ऋग्वेद और दास
rrigved aur das
| |
| vivaran | shoodr bharatiy samaj vyavastha mean chaturth varn ya jati hai. |
| utpatti | shoodr shabd moolat: videshi hai aur sanbhavat: ek parajit anary jati ka mool nam tha. |
| pauranik sandarbh | vayu puran ka kathan hai ki shok karake dravit hone vale paricharyarat vyakti shoodr haian. bhavishyapuran mean shruti ki druti (avashishtaansh) prapt karane vale shoodr kahalae.[1] |
| vaidik paranpara | atharvaved mean kalyani vak (ved) ka shravan shoodroan ko vihit tha.[2] paranpara hai ki aitarey brahman ka rachayita mahidas itara (shoodr) ka putr tha. kiantu bad mean vedadhyayan ka adhikar shoodroan se le liya gaya. |
| aitihasik sandarbh | shoodr janajati ka ullekh dayodoras, t aaulmi aur hven tsaang bhi karate haian. |
| arthik sthiti | uttar vaidik kal mean shoodr ki sthiti das ki thi athava nahian[3] is vishay mean nishchit nahian kaha ja sakata. vah karmakar aur paricharya karane vala varg tha. |
| madhy kal | kabir, raidas, pipa is kal ke prasiddh shoodr sant haian. asam ke shankaradev dvara pravartit mat, panjab ka sikkh sanpraday aur maharashtr ke barakari sanpraday ne shoodr mahattv dharmik kshetr mean pratishthit kiya. |
| adhunik kal | vebar, bhimarav ambedakar, zimar aur ramasharan sharma kramash: shoodroan ko moolat: bharatavarsh mean prathamagat aryaskandh, kshatriy, brahuee bhashi aur abhir sanbaddh manate haian. |
| sanbandhit lekh | varn vyavastha, brahman, vaishy, kshatriy, charmakar, mina, kumhar, das, bhil, banjara |
| any janakari | pad se utpann hone ke karan padaparicharya shoodroan ka vishisht vyavasay hai. dvijoan ke sath asan, shayan vak aur path mean samata ki ichchha rakhane vala shoodr dandy hai.[4] |
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kaha gaya hai ki brahmanavad aryoan se poorv ki sanstha hai.[5] sare purohit varg ke vishay mean yah kahana kathin hai. laitin phlamen roman rajaoan dvara sthapit ek prakar ke purohit pad ka abhidhan hai, jisaka samikaran brahman shabd se kiya gaya hai.[6] is samanata ke atirikt vedakalin bharat ke atharvan purohit aur eeran ke atharvan ki suparichit samanata hai. kintu phir bhi ek pramukh apatti ka uttar dena shesh rah jata hai. kith ka kahana hai ki rrigvaidik manyata aur vaidik devataoan ki apekshakrit bahulata purohitoan ke kathin prayas aur aparimit samanvayavad ka parinam rahi hogi.[7] itana hi nahian vedoan aur mahakavyoan ki parampara se paryapt praman prastut kiye ge haian, jinase pata chalata hai ki indr brahmanaghati the aur unaka mukhy dushman ‘vritr’ brahman tha.[8] isase yah parikalpana pusht hoti hai ki vikasit purohit pratha aryoan ke pahale ki pratha thi, jisase nishkarsh nikal sakata hai ki jo log parajit hue ve sabhi das ya shoodr nahian bana lie ge. atev, yadyapi brahmanavad bharopiy sanstha tha, phir bhi ary vijetaoan ke purohit varg mean adhikaansh vijit jati ke log liye ge hoange.[9] unaka anupat kya raha hoga, yah batane ke lie koee samagri upalabdh nahian hai. kintu aisa pratit hota hai ki aryapoorv purohitoan ko is ne samaj mean sthan mila tha. yah sochana galat hoga ki sabhi kale logoan ko shoodr bana liya gaya tha, kyoanki aise prasang ae haian, jinamean kale rrishiyoan ki bhi charcha hai. rrigved mean ‘ashvini’ ke sambandh mean jo varnan kiya gaya hai, usake anusar unhoanne kale varn ke (shyavay) kanv ko gauravarn ki striyaan pradan ki thian.[10] sambhavat: kanv ko krishna bhi kaha gaya hai[11] aur ve in yugm devoan ko sambodhit sooktoan (rrigved ke mandal ath, sookt pachasi aur chhiyasi) ke drashta haian. shayad kanv ko hi pun: rrigved ke pratham mandal mean krishna rrishi ke roop mean chitrit kiya gaya hai.