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bharatiy prakshepan yanoan dvara upagrah prakshepan

bharatiy prakshepan yanoan dvara upagrah prakshepan
kram prakshepak yan upagrah prakshepan tithi parinam
1 eselavi-3 rohini 10agast, 1979 aanshik saphal
2 eselavi-3 rohini 18julaee, 1980 saphal
3 eselavi-3 rohini 31mee, 1981 asaphal
4 eselavi-3 rohini 17aprॅl, 1983 saphal
5 eeselavi-di1 stros-1 24march, 1987 asaphal
6 eeselavi-di2 stros-2 13julaee, 1988 asaphal
7 eeselavi-di3 stros-3 20mee, 1992 saphal
8 pieselavi-di1 aeeares-1ee. 20sitambar, 1993 asaphal
9 eeselavi-di4 stros-4 04aprॅl, 1994 saphal
10 pieselavi-di2 aeeares-pi2 15aktoobar, 1994 saphal
11 pieselavi-di3 aeeares-pi3 21march, 1996 saphal
12 pieselavi-si1 aeearesadi-1di 29sitambar, 1997 saphal
13 pieselavi-si2 aeeares-pi4, kitasait(d.koriya) v tapasait(jarmani) 26mee, 1999 saphal
14 jieselavi-di1 ji sait 18mee, 2001 saphal
15 pieselavi-si3 tieees(bharat), proba(beljiyam) v bard(jarmani) 20aktoobar, 2001 saphal
16 pieselavi-si4 maitasait (kalpana-1) 12sitambar2002 saphal
17 pieselavi-di2 ji sait-2 08mee, 2003 saphal
18 pieselavi-si5 aeeares-pi6 17aktoobar, 2003 saphal
19 jieselavieph-1 edoosait 20sitambar, 2004 saphal
20 pieselavi-si6 kartosait v haimasait 05mee, 2005 saphal
21 jieselavi-4si insait-4si 10julaee, 2006 asaphal
22 pieselavi-eph2 esaree-1(bharat), kartosait-2(bharat), lapan tyoobasait(indoneshiya), pehuen sait-1(arjeantina) 10janavari, 2007 saphal
23 pieselavi-si8 ejail(itali) 23aprॅl, 2007 saphal
24 pieselavi-si10 tekasar(istrayal) 21janavari, 2008 saphal
25 pieselavi-si9 kartosait-2e, IMS-1 v8 any videshi nainoan upagrah 28aprॅl, 2008 saphal
26 pieselavi-si11 chandrayan-1 22aktoobar, 2008 saphal
27 pieselavi-si12 risait-2 v anusait 20aprॅl, 2009 saphal
28 pieselavi-si14 oshasait-2 23sitambar, 2009 saphal

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darshan

darshan pravartak/rachiyata
pramukh darshan evan pravartak (shaddarshan ke atirikt)
bauddh darshan gautam buddh
jain darshan mahavir
ajivak makkhaligoshal
akriyavad pooran kashyap
nity padarthavad pakuth kachyayan
advaitavad shankarachary
vishishtadvait ramanujachary
dvaitadvait nimbarkachary
shuddhadvait ballabhachary
pashupat lakulish
pramukh darshan evan rachiyata
charvak (bhautikavadi) charvak
saankhy kapil
yog pantajali (yogasootr)
nyay gautam (nyayasootr)
poorv mimaansa jaimini
uttar mimaansa (vedaant) badarayan (brahmasootr)
vaisheshik kanad v ulook

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pramukh naharean

desh ki pramukh naharean
rajy nahar nadi
panjab sarahind nahar
 satalaj nadi
oopari bari doab nahar
 ravi nadi
naangal baandh nahar
 satalaj nadi
bist doab nahar
 satalaj nadi
bhakh da nahar
 satalaj nadi
poorvi nahar ravi nadi
hariyana pashchimi yamuna nahar
 yamuna nadi
gu dagaanv nahar
 yamuna nadi
uttar pradesh poorvi yamuna nahar
 yamuna nadi
agara nahar yamuna nadi
oopari ganga nahar
 ganga nadi [1]
nichali ganga nahar
 ganga nadi [2]
sharada nahar
 sharada nadi
betava nahar betava nadi [3]
bihar poorvi son nahar
 son nadi
pashchimi son nahar
 son nadi
triveni nahar
 gandak nadi
gandak baandh yojana tirahut nahar, saran nahar
pashchim bangal midanapur nahar
 kosi nadi
edan nahar
 damodar nadi
tilapa da baandh ki naharean
 mayoorakshi nadi (virabhoom zila)
damodar nadi ki naharean damodar nadi (durgaprur)
rajasthan bikaner nahar
 satalaj nadi [4]
kalisil pariyojana
 kalisil nadi
gambhiri pariyojana
 gambhiri nadi (chittau dagadh), sookari nadi
parvati pariyojana
 parvati nadi
goodha pariyojana
 meja nadi
morel pariyojana
 morel nadi
jaggar pariyojana
 jaggar nadi
indira nahar
 satalaj, vyas nadi [5]
maharashtr godavari nahar
 godavari nadi [6]
mootha nahar
 phaiph jhil [7]
bhandaradara baandh ki naharean
 pravara nadi [8]
moola pariyojana
 moola nadi
vir pariyojana nira nadi
tamilanadu kaveri delta nahar
 koleroon nadi [9]
periyar pariyojana
 periyar nadi
maitoor pariyojana
 kaveri nadi
nichali bhavani nahar
 bhavani nadi [10]
keral malamapuja baandh ki naharean
malamapuja nadi [11]
valayar yalashal ki naharean
 valayar nadi [12]
mangalam yojana ki naharean
 malabar zila
andhr pradesh godavari delta ki naharean
 gomati, godavari tatha vishisht godavari [13]
krishnaa delta ki naharean
 krishnaa nadi
krishnaa sianchaee yojana ki naharean
 krishnaa nadi [14]
ramapad sagar pariyojana
 godavari nadi [15]
tuangabhadra pariyojana
 tuangabhadra nadi [16]
krishnaa-pennar pariyojana
 krishnaa, pennar nadi

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vanoan ki sthiti

bharat mean vanoan ki sthiti 2003
rajy[17] bhaugolik kshetr[18] van kshetr[19] vastavik[20] anupat[21]
andhr pradesh 2,75,069 63,821 44,419 16.15
arunachal pradesh 83,743 51,540 68,019 81.22
asam 78,438 27,018 27,826 35.47
bihar 94,163 6,473 5,558 5.91
jharakhand 79,714 23,605 22,716 28.49
gova 3,702 1,224 2,156 58.23
gujarat 1,96,022 19,113 14,946 7.63
hariyana 44,212 1,558 1,517 3.43
himachal pradesh 55,673 37,033 14,353 25.78
jammoo-kashmir 2,22,235 20,230 21,267 9.57
karnatak 1,91,791 43,084 36,449 19.01
keral 38,863 11,268 15,577 40.08
madhy pradesh 3,08,245 95,221 76,429 24.79
chhattisagadh 1,35,191 59,772 55,998 41.42
maharashtr 3,07,713 61,939 46,865 15.23
manipur 22,327 17,418 17,219 77.12
meghalay 22,429 9,496 16,839 75.07
mizoram 21,081 16,717 18,430 87.43
nagalaind 16,579 8,629 13,609 82.08
u disa 1,55,707 58,136 48,366 31.06
panjab 50,362 3,084 1,580 3.14
rajasthan 3,42,239 32,488 15,826 4.63
sikkim 7,096 5,841 3,262 45.97
tamilanadu 1,30,058 22,877 22,643 17.41
tripura 10,486 6,293 8,093 77.18
uttar pradesh 2,40,928 16,826 14,118 5.85
uttarakhand 53,483 34,662 24,465 45.74
pashchim bangal 88,752 11,879 12,343 13.91
andaman evan nikobar 8,249 7,171 6,964 84.42
chanh‍digadh 114 34 15 13.15
dadara tatha nagar haveli 491 204 225 45.83
daman aur div 112 1 8 7.14
dilli 1,483 85 170 11.46
lakshadvip 32 23 71.87
puducheri 480 40 8.33

