasoan) dvara vishisht prakar se bane palang ya kursi ya arathi dvara le jaya jata tha. is vishay mean kuchh sootroan, smritiyoan, tikaoan evan any granthoan ne bahut-se niyam pratipadit kiye haian. ramayan mean aya hai ki dasharath ki mrityu par unake purohitoan dvara shav ke age vaidik agniyaan le jayi ja rahi thian, shav ek palaki (shibika) mean rakha hua tha, naukar dho rahe the, sone ke sikke evan vastr arathi ke age daridroan ke lie pheanke ja rahe the. samany niyam yah tha ki tin uchch varnoan mean shav ko mrit vyakti ke varn vale hi dhote the aur shoodr uchch varn ka shav tab tak nahian dho sakate the, jab tak us varn ke log nahian paye jate the. uchch varn ke log shoodr ke shav ko nahian dhote the aur is niyam ka palan karane par tatsambandhi ashauch mrit vyakti ki jati se nirnit hota tha. brahmachari ko kisi vyakti ya apani jati ke kisi vyakti ke shav ko dhone ki ajna nahian thi, kintu vah apane mata-pita, guru, achary evan upadhyay ke shav ko dho sakata tha aur aisa karane par use koee kalmash nahian lagata tha. guru, achary aur upadhyay ki paribhasha yajnavalkyasmriti ne di hai. yadi koee brahmachari uparyukt paanch vyaktiyoan ke atirikt kisi any ka shav dhota tha, to usaka brahmacharyavrat khandit mana jata tha aur use vratalop ka prayashchit karana p data tha. manusmriti ka kathan hai ki jo log svajatiy vyakti ka shav dhote haian, unhean vastrasahit snan karana chahie; nim ki pattiyaan daant se chabani chahie; achaman karana chahie; agni, jal, gobar, shvet sarasoan ka sparsh karana chahie; dhire se kisi patthar par pair rakhana chahie aur tab ghar mean pravesh karana chahie. sapindoan ka yah kartavy hai ki ve apane sambandhi ka shav dhoean, aisa karane ke uparant unhean keval snan karana hota hai, agni ko chhoona hota hai aur pavitr hone ke lie ghrit pina p data hai.

mrit sharir ko dhone vale ke lie niyam

sapindarahit brahman ke mrit sharir ko dhone vale ki parasharamadhaviy ne b di prashansa ki hai aur kaha hai ki jo vyakti mrit brahman ke sharir ko dhota hai, vah pratyek pag par ek-ek yajn ke sampadan ka phal pata hai aur keval pani mean dubaki lene aur pranayam karane se hi pavitr ho jata hai. manusmriti ka kathan hai ki jo vyakti kisi sapindarahit vyakti ke shav ko premavash dhota hai, vah tin dinoan ke uparant hi ashaucharahit ho jata hai. adipuran ko uddhrit karate hue haralata ne likha hai ki yadi koee kshatriy ya vaishy kisi daridr brahman ya kshatriy (jisane sab kuchh kho diya ho) ke ya daridr vaishy ke shav ko dhota hai, vah b da yash evan puny pata hai aur snan ke uparant hi pavitr ho jata hai. samanyat: aj bhi (visheshat: gramoan mean) ek hi jati ke log shav ko dhote haian ya sath jate haian aur vastrasahit snan karane ke pashchath pavitr man liye jate haian. kuchh madhyakal ki tikaoan, yatha mitakshara ne jati-sankirnata ki bhavana se prerit hokar vyavastha di hai ki "yadi koee vyakti premavash shav dhota hai, mrit ke parivar mean bhojan karata hai aur vahian rah jata hai to vah das dinoan tak ashauch mean rahata hai. yah niyam tabhi lagoo hota hai, jab ki shav ko dhone vala mrit ki jati ka rahata hai. yadi brahman kisi mrit shoodr ke shav ko dhota hai, to vah ek mas tak apavitr rahata hai, kintu yadi koee shoodr kisi mrit brahman ke shav ko dhota hai to vah das dinoan tak ashauch mean rahata hai." koorm puran ne vyavastha di hai ki yadi koee brahman kisi mrit brahman ke shav ko shulk lekar dhota hai ya kisi any svarth ke lie aisa karata hai to vah das dinoan tak apavitr (ashauch) mean rahata hai, aur isi prakar koee kshatriy, vaishy evan shoodr aisa karata hai to kram se 12, 15 evan 30 dinoan tak apavitr rahata hai.