[12] isi prakar rrigved ki ek rricha mean gayak ke roop mean varnit ‘dirghatamas’ kale rang ka raha hoga, agar yah nam use kale varn ke karan mila ho.[13] yah mahattvapoorn hai ki rrigved ke kee anuchchhedoan mean vah keval matrimoolak nam ‘mamatey’ se hi charchit hai. bad ki ek anushruti yah bhi hai ki usane ushij se vivah kiya, jo ek das ki l daki thi aur usase kakshivanth utpann hua.[14] pun: rrigved ke pratham mandal mean rrishi divodas ko, jinake nam se dhvanit hota hai ki ve das vansh ke the, [15] nee rrichaoan ka rachayita bataya gaya hai[16] tatha dasavean mandal mean usake sookt bayalis-chauvalis ke lekhak aangiras ko krishna kaha gaya hai.[17] chooanki oopar batae ge adhikaansh nirdesh rrigved ke paravarti bhagoan mean p date haian, isilie yah spasht hoga ki rrigvaidik kal ke antim charan mean navagathit ary samuday mean kuchh kale rrishiyoan aur das purohitoan ka pravesh ho raha tha.
isi prakar maloom p data hai ki kuchh parajit saradaroan ko ne samaj mean uchch sthan diya gaya tha. das ke pramukhoan - yatha balabooth aur taruksh se purohitoan ne jo upahar grahan kiya, usake chalate in logoan ki b di sarahana huee aur ne samaj mean unaka darja bhi badha. das upahar prastut karane ki sthiti mean the aur unhean dani samajha jata tha. yah nishkarsh 'dashh dhatu' ke arth se hi nikala ja sakata hai, jisase das sanjna ka nirman hua hai.[18] bad mean bhi vilayan ki prakriya chalati rahi, kyoanki bad ke sahity mean is anushruti ka ullekh hai ki pratardan daivodasi indralok ge[19], aur aitihasik drishti se indr ary akramanakariyoan ke namadhari shasak the.
- prachin samaj mean atmisat
prachin granth is tathy par vishesh prakash nahian dalate ki samany aryajan (vishh) aur prachin samaj ke avashisht logoan ka atmasatikaran kis prakar hua. sambhavat: adhikaansh log aryoan ke samaj ke chauthe varn mean mila liye ge. kintu purush sookt ko chho dakar rrigved mean shoodr varn ka koee praman nahian hai. haan, rrigvaidik kal ke arambh mean dasiyoan ka chhota sa ajnanuvarti samuday vidyaman tha. anumanat: aryoan ke jo shatru the, unamean purushoan ke mare jane par unaki patniyaan dasata ki sthiti mean pahuanch geean. kaha gaya hai ki purukuts ke bete trasadasyu ne upahar ke roop mean pachas dasiyaan dian.[20] atharvaved ke arambhik aanshoan mean bhi dasiyoan ke sambandh mean praman milate haian. usamean dasi ka jo chitr upasthit kiya gaya hai, usake anusar usake hath bhige rahate the, vah okhal - moosal kootati thi[21] tatha gay ke gobar[22] par pani chhi dakati thi. isase pata chalata hai ki vah ghareloo kary karati thi. is sanhita mean kali dasi ka prachinatam ullekh milata hai.[23] sandarbhoan se pata chalata hai ki arambhik vaidik samaj mean dasiyoan se grihakary karaya jata tha. dasi shabd ke prayog se spasht hai ki ve parajit dasoan ki striyaan thian.
- gulam shabd ka prayog
gulam ke arth mean das shabd ka prayog adhikaanshat: rrigved ke paravarti bhagoan mean paya jata hai. pratham mandal mean do jagah[24] dasham mandal mean ek jagah[25] aur ashtam mandal mean jo atirikt sookt (balakhily) jo de ge haian, unamean se ek jagah[26] isaka prasang aya hai. is prakar ka ekamatr prachin prasang athavean mandal mean paya jata hai.[27] rrigved mean koee doosara shabd nahian milata, jisaka arth das lagaya ja sakata ho. isase spasht hai ki arambhik rrigved kal mean shayad hi purush das rahe hoange.