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vesh bhoosha

80px|marathi sa di mean mahilayean 70px|dhoti-kurta paridhan 75px|dakshin resham sa di 45px|muand pahane keralavasi 45px|manipuri sa di 75px|panjabi poshak 45px|ghaghara choli mean mahilayean 45px|kurta choo didar payajama 60px|sa di mean mahilayean 45px|sa di bangali sa di

bharat ke sabhi prantoan ki alag-alag veshabhoosha hai. yah veshabhoosha sthaniy mausam tatha avashyakatanusar vikasit huee hai. udaharan ke lie, poore uttar pradesh mean kisan dhoti-kurta pahanate haian aur sir par pag di dharan karate haian. nagar ke shikshit yuvak peant-kamiz pahanate haian. mahilaean sa di ya soot pahanati hai. dakshin bharat mean purushoan ki dhoti ka aandaj badal jata hai.

bhasha

bharatiy sanskriti ki ekata usaki bhasha mean bhi vyakt hoti hai. yahaan ke hinduoan, musalamanoan, eesaeeyoan, sikkhoan, bauddhoan, jainoan ki bhashaean saman hai. ek prant ke sabhi nivasi ek-si bhasha ka vyavahar karate hai. panjab ka musalaman yadi panjabi bolata hai to tamil ka musalaman tamil bolata hai. isase pata chalata hai ki chahe yahaan ke logoan ke dharm bhinn hoan, parantu unaki sanskriti saman hai. bharat mean 18 many rashtriy bhashaean haian aur anek boliyaan haian. hiandi hamari rashtrabhasha hai.

khel

varsh sthal vijeta dvitiy vijeta antar
varld kap kriket (purush)
1975 ianglaind vest iandij aaustreliya 17 ran
1979 ianglaind vest iandij ianglaind 92 ran
1983 ianglaind bharat vest iandij 43 ran
1987 bharat/pakistan aaustreliya ianglaind 7 ran
1992 aaustreliya/nyoojilaiand pakistan ianglaind 22 ran
1996 bharat/pakistan/shrilanka shrilanka aaustreliya 7 viket
1999 ianglaind aaustreliya pakistan 8 viket
2003 dakshin afrika aaustreliya bharat 125 ran
2007 vest iandij aaustreliya shrilanka 53 ran
2011 bharat/shrilanka/baangladesh
varld kap kriket (mahila)
1973 ianglaind ianglaind aaustreliya 92 ran
1978 pakistan aaustreliya ianglaind 8 viket
1982 nyoojilaiand aaustreliya ianglaind 3 viket
1988 aaustreliya aaustreliya ianglaind 8 viket
1993 ianglaind ianglaind nyoojilaiand 67 ran
1997 bharat aaustreliya nyoojilaiand 5 viket
2000 nyoojilaiand nyoojilaiand aaustreliya 4 ran
2005 dakshin afrika aaustreliya bharat 98 ran
2009 aaustreliya ianglaind nyoojilaiand 4 viket
2013 bharat

adhunik bharat mean anek prakar ke khelakood prachalit haian, jaise- h aauki, futabal, tenis, baidamintan, golph, basketab aaul, kabaddi, kushti, kriket adi. sabhi ko koee n koee khel pasand hota hai sabhi apani roochi ke anusar vibhinn khel khelate haian ya unhean dekhakar apana manoranjan karate haian. sabhi kheloan ka apana mahattv hota hai tatha sabhi hamare svasthy ke lie labhadayak haian. vibhinn desho mean alag-alag khel lokapriy haian. jese yoorop mean futabal aur tenis vikhyat hai, to amerika mean basketab aaul, besab aaul aur ragabi vikhyat hai. bharat ka rashtriy khel h aauki hai.

chitr

thumb|100px thumb|100px


  1. ↑ haridvar ke samip
  2. ↑ naraura, bulandashahar
  3. ↑ jhaansi ke samip parichchha namak sthan se
  4. ↑ firizapur ke samip husainivala se
  5. ↑ satalaj evan vyas nadiyoan ke sangam par sthit hari ke bairaz
  6. ↑ bel jhil ke samip
  7. ↑ khadakavasala namak sthan se
  8. ↑ pashchimi ghat parvat
  9. ↑ kaveri nadi ki shakha
  10. ↑ kaveri ki sahayak nadi
  11. ↑ malabar zila
  12. ↑ periyar ki sahayak nadi
  13. ↑ delta kshetr mean godavari ki shakhaean
  14. ↑ krishnaa enikat se 18 mil oopar
  15. ↑ polavaram namak sthan
  16. ↑ krishnaa ki sahayak nadi
  17. ↑ rajy/sangh shasit kshetr
  18. ↑ varg kimi.
  19. ↑ kul van kshetr
  20. ↑ vastavik vanachchhadit kshetr
  21. ↑ kul bhaugolik kshetr ka vastavik vanachchhadit kshetr

chitr sangrahalay mathura

[[chitr:Buddha-3.jpg|buddh
Buddha|thumb|80px|left]]

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paramanu vidyutaghar

kram paramanu vidyutaghar sthiti nirman varsh kshamata (megav aaut)
karyarat paramanu vidyutaghar
1 tarapur paramanu vidyutaghar 1 v 2 maharashtr 1972 320
2 rajasthan paramanu vidyutaghar 1 v 2 ravatabhata, rajasthan 1972 300
3 madras paramanu vidyutaghar 1 v 2 tamilanadu 1984 470
4 narora paramanu vidyutaghar 1 v 2 bulandashahar, uttar pradesh 1991 440
5 kakarapar paramanu vidyutaghar 1 v 2 soorat, gujarat 1993 220
nirmanadhin paramanu vidyutaghar
1 kakarapar paramanu vidyutaghar-3 soorat, gujarat 440
2 rajasthan paramanu vidyutaghar 3 v 4 ravatabhata, rajasthan 440
3 kaiga paramanu vidyutaghar 1 v 2 karnatak joon 1996 440
4 kudanakulam paramanu vidyutaghar 1 v 2 kanyakumari, tamilanadu 2000

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paramanu

kram riektar sthiti nirman varsh kshamata/varsh
anusandhan riektar
1 apsara tr aaumbe, maharashtr 1956 1 megav aaut
2 sairas tr aaumbe, maharashtr 1960 40 megav aaut
3 jaralina tr aaumbe, maharashtr 1961 100 megav aaut
4 poornima-1, poornima-2 tr aaumbe, maharashtr 1972, 1980
5 poornima-3 tr aaumbe, maharashtr 1990
6 kamini kalapakkam(tamilanadu) 30 megav aaut
7 dhruv tr aaumbe, maharashtr 1985 100 megav aaut
8 phast bridar test riektar kalapakkam(tamilanadu) 1985 42 megav aaut
bhari jal sanyantr
1 naangal(panjab) 14 tan
2 b dodara(gujarat) 45 tan
3 tutikoran(tamilanadu) 49 tan
4 talachar(u disa)
5 kota(rajasthan) 85 tan
6 thal(maharashtr) 100 tan
7 managuru(aandhr pradesh) 185 tan
8 hajira(gujarat) 100 tan
eeandhan phebrikeshan sanyantr
1 nyookliyar phuel k aaumpalaiks, haidarabad 90 mitrik tan
2 yooreniyam maitil sanyantr, tr aaumbe 'sairas' riektar hetu paryapt
3 turahamir(bihar) nirmanadhin

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bharatiy udyog

prachin kal se hi vibhinn prakar ke prakritik sansadhanoan ki sampannata ke karan bharat ki ganana vishv ke pramukh audyogik kshetroan mean ki jati thi. itana avashy tha ki us samay ki utkrisht vastuoan ka nirman bhi kutir udyogoan ke star par hi kiya jata tha. sooti evan reshami vastr, lauh-ispat udyog evan any dhatuoan se nirmit vastuean videshoan mean bhi prasiddhi prapt kar chuki thian. desh mean audyogik vikas ka prarambh aangrejoan ke agaman ke pashchat hi hua aur svatantrata-prapti ke bad isamean abhootapoorv pragati huee hai. aj desh audyogik vikas ke marg par agrasar hai. desh ke pramukh nirman udyogoan evan unaki avasthiti par kachche maloan, bhautik evan manaviy dashaoan adi ka paryapt prabhav p da hai aur desh mean hi adhikaansh utpadoan ka bazar bhi upalabdh hai. sanchar evan parivahan ke sadhan bhi desh ki audyogik pragati mean paryapt sahayog pradan kar rahe haian.