shav ko le jane ka marg

vishnu puran ka kathan hai ki yadi koee vyakti shulk lekar shav dhota hai to vah mrit vyakti ki jati ke lie vyavasthit avadhi tak apavitr rahata hai. harit ke mat se shav ko marg ke gaanvoan mean hokar nahian le jana chahie. manusmriti evan vriddh-harit ka kathan hai ki shoodr, vaishy, kshatriy evan brahman ka mrit sharir kram se gram ya basti ke dakshini, pashchimi, uttari evan poorvi marg se le jana chahie. yam evan garu d puran ka kathan hai ki chita ke lie agni, kashth (lak di), trin, havi adi uchch varnoan ki antyeshti ke lie shoodr dvara nahian le jana chahie, nahian to mrit vyakti sada pretavastha mean hi rah jayega. haralata ka kathan hai ki yadi shoodroan dvara lak di le jayi jaye to brahman ke shav ke chita-nirman ke lie brahman hi prayukt hona chahie. smritiyoan evan puranoan ne vyavastha di hai ki shav ko nahalakar jalana chahie, shav ko nagn roop mean kabhi nahian jalana chahie. use vastr se dhanka rahana chahie, us par pushp rakhane chahie aur chandan lep karana chahie; agni ko shav ke mukh ki or le jana chahie. kisi vyakti ko kachchi mitti ke patr mean paka hua bhojan le jana chahie, kisi any vyakti ko us bhojan ka kuchh aansh marg mean rakh dena chahie aur chandal adi (jo shmashan mean rahate haian) ke lie vastr adi dan karana chahie. brahm puran ka kathan hai ki shav ko shmashan le jate samay vadyayantroan dvara paryapt ninad kiya jata hai.

vapan ke niyam

shav ko jalane ke uparant, antyeshti kriya ke aang ke roop mean karta ko vapan (muandan) karavana p data hai aur usake uparant snan karana hota hai, kintu vapan ke vishay mean kee niyam haian. smriti-vachan yoan hai-'dadhi-mooanchh banavana sat batoan mean ghoshit hai, yatha-gangatat par, bhaskar kshetr mean, mata, pita ya guru ki mrityu par, shrautagniyoan ki sthapana par evan somayajn mean.' antyakarmadipak ka kathan hai ki antyeshti kriya karane vale putr ya kisi any karta ko sabase pahale vapan karakar snan karana chahie aur tab shav ko kisi pavitr sthal par le jana chahie tatha vahaan snan karana chahie, ya yadi aisa sthan vahaan n ho to shav ko snan karane vale jal mean ganga, gaya ya any tirthoan ka avahan karana chahie. isake uparant shav par ghi ya til ke tel ka lep karake pun: use nahalana chahie, naya vastr pahanana chahie, yajnopavit, gopichandan, tulasi ki mala se sajana chahie aur sampoorn sharir mean chandan, kapoor, kuankum, kastoori adi suangadhit padarthoan ka prayog karana chahie. yadi antyeshti kriya ratri mean ho to vapan ratri mean nahian hona chahie, balki doosare din hona chahie. any smritiyoan ne doosare, tisare, paanchavean ya satavean din ya gyarahavean din ke shraddhakarm ke poorv kisi din bhi vapan ki vyavastha di hai. apastamb dharmasootr ke mat se mrit vyakti se chhote sabhi sapind logoan ko vapan karana chahie. madanaparijat ka kathan hai ki antyeshti karta ko vapan-karm pratham din tatha ashauch ki samapti par karana chahie, kintu shuddhiprakash ne mitakshara ke mat ka samarthan karate hue kaha hai ki vapan-karm ka din sthan-vishesh ki parampara par nirbhar hai. varanasi sampraday ke mat se karta antyeshti karm ke samay vapan karata hai, kintu mithila sampraday ke mat se antyeshti ke samay vapan nahian hota. garu d puran ke mat se ghor rudan shavadah ke samay kiya jana chahie, kintu dah-karm evan jal-tarpan ke uparant rudan-kary nahian hona chahie.