- dasoan ki sankhya aur svaroop
uttar-rrigved kal mean dasoan ki sankhya aur svaroop ke bare mean jo prasang ae haian, unase keval dhuandhala-sa chitr ubharata hai. balakhily mean sau dasoan ki charcha aee hai, jinhean gadahe aur bhe d ki koti mean rakha gaya hai.[28] bad ke ek any prasang mean ae ‘dasapravarg’ ka arth sampatti ya dasoan ka samooh kiya ja sakata hai.[29] isase yah spasht hai ki rrigved kal ke ant mean dasoan ki sankhya badh rahi thi. kintu aisa koee praman upalabdh nahian hai, jisase yah siddh ho sake ki unhean kisi utpadan kary mean lagaya jata tha. sambhavat: unhean ghareloo naukar ki tarah rakha jata tha, jisaka mukhy kary apane malik ki seva karana tha, jo ya to saradar ya phir purohit hote the. samanyat: aise malik dirghatamas ke pas das the.[30] in dasoan ko mukt hath se kisi ke bhi hath sauanpa ja sakata tha.[31] aisa pratit hota hai ki koee vyakti rrin nahian chuka pata tha, to use das bana liya jata tha, [32] par rrin mean paise nahian die jate the, kyoanki sikke ka prachalan nahian tha. vastav mean das nam se hi prakat hota hai ki vaidik kal mean dasata ka sabase mahattvapoorn srot yuddh tha. das janajati ke log yuddh mean vijit hone par bhi das ke nam se hi pukare jate the, par isase unaki gulami ka bodh hota tha.
- das
das kaun the? sadharanat: dasoan aur dasyuoan ko ek man liya jata hai. kintu dasyuhatya shabd ke prayog to haian, par dasahatya shabd ka prayog nahian milata. aryoan ke aantarjatiy yuddhoan mean dasoan ko sahayak sena ke roop mean dikhaya gaya hai. apavrat, anyavrat adi ke roop mean unaka varnan nahian kiya gaya hai. tin sthaloan par ‘dasoan vishoan’ ka ullekh kiya gaya hai; [33] aur sabase badhakar to yah ki ek sithiyan janajati - eerani dahe[34] se unako abhinn dikhaya gaya hai. in sab tathyoan se dasoan aur dasyuoan ka antar spasht hai : dasyuoan aur vaidik aryoan mean samanata ki bat bahut hi kam ati hai.[35] isake viparit, das sambhavat: un mishrit bharatiy aryoan ke agrim daste the, jo usi samay bharat ae, jab kesait bebiloniya pahuanche the (1750 ee. poo.). puratatvikoan ka anuman hai ki uttar faras se bharat ki or logoan ka prasthan ya to nirantar hota raha athava unaka agaman mukhyat: do bar hua tha, jinamean pahala agaman 2000 ee. poo. ke turant bad hua tha.[36] shayad isi karan se aryoan ne dasoan ke prati mel-milap ki niti apanaee aur divodas, balabuth evan evan taruksh jaise unake saradar aryoan ke dal mean asani se atmasat kie ja sake. aantarjatiy sangharshoan mean adhikatar aryoan ke sahayak ke roop mean dasoan ke ullekh ka bhi yahi karan hai. isase lagata hai ki gulam ke arth mean das shabd ka prayog bharat ke aryetar nivasiyoan ke bich nahian, balki bharatiy aryoan se sambaddh logoan ke bich prachalit tha. rrigved ke uttaravarti kal mean das shabd ka prayog vyapak arth mean hone laga tha, jisase n keval mool bharopiy dasoan ke vanshajoan, balki dasyu aur rakshas jaise ary poorv logoan aur ary samuday ke un sadasyoan ka bhi bodh hota hoga, jo apane antarik sangharshoan ke karan akianchanata ya gulami ki sthiti mean pahuanch ge the.