sangrahalay

bharat ke sangrahalay, abhilekhagar aur kala dirgha
kram nam sthan pradesh
1 tripura gavarnameant sangrahalay tripura tripura
2 stet myooziyam kohima nagalaiand
3 rashtriy sangrahalay dilli dilli
4 chandigadh sangrahalay chandigadh chandigadh
5 rashtriy gailari chandigadh chandigadh
6 kala dirgha chandigadh chandigadh
7 adivasi saanskritik sangrahalay dadar aur nagar haveli dadar aur nagar haveli
8 rajy sangrahalay asam asam
9 gurukul sangrahalay jhajjhar hariyana
10 asthal bohar sangrahalay rohatak hariyana
11 eshiyatik sosaiti kolakata kolakata
12 viktoriya sangrahalay kolakata kolakata
13 ashutosh sangrahalay kolakata kolakata
14 shaanti niketan bolapur kolakata
15 d kolakata art sosaiti kolakata kolakata
16 iandiyan myooziyam haus kolakata kolakata
17 puratatvik sangrahalay nalanda bihar
18 puratatvik sangrahalay vaishali bihar
19 puratatvik sangrahalay bodhagaya bihar
20 chandradhari sangrahalay darabhanga bihar
21 gaya sangrahalay gaya bihar
22 navada sangrahalay navada bihar
23 rajy sangrahalay lakhanoo uttar pradesh
24 rajakiy sangrahalay lakhanoo uttar pradesh
25 rajakiy sangrahalay mathura uttar pradesh
26 rajakiy sangrahalay jhaansi uttar pradesh
27 rajakiy abhilekhagar lakhanoo uttar pradesh
28 rajakiy abhilekhagar ilahabad uttar pradesh
29 kshetriy abhilekhagar varanasi uttar pradesh
30 maharaja madhosianh sangrahalay kota rajasthan
31 iandiyan skalpachars mumbee maharashtr
32 d art sosaiti aauph iandiya mumbee maharashtr
33 jahaangir art gailari mumbee maharashtr
34 mardan art ianstityoot dadar mumbee maharashtr
35 kala niketan kolhapur maharashtr
36 nagapur sangrahalay nagapur maharashtr
37 prians aauph vels myooziyam mumbee maharashtr
38 rajy sangrahalay haidarabad andhr pradesh
39 kala dirgha haidarabad andhr pradesh
40 salarajang sangrahalay haidarabad andhr pradesh
41 svasthy sangrahalay haidarabad andhr pradesh
42 zila sangrahalay salem tamilanadu
43 d phort myooziyam chennee tamilanadu
44 gavarnameant myooziyam chennee tamilanadu
45 arangar kodayakoddam shrirangam sangrahalay shrirangam tamilanadu
46 gaandhi sangrahalay maduree tamilanadu
47 tamilanadu rajy sangrahalay maduree tamilanadu
48 tamilanadu rajy sangrahalay pudukotay tamilanadu

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hindi sahity

hiandi mean pahali pramukh pustak 12vian sadi mean lahaur ke chandabaradaee ka prithviraj rasoan mahakavy hai, jisamean islami akraman se pahale dilli ke aantim hiandoo raja prithviraj ke sahasik karyoan ka varnan kiya gaya hai, yah pustak rajapootoan ke darabar ki bhat paranpara par adharit hai, farasi kavi amir khusaro ki kavitaean bhi ullekhaniy haian, jinhean unhoanne avadhi mean likha. hiandi mean adhikatar praranbhik sahity ki prerana dharm par adharit hai. hiandi ke mahan kavi tulasidas (mri.-1623) rajapur ke brahman the, jinhoanne jivan ke shuroo mean hi sansar tyag diya aur banaras (vartaman varanasi) mean bhakt ke roop mean din vyatit kie. unhoanne adhikatar lekhan kary avadhi bhasha mean kiya aur ram ki pooja ko hiandoo dharm ka keandr banaya, unaki sabase mahattvapoorn rachana ramacharitamanas hai, jo sanskrit ramayan se prerit hai. yah hiandibhashi kshetr ka pavitr hiandoo granth ban gaya hai tatha pratyek sal lokapriy ramalila ke roop mean isaka manchan hota hai. madhyayug mean darshanik evan bhaktimarg ke samarthak vallabh anuyayiyoan mean netrahin kavi sooradas (mri.-1563) sarvashreshth haian, jinhoanne krishna aur radha ki stuti mean anaginat bhajan rache. inhean soorasagar mean sankalit kiya gaya hai, halaanki bhakt kaviyoan mean se anek samany parivaroan se the, lekin jodhapur ki rajakumari mirabaee apavad thian, jinhoanne hiandi aur gujarati, donoan mean apane prasiddh git likhe. poorv avadh praant ke muslim kavi jayasi dvara rachit dharmik mahakavy padmavat (1540) atyant mahattvapoorn rachana hai. avadhi mean rachit yah mahakavy sanskrit kavyashaili ke anuroop racha gaya hai. is yug ke any rachanakaroan mean rahim, rasakhan, keshavadas, nandadas ke nam ullekhaniy haian.

bhaktikal ke bad ritikal ka sootrapat hua, jisake rachanakaroan ne samakalin aitihasik sanvedanaoan ko abhivyakti di. bhog-vilas, prem-sauandary aur shrriangarikata se paripoorn is yug ki kavitaoan ko jin rachanakaroan ne roop diya, unamean matiram, keshav, bihari, ghananand, bodha adi ka nam ullekhaniy hai. premachand (mri.-1936) ke sahity evan laghu kahaniyoan mean samany gramin jivan ka varnan hai, tatha banaras ke bharateandu harishchandr (mri.-1885), jinhoanne brajabhasha mean likha, ke sahity mean apani parakashtha tak pahuanchi. adhunik hiandi sahity ki j de kavita evan natak mean harishchandr ke sahity mean: alochana aur any gady lekhan mean mahavir prasad dvivedi tatha katha sahity mean premachand ke sahity mean haian, 19vian sadi ke uttararddh ki is avadhi mean mukhy roop se sanskrit, baangla aur aangreji se anuvad ka jor raha. rashtravad evan ary samaj ke samajik sudhar aandolan se prabhavit hokar lanbi varnanatmak kavitaean, jaise maithilisharan gupt ki, jayashankar prasad dvara natak tatha chaturasen shastri evan vriandavanalal varma dvara aitihasik upanyas rache ge. in upanyasoan ki prishthabhoomi mukhyat: maury, gupt evan mugalakalin thi. is avadhi ke bad mahatma gaandhi ke satyagrah evan asahayog aandolanoan ka daur aya, jisane makhanalal chaturvedi, maithilisharan gupt evan subhadra kumari chauhan jaise kaviyoan tatha premachand v jainedr kumar jaise upanyasakaroan ko prerit kiya. atant: gaandhivadi prayog se mohabhang tatha yooropiy sahity par marksavad ke badhate prabhav ne yashapal, raangey raghav aur nagarjun jaise lekhakoan ko prabhavit kiya. 1930 ke dashak ke sarjanatmak kaviyoan sumitranandan pant, prasad, nirala aur mahadevi varma ne aangreji evan baangla kavita ki. svachchhandatavadi tatha madhyakalin hiandi kavita ki rahasyavadi paranpara se prerana li. pratikriyasvaroop marksavadi kavi ramavilas sharma aur nagarjun tatha hiranand sachchidanand vatsyayan ajney evan bharat bhooshan agraval jaise prayogavadi kavi samane ae. nirala, jinaka vikas rahasyavadi, svachchhandatavadi se yatharthavadi evan prayogavadi kavi ke roop mean hua. 1950 ke dashak ke sarvashreshth kavi the. 1960 ke dashak mean muktibodh, sarveshvar dayal saksena evan raghuvir sahay jaise maulik kavi hue. premachand evan jaineandr kumar ke sahity ka pratinidhitv karane vali do pravrittiyaan hiandi katha sahity ko do bhinn dishaoan mean le geean: jabaki samajik yatharthavadiyoan, jaise yashapal, upeandranath ashk, amritalal nagar, mohan rakesh, rajeandr yadav, kamaleshvar, nagarjun evan phanishvaranath renu ne bharatiy samaj ke badalate parivesh ka eemanadari se vishleshan kiya. ilachand joshi, ajney, dharmavir bharati, krishna sobati aur shrikaant varma jese lekhakoan ne vyaktigat manovijnan ki, jaroori nahian ki bharatiy sandarbh mean hi ho, gaveshana ki. 1930 evan 1940 ke dashakoan ke natakakaroan mean goviand ballabh pant aur seth goviand das bhi the: unaki atyadhik sanskritayukt bhasha ke karan unake natakoan ke darshak simit the. any sahityakaroan mean namavar sianh, kedaranath sianh, nirmal varma, bhishm sahani, mannoo bhandari, nasira sharma, jnanaranjan, vinod kumar shukl, mangalesh dabaral, viren dangaval, uday prakash adi anek mahattvapoorn nam haian.