udakakriya ya jalavan

sapindoan evan samanodakoan dvara mrit ke lie jo udakakriya ya jalavan hota hai, usake vishay mean mataiky nahian hai. ashvalayan grihyasootr ne keval ek bar jal-tarpan ki bat kahi hai, kintu satyashadh shrautasootr adi ne vyavastha di hai ki tilamishrit jal aanjali dvara mrityu ke din mrit ka nam evan gautr bolakar tin bar diya jata hai aur aisa hi pratidin gyarahavean din tak kiya jata hai. gautam dharmasootr evan vasishth dharmasootr ne vyavastha di hai ki jaladan sapindoan dvara pratham, tisare, satavean evan navean din dakshinabhimukh hokar kiya jata hai, kintu haradatt ka kathan hai ki sab milakar 75 aanjaliyaan deni chahie (pratham din 3, tisare din 9, satavean din 30 evan navean din 33), kintu unake desh mean parampara yah thi ki pratham din aanjali dvara tin bar aur age ke dinoan mean ek-ek aanjali adhik jal diya jata tha. vishnu dharmasootr, pracheta evan paithinasi ne vyavastha di hai ki mrit ko jal evan pind das dinoan tak dete rahana chahie.

shuddhiprakash ne grihyaparishisht ke katipay vachan uddhrit kar likha hai ki kuchh ke mat se keval 10 aanjaliyaan aur kuchh ke mat se 100 aur kuchh ke mat se 55 aanjaliyaan di jati haian, at: is vishay mean logoan ko apani vaidik shakha ke anusar parampara ka palan karana chahie. yahi bat ashvalay grihyasootr ne bhi kahi hai. garu d puran ne bhi 10, 55 ya 100 aanjaliyoan ki charcha ki hai. kuchh smritiyoan ne jati ke adhar par aanjaliyoan ki sankhya di hai. pracheta ke mat se brahman, kshatriy, vaishy evan shoodr mritak ke lie kram se 10, 12, 15 evan 30 aanjaliyaan di jani chahie. yam (shlok 92-94) ne likha hai ki nabhi tak pani mean kh de hokar kis prakar jal dena chahie aur kaha hai (shlok 98) ki devoan evan pitaroan ko jal mean aur jinaka upanayan sanskar n hua ho, unake lie bhoomi mean kh de hokar jal tarpan karana chahie. devayajnik dvara uddhrit ek smriti mean aya hai ki mrityu kal se age 6 pind nimn roop mean diye jane chahie; mrityu sthal par, ghar ki dehali par, chaurahe par, shmashan ke marg par jahaan shav yatri rukate haian, chita par tatha asthiyoan ko ekatr karate samay. smritiyoan mean aisa bhi aya hai ki lagatar das dinoan tak tel ka dipak jalana chahie, jalapooran mitti ka gh da bhi rakha rahana chahie aur mrit ka nam-gautr kahakar dopahar ke samay ek mutthi bhat bhoomi par rakhana chahie. ise pathey shraddh kaha jata hai, kyoanki isase mrit ko yamalok jane mean sahayata milati hai. kuchh nibandhoan ke mat se mrityu ke din sapindoan dvara vapan, snan, gram evan ghar mean pravesh kar lene ke uparant nagn-prachchhadan namak shraddh karana chahie. nagn-prachchhadan shraddh mean ek gh de mean anaj bhara jata hai, ek patr mean ghrit evan samarthy ke anusar sone ke tuk de ya sikke bhare jate haian. annapoorn gh de ki gardan vastr se bandhi rahati hai. vishnu ka nam lekar donoan patr kisi kulin daridr brahman ko de diye jate haian.