- bhashaean
yadi aryoan ki sankhya kam hoti to parajit logoan par ne alpasankhyak uchch vargiy shasak ke roop mean apane ko sthapit karate jaisa ki hittiyoan (hittait), kasaitoan aur mitanni ne pashchim eshiya mean kiya tha. kintu rrigvaidik praman is bat ke pratikool haian.[37] n keval parajit logoan ki jan-hatya, balki kitani hi ary janajatiyoan ki bastiyoan ka bhi ullekh milata hai.[38] phir, bharat ke bahut b de hisse mean ary bhashaoan ke prachalan se bhi yah anuman kiya ja sakata hai ki in bhashaoan ke bolane vale b di tadad mean ae the. age chalakar bataya gaya hai ki uttar bharat ki abadi mean vaishyoan ke sath-sath shoodroan ki sankhya bahut adhik thi, kintu isaka koee praman nahian milata hai, ki ve aryetar bhashaean bolate the. doosari or, shoodr ke lie yajn mean prayukt sambodhan se spasht hai ki uttar vaidik kal mean shoodr aryoan ki bhasha samajhate the.[39] is sambandh mean mahabharat ki ek anushruti mahattvapoorn hai : ‘brahma ne ved ke pratikasvaroop sarasvati ka nirman pahale charoan varnoan ke lie kiya, kintu shoodr dhanalipsa mean p dakar ajnanaandhakar mean doob ge aur ved ke prati unaka adhikar jata raha.’ [40] vebar ki drishti mean is kandika se yah dhvanit hota hai ki prachin yug mean shoodr aryoan ki bhasha bolate the.[41] sambhav hai ki kuchh svasthanik janajatiyoan ne apani boli ke badale aryoan ki boli apana li ho, jaise adhunik yug mean bihar ki kee janajatiyoan ne apani bhasha ko chho dakar kurmali aur sadana jaisi ary boliyaan apana li haian. kintu unhoanne jin logoan ki bhasha apanaee, unaki apeksha in adivasiyoan ki sankhya avashy hi kam rahi hogi. adhunik yug mean bhi, jabaki aryabhasha bolane valoan ko apani bhasha aur sanskriti ka prasar karane ke lie adhik suvidhaean prapt haian, ve aryetar bhashaoan ko mita nahian pae haian. in aryetar bhashaoan mean kuchh to apani sashakt varnanashilata siddh kar chuki haian.
- ghumantu samaj
oopar bataye ge tathyoan ke adhar par yah kahana dussahas nahian hoga ki ary b di tadad mean bharat ae. bairi janajatiyoan ke sath mishran ke bavajood, ary saradaroan aur purohitoan ki sankhya bahut kam rahi hogi. kalakram se ary janajatiyoan ke adhikaansh log pashupalak aur kisan ban ge aur kuchh log shramik ban ge. par rrigved kal mean arthik aur samajik vishishtikaran ki prakriya atyant prarambhik avastha mean thi. is janajatipradhan samaj mean sainik netaoan ko atirikt anaj ya maveshi prapt karane ke niyat aur niyamit sadhan pray: nahian the, jisase ve aur unake dharmik samarthak apana nirvah aur samunnati kar sakate. yah samaj mukhyat: ghumantu aur pashuchari tha, aur isamean krishi athava ek jagah basane ki pradhanata nahian thi. atev anaj ki charcha dan ke roop mean bhi nahian aee hai, aur kar dene ka to koee prashn hi nahian uthata hai. yuddh mean parajit logoan se upahar ke roop mean ya lootapat se jo sampatti ary samuday ko prapt hoti thi, vahi unaki amadani thi aur pray: is sampatti mean bhi unhean janajati ke sadasyoan ko hissa dena p data tha.[42] rrigved mean keval bali hi ek shabd hai, jo ek prakar se kar ka dyotak hai. sadharanataya isaka tatpary hai, ‘devata ko arpit chadhava’,[43] kintu isaka prayog raja ko diye ge upahar ke roop mean kiya jata hai.[44] anuman hai ki bali ka bhugatan karana aichchhik tha, [45] kyoanki logoan se isaki vasooli ke lie koee karavasooli sangathan nahian tha. janajatiy raja dvara apane yoddhaoan aur purohitoan ko anaj ya bhoomi ke dan ka drishtant nahian milata. isaka karan shayad yah tha ki bhoomi poore janasamuday ki sampatti thi. rrigvaidik samaj ek prakar ka samatavadi samaj tha, yah is tathy se bhi spasht hai ki purush ya stri, pratyek vyakti ke lie ek hi vairadey prapt karane ka paranparasiddh adhikar prapt tha, [46] jo ek sau gayoan ke barabar tha.[47]