bharat ke rajanaitik dal

lokataantrik shasan vyavastha ke antargat rajanitik daloan ka atyadhik mahattv hai kyoanki is vyavastha ke antargat sarakaroan ka gathan us rajanitik dal dvara hi kiya jata hai, jo chunav mean bahumat prapt prapt karata hai. lokasabha ke chunav mean bahumat prapt karane vala dal kendr mean sarakar banata hai tatha rajy vidhanasabhaoan ke chunav mean bahumat prapt karane vala rajyoan mean sarakar ka gathan karata hai. bharat mean vastavik arth mean rajanitik dal ka gathan 1885 mean hua, jab kaangres astitv mean ayi. svatantrata sangram ke dauran kee rajanitik daloan ka gathan hua, lekin unaka astitv n ke barabar raha. svatantrata prapti ke bad bhi karib 1967 tak sampoorn bharat mean kaangres ka hi prabhuttv raha, lekin 1967 mean kaangres ko anek rajyoan ki ki vidhanasabhaoan ke chunav mean bahumat nahian prapt hua tatha 1977 mean paanch daloan ke vilay se gathit janata parti ne kaangres ko kendr se bhi satta se hata diya lekin janata parti mean apasi matabhed ke karan kaangres pun: kendr mean sattaroodh huee. vi.pi. sianh dvara kaangresi pradhanamantri par lagaye gaye arop ke karan kaangres disambar, 1989 se joon, 1991 tak bhi kendr mean sattaroodh nahian rahi lekin joon, 1991 se mee 1996 tak pun: kendr mean sattaroodh rahi. rajanitik daloan ka panjikaran- rajanitik daloan ka panjikaran nirvachan ayog dvara kiya jata hai aur panjikrit rajanitik daloan, chahe rashtriy star ke hoan ya rajy-star ke hoan, ko arakshit chunav chinh abantit kiya jata hai. 1952 mean nirvachan ayog dvara 14 daloan ko rashtriy dal ke roop mean tatha 60 daloan ko rajy stariy dal ke roop mean manyata di gayi thi, 30 siantabar, 2000 ko nirvachan ayog dvara marksavadi kamyunisht parti, janata dal (yoonaited) aur janata dal (sekular) ka rashtriy rajanitik dal ka darja samapt karane ke nirnay ke karan yah sankhya ghatakar kramash: 4 aur 48 ho gayi. bad mean 1 disambar, 2000 ko nirvachan ayog dvara chunav chinh (arakshan evan avantan), 1968 mean sanshodhan ki ghoshan karate hue marksavadi kamyunisht parti ko rashtriy dal ki manyata pradan kar di. is prakar vartaman mean rashtriy rajanitik daloan ki sankhya badhakar 5 aur rajy stariy rajanitik dal ki sankhya 47 ho gee hai. inake atirikt bharat mean panjikrit lekin gair-manyata prapt 612 rajanitik dal haian.

bharat ke prasiddh khila di

bharat ke prasiddh khila di
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bharat ki pratham mahila

bharat ki prasiddh mahilaean
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karyapalika

sansad

bharat mean sansadatmak shasan pranali svikar ki gee hai. at: sansad ki sarvochchata bharatiy shasan ki pramukh visheshata hai. sansad ko vidhayika athava vyavasthapika nam se bhi jana jata hai.

gathan sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 79 ke anusar sangh ke lie ek sansad hogi, jo rashtrapati aur do sadanoan se mil kar banegi. uchch sadan rajyasabha tatha nimn sadan lokasabha kahalati hai. is prakar sansad 1- rashtrapati, 2- rajyasabha tatha 3- lokasabha se milakar gathit hai. rashtrapati sansad ka abhinn bhag hai. ise sansad ka abhinn bhag isalie mana jata hai kyoanki isaki anumati ke bina rajyasabha tatha lokasabha dvara parit koee bhi vidheyak adhiniyam ka roop nahian lega. kuchh aise vidheyak bhi haian, jinhean rashtrapati ki anumati ke bina lokasabha mean pesh nahian kiya ja sakata. rashtrapati ko rajyasabha tatha lokasabha ka satr bulane, usaka satravasan karane aur lokasabha ko vighatit karane ka adhikar hai.

rajyasabha(Rajya Sabha)

gathan bharatiy sanvidhan ke pravartan ke bad kauansil aauph stets (rajyasabha) ka gathan sarvapratham 3 aprail, 1952 ko kiya gaya tha. isaki pahali baithak 13 mee, 1952 ko huee thi. isaki adhyakshata tatkalin uparashtrapati d aau. sarvapalli radhakrishnan ke dvara ki gee thi. 23 agast 1954 ko sabhapati ne sadan mean ghoshana ki ki ‘kauansil aauph stets’ ko ab rajyasabha ke nam se jana jaega. jaega. sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 80 ke anusar rajyasabha ka gathan 250 sadasyoan dvara hoga, inamean se 12 sadasy rashtrapati dvara namanirdeshit kiye jate haian. tatha shesh 238 ka chunav rajy tatha sangh rajyakshetroan ki vidhan sabhaoan ke sadasyoan dvara kiya jata hai. rajyasabha mean rajyoan tatha sangh rajyakshetroan ki vidhan sabhaoan ke lie avantit sthan ko sanvidhan ki chauthi anusoochi mean antarvisht kiya gaya hai. is anusoochi mean keval 233 sthanoan ke sambandh mean ullekh kiya gaya hai, jisase spasht hota hai ki vartaman samay mean rajyasabha ki prabhavi sankhya 245 (rashtrapati dvara namit sadasyoan sahit) hai. ve 12 sadasy jinhean rashtrapati dvara rajyasabha ke lie namanirdeshit kiye jate haian, unhean sahity, vijnan, kala tatha samaj seva ke kshetr mean vishesh jnan ya vyavaharik anubhav hona chahie.

apratyaksh chunav- rajyasabha ke sadasyoan ka chunav apratyaksh roop se hota hai. rajyoan ke pratinidhiyoan ka chunav rajyoan ki vidhanasabha ke sadasyoan dvara anupatik pratinidhitv paddhati ke anusar ekal sankramaniy mat dvara kiya jata hai tatha sangharajy kshetroan ke pratinidhiyoan ka chunav us dhang se kiya jata hai, jise sansad vidhi banakar vihit kare. rajyasabha mean keval do sangh rajyakshetroan yatha rashtriy rajadhani rajy kshetr dilli tatha pandicheri, ke lie sthanoan ko avantit kiya gaya hai. in rajy kshetroan ki avantan mean rajyasabha ke sthanoan ko bharane ke lie nirvachakaganoan ko gathit karane ke sambandh mean lok pratinidhitv adhiniyam, 1950 ki dhara 27-k mean sansad dvara us dhang ko vihit kiya gaya hai, is dhara ke anusar pandicheri sangh rajyakshetr ke lie avantit sthan ko is sangh rajy kshetr ke vidhan sabha ke sadasyoan dvara chune gaye vyakti se bhara jaega tatha dilli sambandh mean is dhara mean kaha gaya tha ki dilli sangh rajyakshetr ke rajyasabha sadasy ka chunav mahanagar ke parishad ke nirvachit sadasyoan dvara kiya jaega. lekin dilli mean vidhanasabha ke gathan ke bad sthiti mean parivartan ho gaya hai.