pindadan prakriya

smritiyoan evan puranoan ke mat se aanjali se jal dene ke uparant pake hue chaval ya jau ka pind tiloan ke sath darbh par rakh diya jata hai. is vishay mean do mat haian. yajnavalkyasmriti ke mat se pindapitriyajn ki vyavastha ke anusar tin dinoan tak ek-ek pind diya jata hai; vishnu dharmasootr ke mat se ashauch ke dinoan mean pratidin ek pind diya jata hai. yadi mrit vyakti ka upanayan hua hai to pind darbh par diya jata hai, kintu mantr nahian padha jata, yo pind patthar par bhi diya jata hai. jal to pratyek sapind ya any koee bhi de sakata hai, kintu pind putr deta hai; putrahinata par bhaee ya bhatija deta hai aur unake abhav mean mata ke sapind, yatha-mama ya mamera bhaee adi dete haian. vaisi sthiti mean jab pind tin dinoan tak diye jate haian ya jab ashauch keval tin dinoan ka rahata hai, shatatap ne pindoan ki sankhya10 di hai aur paraskar ne unhean nimn roop se baanta hai; pratham din 3, doosare din 4 aur tisare din 3. kintu daksh ne unhean nimn roop mean baanta hai; pratham din mean ek, doosare din 4 aur tisare din 5. paraskar ne jati ke anusar kram se 10, 12, 15 evan 30 pindoan ki sankhya di hai. varanasi sampraday ke mat se shavadah ke samay 4, 5 ya 6 pind tatha mithila sampraday ke anusar keval ek pind diya jata hai. grihyaparishisht evan garu d puran ke mat se un sabhi ko, jinhoanne mrityu ke din karm karana arambh kiya hai, chahe ve sagotr hoan ya kisi any gotr ke hoan, dis dinoan tak sabhi karm karane p date haian. aisi vyavastha hai ki yadi koee vyakti karm karata a raha hai aur isi bich mean putr a upasthit ho to pratham vyakti hi 10 dinoan tak karm karata rahata hai, kintu gyarahavean din ka karm putr ya nikat sambandhi (sapind) karata hai. matsy puran ka kathan hai ki mrit ke lie pindadan 12 dinoan tak hona chahie, ye pind mrit ke lie doosare lok mean jane ke lie pathey hote haian aur ve use santusht karate haian. mrit 12 dinoan ke uparant mritatmaoan ke lok mean chala jata hai, at: in dinoan ke bhitar vah apane ghar, putroan evan patni ko dekhata rahata hai.

jal-tarpan ke samay prarthana

jis prakar ek hi gotr ke sapindoan evan samanodakoan ko jal-tarpan karana anivary hai, usi prakar kisi vyakti ko apane nana tatha apane do any poorvapurushoan evan achary ko unaki mrityu ke uparant jal dena anivary hai. vyakti yadi chahe to apane mitr, apani vivahita bahin ya putri, apane bhanaje, shvashur, purohit ko unaki mrityu par jal de sakata hai. paraskaragrihyasootr ne ek vichitr riti ki or sanket kiya hai. jab sapind log snan karane ke lie jal mean pravesh karane ko udyat hote haian aur jab ve mrit ko jal dena chahate haian to apane sambandhiyoan ya sale se jal ke lie is prakar prarthana karate haian-'ham log udakakriya karana chahate haian', is par doosara kahata hai-'aisa karo kintu pun: n ana.' aisa tabhi kiya jata tha, jab ki mrit 100 varsh se kam ayu ka hota tha, kintu jab vah 100 varsh ka ya isase oopar ka hota tha, to keval 'aisa karo' kaha jata tha. gautamapitrimedhasootr mean bhi aisa hi pratikatmak vartalap aya hai. koee rajakarmachari, sagotr ya sala (ya bahanoee) ek kantili tahani lekar unhean jal mean pravesh karane se rokata hai aur kahata hai, 'jal mean pravesh n karo'; isake uparant sapind uttar deta hai-'ham log pun: jal mean pravesh nahian kareange.' isaka sambhavat: yah tatpary hai ki ve kutumb mean kisi any ki mrityu se chhutakara payeange, arthath shighr hi unhean pun: nahian ana p dega ya kutumb mean koee mrityu shighr n hogi.