- rrigved, atharvaved mean varnit samaj
saraansh yah ki rrigved evan atharvaved mean varnit samaj mean gahare vargabhed ka abhav tha, jaisa samanyataya prarambhik adim samajoan mean dekhane ko milata hai.[48] pray: puranoan mean varnavyavastha ki utpatti ke vishay mean jo anuman kiye ge haian, ve us sthiti ka hi ullekh karate haian. in anumanoan ke anusar treta yug ka arambh hone tak n to koee varnavyavastha thi, n koee vyakti lalachi tha aur n hi logoan mean doosare ki vastu chura lene ki pravritti thi.[49] kintu ati prachin kal mean bhi sainikoan, netaoan aur purohitoan ke manthar udabhav ke sath-sath khetihar kisan aur hastakalaoan ka vyavasay karane vale karigar ya shilpi jaise vargoan ka bhi udabhav hua. bunakar (julahe), charmakar, badhee aur chitrakar ke lie ek hi dhang ke shabdoan ka prayog unake bharopiy udabhav ka sanket deta hai.[50] rath ke lie ek bharopiy shabd ke vyapak prayog se pata chalata hai ki bharopiy log rath ka nirman karana janate rahe hoange.[51] kintu rrigved mean jahaan pahale ke anekanek parichchhedoan mean badhee ke kary ki charcha huee hai, vahian rathakar shabd ka prayog nahian dikhaee p data.[52] atharvaved se sanket milata hai ki rathanirmata (rathakar) aur dhatukarm karane vale (karmar) ko samaj mean mahattvapoorn sthan prapt tha. isi granth ke arambhik bhag mean navanirvachit raja parnamani (padapiyatabij) se prarthana karata hai ki vah asapas rahane vale kushal rath nirmataoan aur dhatukarm karane valoan ke bich usaki sthiti sudridh karane mean sahayak hoan. prarthana ka uddeshy shilpiyoan ko raja ka sahayak banana hai[53] aur is drishti se ve rajaoan, rajavidhataoan, sootoan aur dalapatiyoan (gramani) ke samakaksh maloom p date haian, [54] jo sab raja ke asapas rahate haian aur jo raja ke sahayak mane jate haian.[55]
spasht hai ki ary samuday ke sadasy (vishh) oopar batae ge shilpoan ka vyavasay karate the aur unhean kisi bhi prakar se hin nahian samajha jata tha. rrigved ki ek paravarti rricha mean badhee ka varnan is roop mean kiya gaya hai ki vah samanyataya apana kam tab tak jhukakar karata rahata hai, jab tak usaki kamar tootane n lag jae.[56] isase abhas milata hai ki usaka kary kathin tha. par isase hamare man mean usake prati ghrina ke bhav nahian jagate haian. vaidik kal ke sandarbh mean yah nahian kaha ja sakata ki badhee nichi jati ke the ya unaka apana ek prithakh varg tha.[57] kintu karmar, badhee (takshanh), charmamh[58], julahe aur any log, jinaka vyavasay rrigved mean sammanajanak mana gaya hai aur jinaka vishh ke sammanit sadasy bhi adar karate the, pali granthoan mean shoodr mane ge haian.[59] sambhav hai ki aryetar logoan ne bhi svatantr roop se in shilpoan ko apanaya ho, [60] par isamean koee sandeh nahian ki ary shilpiyoan ke anek vanshaj, jo apane prachin vyavasay mean hi lage rahe, shoodr samajhe jane lage.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ vedaantasootr- 1, 44, 33
- ↑ atharvaved 19, 32, 8
- ↑ ramasharan sharma pri. 163-164
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr 12, 5
- ↑ parjitar : ‘enashieant indiyan histarikal tredishan’, prishth 306-8.