avadhi- rajyasabha ka kabhi vighatan nahian hota. isake sadasy 6 varsh ke lie chune jate haian. isake sadasyoan mean se ek tihaee sadasy pratyek doosare varsh padamukt ho jate haian. isake sadasyoan mean se ek tihaee sadasy pratyek doosare varsh padamukt ho jate haian tatha padamukt hone vale sadasyoan ke sthanoan ko bharane ke lie pratyek doosare varsh chunav hota hai. yadi koee sadasy tyagapatr de deta hai ya usaki akasmik mrityu ke karan koee sthan rikt hota hai, to is rikt sthan ke lie upachunav hota hai.

adhiveshan- rajyasabha ka ek varsh mean do adhiveshan hota hai. lekin isake adhiveshan ki antim baithak tatha agami adhiveshan ki pratham baithak ke lie niyat tithi ke bich 6 mah ka antar nahian hona chahie. samanyataya rajyasabha ka adhiveshan tabhi bulaya jata hai, jab lokasabha ka adhiveshan bulaya jata hai, parantu sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 352, 356 tatha 360 ke adhin apat kal ki ghoshana ke bad tab rajy sabha ka vishesh adhiveshan bulaya ja sakata hai, jab lokasabha ka vighatan ho gaya ho.

padadhikari- rajyasabha ke nimnalikhit padadhikari hote haian-

sabhapati- bharat ka uparashtrapati rajyasabha ka paden sabhapati hota hai. yah rajyasabha ki karyavahi ke sanchalan tatha sadan mean anushasan banaye rakhane ke lie uttaradayi hota hai. sabhapati rajyasabha ke naye sadasyoan ko pad ka shapath dilata hai. uparashtrapati dvara karyakari rashtrapati ke roop mean kartavyoan ke nirvahan ke dauran rajyasabha ke sabhapati ke roop mean upasabhapati dvara dayitvoan ka nirvahan kiya jata hai.

upasabhapati- rajyasabha apane sadasyoan mean se kisi ko apana upasabhapati chunegi aur jab upasabhapati ka pad rikt hota hai, tab rajyasabha kisi any sadasy ko apana upasabhapati chunegi. is prakar chuna gaya upasabhapati sabhapati ki anupasthiti mean usake karyoan ka nirvah karata hai. 14 mee, 2002 ko sansad dvara parit vidheyak ke anusar upasabhapati ko kendriy rajy mantri ke saman bhatta dene ka pravadhan kiya gaya hai. up sabhapati nimnalikhit sthiti mean apana pad rikt kar sakata hai-

  • jab vah rajyasabha ka sadasy n rah jay,
  • jab vah sabhapati ko apana tyagapatr de de,
  • jab tak vah rajyasabha ke tatkalin samast sadasyoan ke bahumat se parit sankalp dvara apane pad se n hata diya jay, lekin aisa koee sankalp tab tak prastavit nahian kiya jaega, jab tak ki is sankalp ko prastavit karane ke ashay ki kam se kam chaudah din poorv soochana n de di gee ho.

any vyakti- jab sabhapati tatha upasabhapati donoan anupasthit hoan, to rajyasabha ke sabhapati ke karyoan ka nirvahan rajyasabha ka vah sadasy karega, jise rashtrapati nam nirdeshit kare aur rajyasabha ki baithak mean vah vyakti sabhapati ke karyoan ka nirvah karega, jise rajyasabha ki prakriya ke niyamoan dvara ya rajyasabha dvara avadharit kiya jay.

lokasabha(Lok Sabha)

gathan pratham lokasabha ka gathan 17 aprail, 1952 ko hua tha. isaki pahali baithak 13 mee, 1952 ko huee thi. lokasabha ke gathan ke sambandh mean sanvidhan ke do anuchdedoan, yatha 81 tatha 331 mean pravadhan kiya gaya hai. mool sanvidhan mean lokasabha ki sadasy sankhya 500 nirdharit ki gayi thi, parantu bad mean isamean vriddhi ki gayi. 31vean sanvidhan sanshodhan, 1947 ke dvara lokasabha ki adhikatam sadasy sankhya 547 nishchit ki gayi. vartaman mean gova, daman aur div punargathan adhiniyam, 1987 dvara yah abhinirdharit kiya gaya ki lokasabha ki adhikatam sadasya sankhya 552 ho sakati hai. anuchchhed 81 (i) (k) tatha (kh) ke anusar lokasabha ka gathan rajyoan mean pradeshik nirvachan kshetroan se pratyaksh nirvachan dvara chune hue 530 se adhik n hone vale sadasyoan tatha sangh rajy kshetroan ka pratinidhitv karane vale 20 se adhik n hone vale sadasyoan dvara kiya jaega. is prakar lokasabha mean bharat ki janasankhya dvara nirvachit 550 sadasy ho sakate hai. anuchchhed 331 ke anusar yadi rashtrapati ki ray mean lokasabha mean aangl-bharatiy samuday ko paryapt pratinidhitv n mila ho, to vah aangl-bharatiy samuday ke do vyaktiyoan ko lokasabha ke lie namanirdeshit kar sakata hai. at: lokasabha ki adhikatam sadasy sankhya 552 ho sakati hai. yah sankhya lokasabha ke sadasyoan ki saiddhantik ganana hai aur vyavaharat: vartaman samay mean lokasabha ki prabhavi sankhya 530 (rajyoan ke pratinidhi)+13 (sangh rajy kshetroan ke pratinidhi)+2 rashtrapati dvara nam nirdeshit= 545 hai.

bharat mean nyayapalika

prajatantr ki nirantarata ke lie avashyak hai ki rajy ki shaktiyoan ka vibhajan karyapalika, vidhayika tatha nyayapalika ke madhy kiya jay. bharat mean sanvidhan dvara sanvaidhanik prajatantr ki sthapana ki gayi hai, jisamean shaktiyoan ka vibhajan n keval karyatmak drishti se balki bhaugolik drishti se bhi kiya gaya hai. karyatmak drishti se shakti ka vibhajan vidhayika, karyapalika tatha nyayapalika ke madhy kiya gaya hai. bharat ki nyayapalika ekikrit prakar ki hai jisake shirsh par uchchatam nyayalay sthapit hai. uchchatam nyayalay ko aantim nyay-nirnayan ka adhikar prapt hai. pratyek rajy ya kuchh rajyoan ke samooh par uchch nyayalay gathit haian. uchch nyayalay ke tahat shrenibaddh adhinasth nyayalay haian. kuchh rajyoan mean panchayat nyayalay ka bhi gathan kiya gaya hai. ye nyayalay alag-alag namoan yatha- nyay panchayat, panchayat adalat, gram kachahari adi se kam karate haian. pratyek rajy mean zila staroan par zila nyayalay sthapit kiye gaye haian. isake adhyaksh jila evan satr nyayadhish hote haian jo zile ka sarvochch nyayik adhikari hota hai. zila nyayalay mool adhikari kshetr ke pramukh divani nyayalay hote hai. in nyayalayoan mean mrityudand diye ja sakane vale aparadhoan tak ki sunavaee hoti haian. in nyayalayoan mean mrityudand diye ja sakane vale aparadhoan tak ki sunavaee hoti hai. isake adhin divani nyayalay hota hai jise vibhinn rajyoan mean muansiph nyayalay kaha jata hai. phaujadari nyayalayoan mean mukhy nyayik majistret hote haian. in sabake atirikt desh mean vibhinn adhikaran tatha ayog bhi sthapit kiye gaye haian jo paranparik nyayalay bhale hi n ho parantu ve vidhik prakriya ke dvara anek vivadoan ko hal karane mean sakriy bhoomika nibhate haian. bharatiy nyayapalika sanvidhan ke rakshak ke roop mean- yadyapi bharat mean ianglaind ki sansadiy shasan pranali ke adhar par sansadiy sarakar ki sthapana ki gayi hai. lekin ianglaind, jahaan sansadiy sarvochchata ko manyata di gayi hai, ke viparit bharat mean sanvidhan ki sarvochchata ke siddhant ko svikar kiya gaya hai. bharat mean sanvidhan ko desh ki maulik vidhi mana jata hai aur yah kendr tatha rajy sarakaroan ki rajanitik satta ki strot tatha nagarikoan ke adhikaroan evan kartavyoan ka nirdharak hai. uchchatam nyayalay sanvidhan ke pravadhanoan ke ullanghan ko rokata hai. bharat ke sanvidhan dvara uchchatam nyayalay tatha uchch nyayalayoan ko nyayik punarvilokan ka adhikar pradan kiya gaya hai, jisake dvara ye nyayalay kendr tatha rajy sarakaroan dvara banaye gaye kanoonoan ki sanbaidhanikata ka parikshan karate haian. yadi is parikshan ke parinamasvaroop koee qanoon, jo vidhayika dvara ya karyapalika dvara nirmit ho, sanvidhan ke kisi pravadhan ke viruddh paya jata hai, to nyayalay use amany kar sakate haian. is prakar bharat mean vidhayika ya karyapalika keval unhian vishayoan par qanoon bana sakati haian, jo sanvidhan dvara unhean sauanpe gaye haian aur yadi ve isake viparit qanoon ka nirman karate haian, to nyayalay aise qanoon ko asanvaidhanik nirnit kar usako pravartit kiye jane se rok sakati hai.