jal-tarpan ke ayogy

mrit ko jal dene ke lie kuchh log ayogy mane gaye haian aur kuchh mrit vyakti bhi jal pane ke lie ayogy thaharaye gaye haian. napuansak logoan, sone ke choroan, vratyoan, vidharmi logoan, bhroonahatya (garbhapat) karane vali tatha pati ki hatya karane vali striyoan, nishiddh mady pine valoan (surapiyoan) ko jal dena mana tha. yajnavalkyasmriti ne vyavastha ki hai ki nastikoan, char prakar ke ashramoan mean n rahane valoan, choroan, pati ki hatya karane vali nariyoan, vyabhichariniyoan, surapiyoan, atmahatya karane valoan ko n to marane par jal dena chahie aur n ashauch manana chahie. yahi bat manusmriti ne bhi kahi hai. gautam dharmasootr ne vyavastha di hai ki un logoan ki n to antyeshti kriya hoti hai, n ashauch hota hai, aur n jal-tarpan hota hai aur n pindadan hota hai, jo krodh mean akar mahaprayan karate haian, jo upavas se ya agni se ya vish se ya jal-pravesh se ya phaansi lagakar latak jane se ya parvat se koodakar ya pe d se girakar atmahatya kar lete haian. haradatt ne brahm puran se tin pady uddhrit kar kaha hai ki jo brahman-shap ya abhichar se marate haian ya jo patit haian, ve isi prakar ki gati pate haian. kintu aangira ka kathan hai ki jo log asavadhani se jal ya agni dvara mar jate haian, unake lie ashauch hota hai aur udakakriya ki jati hai., jahaan aise logoan ki soochi hai, jinaka dah-karm nahian hota.

mahabharat mean antyeshti karm ka bahudha varnan hua hai, yatha adiparv mean pandu ka dah-karm; striparv mean dron ka dah-karm; anushasanaparv mean bhishm ka dah-karm; mausalaparv mean vasudev ka, striparv mean any yoddhaoan ka tatha ashramavasikaparv mean kunti, dhritarashtr evan gandhari ka dah-karm varnit hai. ramayan mean aya hai ki dasharath ki chita chandan ki lak diyoan se bani thi aur usamean aguru evan any sugandhit padarth the; saral, padmak, devadaru adi ki sugandhit lak diyaan bhi thian; kausalya tatha any striyaan shibikaoan evan apani sthiti ke anusar any ga diyoan mean shavayatra mean sammilit huee thian. yadi ahitagni (jo shraut agnihotr karata ho) videsh mean mar jae to usaki asthiyaan mangakar kale mrigacharm par phaila di jani chahie aur unhean manav-akar mean saza dena chahie tatha rooee evan ghrit tatha shraut agniyoan evan yatraoan ke sath jala dalana chahie.

asthiyaan prapt n hone par

yadi asthiyaan n prapt ho sakean to sootroan ne aitarey brahman evan any prachin granthoan ke adhar par yah vyavastha di hai ki palash ki 360 pattiyoan se kale mrigacharm par manav-puttal banana chahie aur use oon ke sootroan se baandh dena chahie. us par jal se mishrit jau ka ata dal dena chahie aur ghrit dalakar mrit ki agniyoan evan yajnapatroan ke sath jala dalana chahie. brahm puran ne bhi aise hi niyam diye haian aur tin dinoan ka ashauch ghoshit kiya hai. aparark dvara uddhrit ek smriti mean palash ki pattiyoan ki sankhya 362 likhi huee hai. baudhayan pitrimedhasootr evan gautam pitrimedhasootroan ke mat se ye pattiyaan nimn roop se sajayi jani chahie; sir ke lie40, gardan ke lie 10, chhati ke lie 20, udar (pet) ke lie 10, pairoan ke lie 70, pairoan ke aangoothoan ke lie 10, donoan baanhoan ke lie 50, hathoan ki aanguliyoan ke lie 10, liang ke lie 8 evan andakoshoan ke lie 12. yahi varnan satyashadh shrautasootr mean bhi hai. sootroan evan smritiyoan mean palash-patroan ki un sankhyaoan mean mataiky nahian hai, jo vibhinn aangoan ke lie vyavasthit haian. aparark dvara uddhrit ek smriti mean sankhya yoan hai-sir ke lie 32, garadan ke lie 60, nitamb ke lie 20, donoan hathoan ke lie 20-20, aanguliyoan ke lie 10, aandakoshoan ke lie 6, liang ke lie 4, jaanghoan ke lie 60, ghutanoan ke lie 20, pairoan ke nimn bhagoan ke lie 20, pair ke aangoothoan ke lie 10. jatookarny ke mat se yadi putr 15 varshoan tak videsh gaye hue apane pita ke vishay mean kuchh n jan sake to use puttal jalana chahie. puttal jalane ko akriti dahan kaha jata hai. brihaspati ne is vishay mean 12 varshoan tak johane ki bat kahi hai. vaikhanasasmartasootr ne akritidahan ko phaladayak karm mana hai aur ise keval shav ya asthiyoan ki aprapti tak hi simit nahian mana hai. shuddhiprakash ne brahm puran ko uddhrit kar kaha hai ki akritidahan keval ahitagni tak hi simit nahian manana chahie, yah karm unake lie bhi hai, jinhoanne shraut agnihotr nahian kiya hai. is vishay mean ahitagniyoan ke lie ashauch 10 dinoan tak tatha any logoan ke lie keval 3 dinoan tak hota hai.