- ↑ dyumejil : ‘phlamen brahman’, adhyay II. aur III. ek any nirdesh ke lie dekhean, pal thime; (saitashipht der doyven mergenalaiandishenagezelashapht, barlin, en. eph. 27 prishth 91-129)
- ↑ ee. je. raipsan : d kaimbrij histri aauph iandiya, I. 103
- ↑ dablyoo, rayooben : ‘indraz phait agenst vritr in d mahabharat’ (es. ke. belvalkar kamemoreshan v aaulyoom, prishth 116-8), dharmanand kosanbi, ‘bhagavan buddh’, prishth 24
- ↑ kosanbi : jarnal aauf d bambe braanch aauf d r aauyal eshiyatik sosayati, bambee, nyoo sirij, XXII. 35)
- ↑ rrigved I. 117-8. kintu sayan ‘shyavay’ ko ‘kushtharogen shyamavarnay’ batate haian.
- ↑ rrigved, VIII. 85.3-4. rrigved, VIII. 50.10 mean bhi kanv ka ullekh hai.
- ↑ rrigved, I. 116-23; rrigved I. 117.7 . parjitar manate haian ki kanvayan hi vastavik brahman haian : dayanestiz aauf d kali ej, prishth 35.
- ↑ rrigved, I. 158.6. aanbedakar : hoo veyar di shoodraz?, prishth 77.
- ↑ ‘vaidik iandeks’, I. 366.. shatapath brahman, XIV. 9.4.15 mean ek aisi maan ka varnan aya hai, jo kale rang ke balak ki akaanksha rakhati hai, jise ved ka jnan ho.
- ↑ vaidik iandeks, I. 363., hilabraant ka sujhav
- ↑ rrigved, I. 130.10.
- ↑ kosanbi : jarnal aauf d bambe braanch aauf eshiyatik sosayati, bambee nyoo sirij, XXVI. 44.)
- ↑ moniyar-viliyams : sanskrit - ianglish dikshanari, dekhean das, dash.
- ↑ kaushataki upanishad III. 1. vaidik iandeks mean uddhrit, II. 30.
- ↑ rrigved, VIII. 19.36.
- ↑ atharvaved, XII. 3.13; paipp, XVII. 37.3, ‘yadva dasyardrahasta samant ulookhalan musalamh shumbhatap:’.
- ↑ atharvaved, XII. 4.9; paipp. ke ek aise hi parichchhed XVII. 16.9 mean dasi shabd ke sthan par devi liya gaya hai.
- ↑ atharvaved, V. 13.8.
- ↑ rrigved, I. 92.8, 158.5 geldanar ke anuvad ke anusar.
- ↑ rrigved, X. 62.10.
- ↑ rrigved, VIII. 56.3.
- ↑ rrigved, VII. 86.7.. hilabraant ise sandigdh manate haian. unhoanne galat dhang se VII. 86.3 mean ‘kadachit’ jo d diya hai, jo hona chahie VII. 86.7. ‘saitashripht phyoor iandologia uand eeronistik laipatsikhh’ III. 16.
- ↑ rrigved, VIII. 56.3. ‘shatan mean gardabhanaan shatamoornavatinaan, shat dasa ati sraj:’ 100 roodh sankhya ho sakati hai.
- ↑ rrigved, I. 92.8. ‘ushasiamasyaan yashasansuviran dasapravarg rayimashv budhyamh’.
- ↑ rrigved, I. 158.5-6.
- ↑ rrigved, X. 62.10. ‘uth dasa parividheasmadh dishti goparinasa: yadush turvashh ch mamahe’.
- ↑ rrigved, X. 34.4.
- ↑ rrigved, II. 11.4, IV. 28.4 aur VI. 25.2; datt : ‘stadiz in hindoo soshal paliti’, prishth 334, bi.en. datt ka vichar hai ki rrigved VI. 25.2 mean dasavishh ka jo ullekh hua hai, usaka tatpary yah hai ki das ko vaishy koti mean rakha gaya hai. kintu chooanki us samay vaishy samaj ke ek varg ke roop mean nahian the, isilie yahaan vishh ko ek janajati vishesh mana ja sakata hai.
- ↑ rrigved, VI, I, 357, rrigved, III. 53.14. 'kian te krinvanti ki kateshu gavo nashiran durhe n tapanti dharmamh', jati aur bhasha ki drishti se dahe eeraniyoan ke bahut nikat rahe hoange, kintu yah bahut spasht roop se pramanit nahian ho paya hai; vahi, tsimmar ne herodots ke daee ya daaee, i. 126 ko tooraniyan janajati ka bataya hai.