bharat ke vibhinn rajyoan mean milane vali pramukh janajatiyaan

bharat ke vibhinn rajyoan mean milane vali pramukh janajatiyaan
rajy janajatiyaan
asam, arunachal pradesh, nagalaind, meghalay, manipur, mizoram, tripura aka, daphala, miri, guruang, apattani, galoang, riyaang, notiya, chakama, minipoang, pasi, padam, paangi, mishmi, digari, mejoo, chulikata, beljiyas, khamati, siangapo, rangapan, konayak, reangama, sema, chaang, santam, kabooee, kachchha, tuangakul, kuki, lushaee, lakher, chin, khasi, garo, mikir, abhor, khampati, konyak naga adi.
pashchim bangal, jharakhand, bihar, sikkim lepcha, munda, bhuiya, korava, mal paha diya, birasa, asur, sanyak, ho, birahor, oraanv, maler, pantaram.
gujarat to diya, bhil, daphar, koli, raibari, doobala, vadali, pateliya.
keral toda, g dava, eerula, cheanchoo, sumali, malapatram, urali, paniyan, muthuvan, sholiga, malakuravan
tamilanadu, u disa juaang, savara, khoand, goand, lumba di, b daga, paraja, kanikkar, bodo, bhoomij, bhuiya, kurumba malavadan, phaddar.
maharashtr, andhr pradesh, madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh goand, muriya, paraja, akha, bhilara, toori, ubala, bhil, ketakari, paradhi, mariya, koraba, maler, dandasi, koya, kol, paliyan, verukala, vedda, gadaba, cheanchoo, reddi, birahor, munda, santhal, h aaus, korakoo, agariya, paradhan, vaiga, muriya, aboojhama d, bagota, malapati.
uttar pradesh, uttaraanchal bhuiya, tharu, khasa, bhuksa, maanjhi, bi dakol, bhotiya, koriya, raji, khva d, korava, cheri, paroo ,bejar, kharandhar.
rajasthan mev, ravat, mina, bhil, garasiya, sahariya, bherat, koli.
himachal pradesh, jammoo kashmir bakkaraval, gaddi, laddakhi, goojar, kinnar, laholi, nari
andaman nikobar dvip samooh oang, jarava, uttari sentinali, andamani, nikobari, shopan.

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bharat ka videshi vyapar

bharat ke videshi vyapar mean vriddhi ki dar (d aaular mooly mean)
varsh niryat vriddhi dar ayat vriddhi dar
2000 - 01 21.0 1.7
2001 - 02 -1.6 1.7
2002 - 03 20.3 19.3
2003 - 04 21.1 27.3
2004 - 05 30.8 42.7
2005 - 06 23.4 33.8
2006 - 07 22.6 24.5
2007 - 08 28.9 35.4
2008 - 09 3.6 14.4

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janasankhya ka dharmanusar vargikaran

janasankhya ka dharmanusar vargikaran, 2001 (% mean)
rajy/sangh shasit kshetr hindoo muslim eesaee sikh any
aandhr pradesh 89.0 9.2 1.6 0.0 0.1
arunachal pradesh 34.6 1.9 18.7 0.2 13.7
bihar 83.2 16.5 0.1 0.0 0.1
gujarat 89.1 9.1 0.6 0.1 1.1
hariyana 88.2 5.8 0.1 5.5 0.3
himachal pradesh 95.4 2.0 0.1 1.2 1.2
jammoo-kashmir 29.6 67.0 0.2 2.0 1.1
karnatak 83.9 12.2 1.9 0.0 1.7
keral 56.2 24.7 19.0 0.0 0.0
madhy pradesh 91.1 6.4 0.3 0.2 1.9
maharashtr 80.4 10.6 1.1 0.2 7.5
manipur [1] 46.0 8.8 34.0 0.1 11.1
meghalay 13.3 4.3 70.3 0.1 11.7
mizoram 3.6 1.1 87.0 0.0 8.2
nagalaiand 7.7 1.8 90.0 0.1 0.5
u disa 94.4 2.1 2.4 0.0 1.0
panjab 36.9 1.6 1.2 59.9 0.4
rajasthan 88.8 8.5 0.1 1.4 1.2
sikkim 60.9 1.4 6.7 0.2 30.5
tamilanadu 88.1 5.6 6.1 0.0 0.1
tripura 85.6 8.0 3.2 0.0 3.1
uttar pradesh 80.6 18.5 0.1 0.4 0.3
pashchim bangal 72.5 25.2 0.6 0.1 1.5
gova 65.8 6.8 26.7 0.1 0.1
aandaman evan nikobar dvipasamooh 69.2 1.2 21.7 0.4 0.2
chandigadh 78.6 3.9 0.8 16.1 0.4
dadara tatha nagar haveli 93.5 3.0 0.8 16.1 0.4
dilli 82.0 11.7 0.9 4.0 1.3
daman aur div 89.7 7.8 2.1 0.1 0.4
lakshadvip 3.7 95.5 0.8 0.0
paandicheri 86.8 6.1 6.9 0.0 0.1
bharat 80.5 13.4 2.3 1.9 1.8

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bharat ki jalavayu

samanyataya bharat mean manasooni jalavayu payi jati hai, kyoanki yah manasoon pavanoan ke prabhav kshetr ke antargat ata hai. phir bhi bharatiy jalavayu ko do prabhukh tatvoan ne sarvadhik prabhavit kiya hai jinamean pahala haian- uttar mean himalay parvat ki upasthiti, jisake karan madhy eshiya se ane vali shital havaean bharat mean nahian a patian tatha bharatiy jalavayu mahadvipiy jalavayu ka svaroop prapt karati hai. doosara mahatvapoorn tatv hai- dakshin mean hind mahasagar ki upasthiti evan bhoomadhyarekha se samipata, jisake karan ushn katibandhiy jalavayu apane adarsh svaroop mean payi jati hai, jisaki pramukh visheshataean haian- dainik tapantar ki nyunata, atyadhik ardrata vali vayu tatha sampoorn desh mean nyoonadhik roop mean varsha ka hona. ulleshaniy hai ki bharat ki sthiti bhoomadhyarekha ke uttar mean hai evan kark rekha isake madhy bhag se hokar gujarati hai. kark rekha ke dakshin vala bhag ushn katibandh mean ata hai evan hind mahasagar, bangal ki kha di tatha arab sagar ki samipata ke karan yahaan ki jalavayu mean ek prakar ki samanata ke darshan hoti haian. is jalavayavik samanata mean himalay parvat ki jalavayu-avarodhak ke roop mean upasthiti bhi mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhati hai. uchchavachan sambandhi vividhataean, jal evan sthal ka asaman vitaran, vanaspati-avaran evan sthiti aise mahatvapoorn karak haian, jo bharat ki jalavayu ko prabhavit karake isamean vibhinnata utpann karate haian. is vividhata par sarvadhik vyapak prabhav shit tatha grishmakal mean parivartit ho jane vali manasoon havaoan ka p data hai. lagabhag sampoorn desh par manasoon pavanoan ka itana spasht prabhav p data hai ki yahaan varsh bhar mean char pramukh rrituean payi jati haian. manasoon pavanoan dvara samay-samay par apani disha poornataya parivartit kar lene ke karan ye rrituean bhi kramanusar chakravat parivartit hoti rahati haian. bharat mean milane vali char prabhukh rrituean nimnalikhit haian- (1) shit rritu (15 disambar se 15 march tak) (2) ushn evan shushk grishm (12 march se 15 joon) (3) varsha rritu (16 joon se 15 sitambar) (4) sharad rritu (15 sitambar se 15 disambar).


mittiyaan

bharat ki mrida sampada par desh ke uchchavach tatha jalavayu ka vyapak prabhav parilakshit hota hai. desh mean inaki vibhinnataoan ke karan hi anek prakar ki mittiyaan payi jati haian. yahaan ki mitti ki visheshataoan mean milane vali vibhinnata ka sambandh chattanoan ki sanrachan, uchchavachoan ke dharataliy svaroop, dharatal ka dhal, jalavayu, prakritik vanaspati adi se sthapit hua hai. bharat mean milane vali mitti ki pramukh kismean is prakar haian.- (1) jalodh mitti (2) kali ya regur mitti (3) lal mitti aur (4) laitarait mitti

sudoor sanvedi upagrah

bharat ke sudoor sanvedi upagrah
kram upagrah prakshepan tithi prakshepak yan parinam sthiti
1 aeeares-1e 17 march, 1988 vostok, soviyat sangh saphal abhiyan poorn
2 aeeares-1bi 29 agast, 1991 vostok, soviyat sangh saphal abhiyan poorn
3 aeeares-pi1/1ee 20 sitambar, 1993 pieselavi-di1 asaphal prakshepak yan mean khrabi ke karan upagrah durghatanagrast
4 aeeares-pi2 15 aktoobar, 1994 pieselavi-di2 saphal abhiyan poorn
5 aeeares-1si 28 disambar, 1995 molaniya, roos saphal abhiyan poorn
6 aeeares-pi3 21 march, 1996 pieselavi-di3 saphal abhiyan poorn
7 aeeares-1di 29 sitambar, 1997 pieselavi-si1 saphal seva mean karyashil
8 aeeares-pi4 (oshan sait) 27 mee, 1999 pieselavi-si2 saphal karyashil
9 tieees (praudyaugiki parikshan upagrah) 22 aktoobar 2001 pieselavi-si3 saphal karyashil
10 aeeares-pi6 (sisorsasait-1) 17 aktoobar, 2003 pieselavi-si5 saphal karyashil
11 aeeares-pi5 (kartosait-1) 5 mee, 2005 pieselavi-si6 saphal karyashil
12 aeeares-pi7 (kartosait-2) 10 janavari, 2007 pieselavi-si7 saphal karyashil
13 kartosait-2e 28 aprॅl, 2008 pieselavi-si9 saphal karyashil
14 aeeemes-7 (IMS-1) 28 aprॅl, 2008 pieselavi-si9 saphal karyashil
15 oshanasait-2 23 sitambar, 2009 pieselavi-si14 saphal karyashil

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bharatiy chitrakala

bharatiy chitrakala ka itihas atyant prachin hai. yadyapi adhunik shaili ki chitrakala ko adhik purani ghatana nahian mana jata, parantu bharat mean chitrakala ke bij to adimanav ne hi dal diye the. pashan kal mean hi manav ne gufa chitran karana prarambh kar diya tha, jisake praman hoshangabad aur bhimavetaka adi sthanoan kandaraoan aur gufaoan mean mile haian. in chitroan mean shikar, striyoan tatha pashu-pakshiyoan adi ke drishy chitrit haian. siandhu ghati sabhyata mean bhavanoan ke dhvast ho jane ke karan chitrakala ke praman spasht nahian haian. tatpashchath pratham sadi eesa poorv se chitrakala ke adhik spasht praman milana shuroo ho gaye. ajanta ki gufaoan mean ki gee chitrakari kee shatabdiyoan mean taiyar huee thi, parantu isaki sabase purani chitrakari ee0 poo0 pratham shatabdi ki hai. in chitroan ki vishay vastu bhagavan buddh ke vibhinn janmoan ki kathaoan arthath jatak ko banaya gaya hai. chhathi shatabdi mean chalukyoan dvara badami mean, satavian shatabdi mean pallavoan dvara manamalai mean, navian shatabdi mean paandyoan dvara sittannavasal mean, barahavian shatabdi mean choloan ke dvara tanjaur mean tatha solahavian shatabdi mean vijayanagar samrajy ke shasakoan dvara lepakshi mean bhitti chitrakari ke utkrisht namoone taiyar karavaye gaye. isi prakar keral mean bhi is kala ke kee utkrisht udaharan milate haian. bangal ke pal shasakoan ke kal dasavian aur barahavian shatabdi mean ta d ke pattoan tatha bad mean kagaz par laghu chitrakari ka prachalan badha. mugal kal ki chitrakala apani utkrishtata ke lie vishv vikhyat hai. akabar ke darabar mean anek farasi tatha bharatiy maujood the. is kal ki kala ki ek ullekhaniy visheshata thi ek hi chitr ko vibhinn kalakaroan ke dvara milakar taiyar kiya jana. ek kalakar chitr ka rekhaankan karata tha, doosara usamean rang bharata tha aur tisara taphasil karata tha. akabar ne ramayan aur mahabharat ka anuvad karake use chitrakari se sazane ka adesh diya tha. jahaangir ke kal mean chitrakala apani parakashtha par pahuanch gee.

mugal darabar mean anek naye chitrakar bhi prashikshit hue aur ve vibhinn rajapoot rajyoan ki rajadhaniyoan mean apani kala ka pradarshan karane lage. in chitrakaroan ne desh ki mahan kathaoan aur akhyanoan, ram tatha krishna ki kathaoan, bhagavath tatha gitagovind ke akhyanoan adi ka akarshak chitran kiya. kishanagadh shaili tatha kota shaili aisi hi chitrakala shaili thi. isi prakar himalay, kulloo aur kaang da ghatiyoan mean bhi utkrisht chitrakala ka vikas hua.

parantu british kal mean chitrakala ke vikas mean kuchh mandi a gee. ravivarma, avanindr nath taigor adi ne dhire-dhire is kala ko punah pragati ki lok par lane ka prayas kiya. tatpashchath ganganendr nath taigor, amrita sheragil, nandalal bos, jaimini ray tatha ravindranath taigor adi kalakaroan ne bharatiy chitrakala ko naye ayam pradan kiye. maqabool fida husain, e0 ke0 haladar, kshitiandranath mojoomdar, sharada uqil adi bhi adhunik bharatiy chitrakala ke pramukh unnayak haian. bharatiy chitrakala ki kuchh pramukh shailiyoan ka sankshipt parichay yahaan prastut hai.

  1. jainashaili
  2. pal shaili
  3. apabhransh shaili
  4. mugal shaili
  5. patana ya kampani shaili
  6. dakkan shaili
  7. gujarat shaili
  8. rajapoot shaili
  • meva d shaili
  • jayapur shaili
  • bikaner shaili
  • malava shaili
  • kishanagadh shaili
  • booandi shaili
  • alavar chitrakala shaili

9. paha di chitrakala shaili

  • basohali shaili
  • guleri shaili
  • gadhaval shaili
  • jammoo shaili
  • kaang da shaili

10. nathadvara shaili 11. sikkh shaili  

bharatiy chitrakala ke pramukh udaharan

uparyukt chitrakala shailiyoan ke udaharan bharat ke vibhinn kshetroan mean dekhane ko mil jate haian. vastav mean pratyek chitrakala shaili ke kuchh vishisht udaharan vishisht kshetr mean avasthit haian aur unhian ke adhar par vishisht shaili ki pramukh visheshataoan ka nirdharan kiya gaya hai. unhian udaharanoan mean se kuchh pramukh is prakar haian—

  1. ajanta ki gufaean
  2. elora ki gufaean
  3. bagh ki gufaean
  4. eliphainta ki gufaean
  5. badami ki gufaean
  6. sittanavasal
  7. bhimabetaka, adamagadh evan mahadev

   

bharat ke pramukh chitrakar

19-20vian shatabdi mean bharatiy chitrakala mean naye ayam sthapit hue. is kal ki kala apani prachinata ke sath-sath pashchaty vicharoan se bhi prabhavit thi. adhunik kal ki chitrakala ke vikas mean anek mahatvapoorn vibhootiyoan ka yogadan ullekhaniy raha hai. unamean se kuchh pramukh ka sankshipt parichay is prakar hai—

  1. avanindr nath taigor
  2. asit kumar haldar
  3. raja ravi varma
  4. nandalal bos
  5. ke0 veankatappa
  6. j aaurj kit
  7. sharada uqil
  8. jamini ray
  9. bhavesh sanyal
  10. manishi de
  11. satish gujaral
  12. d aau0 slatoslav rorik
  13. sudhir ranjan khastagir
  14. shobha sianh
  15. devi prasad ray chaudhari
  16. narayan shridhar bendre
  17. amrita sheragil
  18. maqabool fida husain (em0 eph0 husain)
  19. j0 em0 ahivasi
  20. ee0 kumaril svami

 

sanchar praudyogiki

do ya adhik madhyamoan ke bich vicharoan ke adan-pradan ki kriya sanchar kahalati hai. is arth mean sandeshoan ka prachar-prachar hi sanchar hai. prachin kal se hi sanchar vyavastha manushyoan ki moolabhoot avashyakata rahi hai. us samay jab atyadhunik sanchar suvidhayean upalabsh nahian thi, tab dhol-naga doan ko pitakar sandeshoan ka prasar kiya jata hai. manav ko vikas gati ke sath-sath vaijnanik pragati ne sanchar ke nirantar nee vidhiyoan tatha madhyamoan ko janm diya. adhunik yug mean sanchar ko sarvasulabh banane ke lie prasambh mean jahaan samachar-patr, mudrit patr-patrikayean, lok kala, rangamanch, film adi ka sahara liya jata tha vahian aj telivishzan, faiks, ee-mel, rediyoan pejar, supar kampyutar, selular fon adi ka prachalan jan-jan tak vyapt ho gaya hai.

doorasanchar ke sadhan

doorasanchar ke sadhan ke roop mean nity naye-naye avishkaroan ne is kshetr mean kraantikari parivartan la diya hai. doorasanchar ke kuch prachalit sadhan nimnalikhit haian-

  • teligraf
  • telipriantar
  • teleks
  • telifon
  • vidiyoan kanpheanshiang
  • iantaranet- iantaranet sanchar ka sarvadhik lokapriy sthan hai. yaha vishv bhar mean phaile chhote-b de kampyootaroan ka ek virat netavark hai, jo teliphon lainoan ke madhyamoan se ek doosare se ju de hote haian. vishv ke sabhi sanchar netavark iantaranet se ju de hote haian. is prakar isake dvara vishv ke kisi bhi kampyootar ya usaki sait se ju dana saral hota hai.

iantaranet ke madhyam se apane kampyootar par baithehue vishv bhar ki soochanaean minatoan mean prapt ki ja sakati haian. isake dvara ee-mel, varld vaid veb, ephatipi, ee-k aaumars adi ki suvidhaean upalabdh hoti haian. iantaranet ka upayog karane valoan ki sankhya ke adhar par vishv mean bharat ka sthan chautha hai. vartaman mean bharat mean iantaranet ka upayog karane valoan ki sankhya 8 karo d 1 lakh hai. isake bavajood vishvabhar ke upabhoktaoan mean bharat ka hissa keval 6.1% hai. desh mean kul janasankhya ke matr 7.2% logotak hi iantaranet ki pahuanch hai.

  • rediyo- sanchar kranti ke is yug mean bhi rediyo soochana prasaran ka sabase sasta aur sashakt madhyam hai. isake avishkar ne 20vian shatabdi ka paridrishy hi badalakar rakh diya. rediyoan ka avishkar 1895 mean 21 varshiy ek chhatr gugalliyoan makani dvara kiya gaya. is madhyam ko aupacharik manyata 1901 mean mili. yah ek aisa mashyam hai jo ek hi samay mean vishv ke ek kone se doosare kone tak sampark banata haian.

rediyoan dhvani tarangoan ka madhyam hai. yah is siddhant par adharit hai ki khule vatavaran mean vidyut chumbakiy tarangoan ke roop mean ek sthan tak prakritik roop se hota hai. atah dhvani tarangoan ko vidyut-chumbakiy tarangoan ke roop mean ek sthan se doosare sthan tak asani se pahuanchaya ja sakata hai. yadi shravy avrittiyoan ki kisi prakar rediyoan avritti ke sath mila diya jaye to rediyo-tarangoan ke sanchar ke sath shravy-avritti ki tarangean bhi sancharit ho jayeangi. isake bad upakaranoan dvara manachae sthanoan par is shravy avritti ko is mishran se alag kar suna ja sakata hai.

  • telivishzan - telivishzan jan-sanchar ka drishy-shravy madhyam hai. dhvani ke sath-sath chitroan ke sajiv prasaran ke karan yah apane karyakram ko suchikar bana deta hai jisaka samuh par prabhavashali aur pratyaksh prabhav p data hai. telivishzan mukhy roop se drishti-nirbandh ke siddhant par adharit hai. jis vastu ya vyakti ka bimb telivishzan ke madhyam se prasarit karana hota hai, us par bahut tez prakash dala jata hai. vastu ya vyakti ki tasvir ko kram mean vibhakt kar chhote-chhote vibhinn ghanatvoan vale avayav mean badal diye jate hai tatha unaki sangat tarangoan ka madulan kar ek nishchit disha mean preshit dvara sancharit kiya jata hai. grahi dvara chhote-chhote usi kram mean in avayavoan ko jo dakar mool tasvir prapt kar li jati hai. jaisa ki hamari aankhoan ke samane ek sekend mean 20-25 kramik parivartan vale chitr ke gujarane par vah gatiman chitr ke roop mean dikhaee deta hai.

telivishzan prasaran ke lie mukhy roop se tin vidhiyaan prayog mean laee jati haian–

  1. ayan mandal se rediyoan tarangoan ke paravartan dvara.
  2. sookshm tarangoan ke prayog se kairiyar phrikvaiansi transamishan vidhi dvara.
  3. rediyo tarangoan ke upayog par kritrim upagrah ke madhyam se.

vastav mean telivishzan pranali dvara bheje gaye chitroan ko prapt karane ka ek sashakt madhyam hai. photo ilektranik prabhav ke dvara bimboan ki prakash kiranoan ko vidyut tarangoan mean parivartit kar diya jata hai. phir inhean sudoor sthanoan tak prasarit kiya jata hai. ye tarange telivishzan set par phir chitroan mean badal jati haian. isi ke sath-sath rediyo pranali dvara dhvani tarangean bhi jati haian.

telivishzan ka avishkar 1944 mean amerika ke vaijnanik j aaun l aaugi beyard ne kiya tha. bharat mean sarvapratham telivishzan ka prayog 15 sitambar, 1959 ko dilli mean dooradarshan kendr ki sthapana ke sath hua. isaka vyapak prasar 1982 mean bharat mean ayojit eshiyad kheloan ke ayojan se hua. vartaman mean dooradarshan ki pahuanch 86% logoan tak hai jo isake madhyam se apana manoranjan karate haian.

  1. ↑ manipur ke sainapati zile ke tin upaziloan mao maram, paomata aur purul ke aank de shamil nahian haian.
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