ahitagni

satyashadh shrautasootr, baudhayan pitrimedhasootr evan garu d puran mean aisi vyavastha di huee hai ki yadi videsh gaya hua vyakti akritidahan (puttal-dah) ke uparant laut aye, arthath mrit samajha gaya vyakti jivit avastha mean laute to vah ghrit se bhare kund mean dubokar bahar nikala jata hai; pun: usako snan karaya jata hai aur jatakarm se lekar sabhi sanskar kiye jate haian. isake uparant usako apani patni ke sath pun: vivah karana hota hai, kintu yadi usaki patni mar gayi hai to vah doosari kanya se vivah kar sakata hai aur tab vah pun: agnihotr arambh kar sakata hai. kuchh sootroan ne aisi vyavastha di hai ki yadi ahitagni ki patni usase poorv hi mar jae, to vah chahe to use shrautagniyoan dvara jala sakata hai ya gobar se jvalit agni ya tin thaliyoan mean rakhe, shighr hi jalane vale ghas-phas se utpann agni dvara jala sakata hai. manusmriti ka kathan hai ki yadi ahitagni dvij ki savarn evan sadacharini patni mar jaye to ahitagni pati apani shraut evan smart agniyoan se use yajnapatroan ke sath jala sakata hai. isake uparant vah pun: vivah kar agnihotr arambh kar sakata hai.

vishvaroop ahitagni ke vishay mean kathak-shruti ko uddhrit kar kaha hai ki yadi koee vyakti apani patni ki mrityu ke uparant bhi ve hi purani shrautagniyaan rakhata hai to ve agniyaan us agni ke saman apavitr mani jati haian, jo shav ke lie prayukt hoti haian, aur usane itana jo d diya hai ki yadi ahitagni ki kshatriy patni usake poorv mar jaye to usaka dah bhi shrautagniyoan se hi hota hai. yah siddhant any tikakaroan ke mat ka virodhi hai, kintu usane manusmriti mean prayukt 'savarn' ko keval udaharan svaroop liya hai, kyoanki aisa n karane se vakyabhed dosh utpann ho jayega. at: brahman patni ke atirikt kshatriy patni ko bhi manyata di gee hai. kuchh smritiyoan ne aisa likha hai ki ahitagni vidhur roop mean rahakar bhi apana agnihotr sampadit kar sakata hai, aur patni ki sone ya kush ki pratima banakar yajnadi kar sakata hai, jaisa ki ram ne kiya tha. jab grihasth apani mool patni ko shrautagniyoan ke sath jalane ke uparant pun: vivah nahian karata hai aur n pun: navin vaidik (shraut) agniyaan rakhata hai to vah marane ke uparant sadharan agniyoan se hi jalaya jata hai. yadi grihasth pun: vivah nahian karata hai to vah apani mrit patni ke shav ko araniyoan se utpann agni mean jala sakata hai. yadi ahitagni pahale mar jaye to usaki vidhava araniyoan se utpann agni (nirmanthy) se jalayi jati hai. jab patni ka dah-karm hota hai to 'asmattvamabhijatosi' namak mantr ka path nahian hota. keval sadacharini evan pativrata stri ka dah-karm shraut ya smart agni se hota hai. rritu evan baudhayan pitrimedhasootr ke anusar vidhur evan vidhava ka dahakarm kapal namak agni (kapal ko tapakar kandoan se utpadit agni) se, brahmachari evan yati (sadhu) ka uttapan (ya kapalaj) namak agni se, kumari kanya tatha upanayanarahit l dake ka bhoosa se utpann agni se hota hai. yadi ahitagni patit ho jae ya kisi prakar se atmahatya kar le ya pashuoan ya sarpoan se bhi dakar mar jae to usaki shrautagniyaan jal mean pheank deni chahie, smart agniyaan chaurahe ya jal mean pheank deni chahie, yajnapatroan ko jala dalana chahie aur use sadharan (laukik) agni se jalana chahie.

kam avastha ke bachchoan ki antyeshti ke vishay mean vikalp

manusmriti, yajnavalkyasmriti, parasharamadhaviy, vishnu dharmasootr, brahmapuran ke mat se garbh se patit bachche, bhroon, mritotpann shishu tatha dantahin shishu ko vastr se dhankakar ga d dena chahie. chhoti avastha ke bachchoan ko nahian jalana chahie, kintu is vishay mean prachin smritiyoan mean avastha sambandhi vibhed paya jata hai. paraskaragrihyasootr, yajnavalkyasmriti, manusmriti, yam adi ne vyavastha di hai ki varsh ke bhitar ke bachchoan ko gram ke bahar shmashan se door kisi svachchh sthan par ga d dena chahie. aise bachchoan ke shavoan par ghrit ka lep karana chahie, un par chandanalep, pushp adi rakhane chahie, n to unhean jalana chahie aur n jal-tarpan karana chahie aur n unaka asthi-chayan karana chahie. sambandhi sath mean nahian bhi ja sakate haian. yam ne yamasookt ke path evan yam ke samman mean stutipath karane ki vyavastha di hai. manusmriti ne kuchh vaikalpik vyavasthaean di haian, yatha-daant vale bachchoan ya namakaran-sanskrit bachchoan ke lie jal-tarpan kiya ja sakata hai, arthath aise bachchoan ka shavadah bhi ho sakata hai. at: do varsh se kam avastha ke bachchoan ki antyeshti ke vishay mean vikalp hai, arthath namakaran evan daant nikalane ke uparant aise bachche jalaye ya ga de ja sakate haian. kintu aisa karane mean sabhi sapindoan ka shav ke sath jana avashyak nahian hai. yadi bachcha do varsh ka ho ya yadi adhik avastha ka ho, kintu abhi upanayan sanskar nahian hua ho to usaka dahakarm laukik agni se avashy hona chahie aur maun roop se jala dena chahie. laugakshi ke mat se choo dakaran-sanskrit bachchoan ki anatyeshti bhi isi prakar honi chahie. vaikhanasasmartasootr ne kaha hai ki 5 varsh ke l dake tatha 7 varsh ki l daki ka dahakarm nahian hota. upanayan ke uparant ahitagni ki bhaanti dahakarm hota hai, kintu yajnapatroan ka dah evan mantrochcharan nahian hota. baudhayanapitrimedhasootr ne vyavastha di hai ki choo dakaran ke poorv mrit bachchoan ka shavadah nahian hota, kumari kanyaoan evan upanayan rahit l dakoan ka pitrimedh nahian hota. usane yah bhi vyavastha di hai ki bina daant ke bachchoan ko 'om' ke sath tatha daant vale bachchoan ko vyahritiyoan ke sath ga da jata hai. mitakshara ne niyamoan ko nimn roop se diya hai-'namakaran ke poorv keval ga da jata hai, jal-tarpan nahian hota; namakaran ke uparant tin varsh tak ga dana ya jalana (jal-tarpan ke sath) vikalp se hota hai; tin varsh se upanayan ke poorv tak shavadah evan tarpan maun roop se (bina mantroan ke) hota hai; yadi tin varsh ke poorv choo dakaran ho gaya ho to marane par yahi niyam lagoo hota hai. upanayan ke uparant mrit ka dahakarm laukik agni se hota hai, kintu dhang vahi hota hai jo ahitagni ke lie nirdharit hai.'

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

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