- ↑ shephar : ‘ethanografi in enashieant indiya’, prishth 32, kaha gaya hai ki samajik star par das aur ary ka sthan dasyu bhiloan se oopar tha.
- ↑ stuart pigat : eantikviti, jild XXIV, san. 96, 218 lal : enashieant indiya, dilli, san. 9, prishth 90-91. lal ka kathan hai ki doosari sahasrabdi ee. poo. ke poorvarddh mean shahi tuanp (adhanik baloochistan) mean aur doosari sahasrabdi ee. poo. ke uttarardh mean fort munaro (afaganistan) mean log jhuand ke jhuand ae.
- ↑ vaidik iandeks, ii, prishth 255, rrigved, VI. 44.11, dekhean, varn shabd.
- ↑ ar. si. majoomadar aur e. di. pusalakar : vaidik ej, rrigvaidik jatiyoan ke liye dekhean, prishth 245-248 aur vaidik kalin jatiyoan ke lie prishth 252-262.
- ↑ shatapath brahman, I. 1.4.11-12.
- ↑ mahabharat, shanti parv, 181.15, ‘varnashchatvar : ete hi yeshaan brahmi sarasvati, vihita brahmana poorva lobhatvajnanataan gat:’.
- ↑ vebar, iandish studiyen, II, 94 pad tippani
- ↑ ar.es. sharma : jarnal aauf d bihar risarch sosayati, XXXVIII, 434-5; XXXIX, 418-9).
- ↑ rrigved, I. 70.9; V. 1.10; VIII. 100.9.
- ↑ rrigved, VII. 6.5; X. 173.6, balihrit (kar dena).
- ↑ vaidik iandeks, II. 62. tsimmar ke vichar.
- ↑ maiksamoolar : ‘sekred buks aauf d eest’, XXXII. 361. rrigved ka anuvad, V. 61.8.
- ↑ vaidik iandeks, II. 331.
- ↑ laiantamain : ‘d orijins aauf soshal inikvelitiz aauf d soshal klasej’,, prishth 5-12 mean die ge udaharan. unhoanne poorv bharat ke nagaoan aur kookiyoan mean vargabhed ke abhav ka bhi ullekh kiya hai (prishth 11).
- ↑ vayu puran, I. VIII. 60; dekhean, digh nikay, agannasutt, ‘varnashramavyavasthashch n tadasannasankar: n lipsanti hi teanyonyannanugrihananti chaiv hi’.
- ↑ karl darliang : ‘e dikshanari aauf silekted sinonims in d priansipal iando-yooropiyan laiangvej’, charm (charmanh ke lie dekhean prishth 40, bunaee ke lie prishth 408, takshanh ke lie prishth 589-90 aur venikar ke lie prishth 621-22; chaianld : d eriyans, prishth 86.)
- ↑ chaild : d eriyans, prishth 86 aur 92.
- ↑ rrigved, IV. 35.6, 36.5; VI. 32.1.
- ↑ atharvaved, III 5.6; ‘ye dhivano rathakara: karmara ye manishin: upastinparn mahyan tvamh sarvanakrinvabhito jananh’. yahaan bloomafild ke anuvad ka anusaran kiya gaya hai. vhitane ne bloomafild jaisa hi anuvad prastut kiya hai, kintu unhoanne sayan ke vicharanusar upastinh ko praja ke arth mean liya hai. sayan dhivan: aur manishin: ko alag-alag sanjna manate haian, jinaka arth machhua aur buddhijivi kiya gaya hai. paipp. granth mean tho da sa pathabhed hai, ‘ye takshano rathakara: karmara ye manishin:, sarvaans tanparn ranghayopastian krinu medinamh’. III. 13.7.
- ↑ ‘vedik iandeks’, I. prishth 247; sambhavat: vah asainik aur sainik, donoan prakar ke karyoan ke lie gaanv ka pradhan tha.
- ↑ atharvaved, III. 5.7.
- ↑ rrigved, I. 105.18.
- ↑ vaidik iandeks, I. prishth 297.
- ↑ rrigved, VIII. 5.38.
- ↑ vaidik iandeks, II. prishth 265-6.
- ↑ phik : ‘d soshal argenaijeshan in narth eest indiya’, prishth 326-7.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh