वीर रस

shrriangar ke sath spardha karane vala vir ras hai. shrriangar, raudr tatha vibhats ke sath vir ko bhi bharat muni ne mool rasoan mean pariganit kiya hai. vir ras se hi adabhut ras ki utpatti batalaee gee hai. vir ras ka 'varn' 'svarn' athava 'gaur' tatha devata indr kahe gaye haian. yah uttam prakriti valo se sambaddh hai tatha isaka sthayi bhav ‘utsah’ hai - ‘ath viro nam uttamaprakritirutsahatmak:’. bhanudatt ke anusar, poornataya parisphut ‘utsah’ athava sampoorn indriyoan ka praharsh ya utphullata vir ras hai - ‘paripoorn utsah: sarvendriyanaan praharsho va vir:.’

• hindi ke achary somanath ne vir ras ki paribhasha ki hai -

‘jab kavitt mean sunat hi vyangy hoy utsah. tahaan vir ras samajhiyo chaubidhi ke kavinah.’ samanyat: raudr evan vir rasoan ki pahachan mean kathinaee hoti hai. isaka karan yah hai ki donoan ke upadan bahudha ek - doosare se milate-julate haian. donoan ke alamban shatru tatha uddipan unaki cheshtaean haian. donoan ke vyabhichariyoan tatha anubhavoan mean bhi sadrishy haian. kabhi-kabhi raudrata mean viratv tatha virata mean raudravat ka abhas milata hai. in karanoan se kuchh vidvan raudr ka antarbhav vir mean aur kuchh vir ka antarbhav raudr mean karane ke anumodak haian, lekin raudr ras ke sthayi bhav krodh tatha vir ras ke sthayi bhav utsah mean antar spasht hai.

krodh evan utsah mean bhed

• bhojaraj ke anusar pratikool vyaktiyoan mean tikshnata ka prabodh krodh hai. katha karyarambh mean sthirata aur utkat avesh utsah hai-‘pratikooleshu taikshnyasy prabodh: krodh uchyate. karyarambheshu sanrambh: stheyanutsah ishyate’.
• krodh mean ‘pramodapratikooly’, arthath pramata ke anand ko vichchhinn karane ki shakti hoti hai, jab ki utsah mean ek prakar ka ullas ya praphullata vartaman rahati hai. krodh mean shatru vinash evan pratishodh ki bhavana hoti hai, jab ki utsah mean dhairy evan udarata vidyaman rahati hai. krodhavisht manushy uchhal-kood adhik karata hai, lekin utsahaprerit vyakti umang sahit kary mean anavarat agrasar hota hai. krodh pray: aandha hota hai, jab ki utsah paristhitiyoan ko samajhate hue un par vijay-labh karane ki kamana se anupranit rahata hai. krodh bahudha vartaman se sambandh rakhata hai, jab ki utsah bhavishy se.

krodh evan utsah ke uparyukt bhedoan ko dhyan mean rakhane par raudr ras evan vir ras ke bhed ko samajha ja sakata hai. yoan to raudr ras mean bhi utsah sanchari roop mean a sakata hai, kyoanki utsah vismay ke sath sabhi rasoan mean sankraman kar sakata hai, ‘utsahavismayau sarvaraseshu vyabhicharinau’. vir ras mean bhi krodh samavisht ho sakata hai, tathapi raudr mean yah utsah atyant kshin hokar dab jata hai aur krodh hi asvady rahata hai tatha vir mean ane vala krodh keval ‘amarth’ vyabhichari hota hai aur utsah sthayi hi utkatatapoorvak asvadit hota hai. atev raudr evan vir, donoan ki prithak-prithakh satta hai aur ek mean doosare ko antarbhoot nahian kiya ja sakata.

• utsah ko adhunik manovijnaniyoan ne pradhan bhavoan mean grihit nahian kiya hai, kyoanki utsah se alamban evan lakshy sphut evan sthir nahian rahate. yadyapi sahityashastriyoan ne pratimall, danapatr evan dayapatr ko utsah ka alamban bataya hai, to bhi bhav ke anubhooti kal mean in vyaktiyoan ki or vaisa dhyan nahian rahata hai, jaisa any bhavoan ke pratitikal mean unake alambanabhoot vyaktiyoan ki or rahata hai. utsah sabhi rasoan mean sanchar karata hai. rati mean bhi utsah ho sakata hai aur bhay mean bhi.

sthayi bhav

• abhinavagupt ne to utsah ko shant ras ka bhi sthayi mana hai. in karanoan se kuchh log utsah ko vir ras ka sthayi bhav nahian manate haian. raudr ke sath vir ko samadrit karane ke prayatn mean ve ‘amarsh’ ko vir ka sthayi bhav man lete haian. ninda, akshep, apaman ityadi ke karan utpann chitt ka abhinivesh, arthath svabhiman ka udabodh amarsh hai. lekin vir ras ke katipay svaroopoan mean amarsh ka lavalesh bhi drishtigat nahian hota. udaharanat: karmavir, pandityavir, satyavir ityadi mean amarsh khojane par bhi nahian milata. atev amarsh vir ras ka sthayi bhav nahian mana ja sakata. idhar kuchh logoan ne ‘sahas’ ko vir ka sthayi bhav utpann karane ka udyog kiya hai. vastav mean utsah mean sahas grihit ho sakata hai, kyoanki sahas mean ek nirbhik virata payi jati hai, jo utsah ka bhi mahattvapoorn aang hai. lekin utsah ko sahas se prithakh karane vala tattv umang ya ullas hai, jo sahas mean sadaiv vartaman nahian rah sakata hai. is tathy ko spasht karate hue ramachandr shukl ne kaha hai ki ‘anandapoorn prayatn ya usaki utkantha mean hi utsah ka darshan ho sakata hai, keval kasht sahane ke nishchesht sahas mean nahian’. vir ras ki nishpatti ke lie vastut: acharyoan ne ashray mean praharsh athava utphullata ki upasthiti avashyak mani hai. atev utsah ko hi isaka sthayi manana yuktisangat siddh hota hai. yah thik hai ki utsah mool bhavoan mean grihit nahian kiya ja sakata, lekin ramachandr shukl ke shabdoan mean - ‘ashray ya patr mean usaki vyanjana dvara shrota ya darshak ko aisa vivikt rasanubhav hota hai, jo aur rasoan ke samakaksh hai.' atev ras-prayojanakarta ke vichar se utsah upekshaniy nahian ho sakata.

vir ras ke bhed

yah utsah vastav mean vibhinn vastuoan ke prati, jivan ke vibhinn gunoan athava vyavasay ke prati vikasit ho sakata hai aur is drishti se vir ras ke kee bhed ho sakate haian.

• adyachary bharatamuni ne vir ras ke tin prakar bataye haian - danavir, dharmavir, yuddhavir.
• bhojaraj ne ‘sarasvatikanthabharan’ mean dharmavir ko n manakar usake badale dayavir ka niroopan kiya hai.
• bhanudatt ne bhi ‘dharmavir’ ko n manakar yuddhavir, danavir aur dayavir - ye hi tin bhed bataye haian.
• vishvanath ne ‘sahityadarpan’ mean dharmavir ko bhi milakar vir rasoan ko chaturvidh niroopit kiya hai - ‘s ch danadharmayuddhairdayaya ch samanvitashraturdha syath.'
• panditaraj ne ‘rasagangadhar’ mean in char bhedoan ko mana hai, kintu pandityavir, satyavir, balavir, kshamavir ityadi bhedoan ki sambhavyata ka bhi nirdesh kiya gaya hai.
• hindi ke acharyoan mean dev ne yuddhavir, dayavir tatha danavir - ye tin hi bhed svikrit kiye haian.
• any acharyoan ne pray: ‘sahityadarpan’ ke char prakaroan ko svikrit kiya hai. ‘hariaudh’ ne ‘rasakalash’ mean karmavir namak paanchavaan bhed bhi upapadit kiya hai.
• is prakar yadi utsah athava viratv ke vyapakatv ka vichar kiya jae, to vir ras shrriangar ke samakaksh thaharata hai. asvadaniyata ko drishti mean rakhate hue ‘sahityadarpan’ ke char prakar hi sarvamany haian. yadyapi katipay vidvan ‘yuddhavir ras’ mean hi sachche utsah athava shaury ka prasphutan sambhav manate haian tatha dharmavir, danavir ityadi ko shant, bhakti prabhriti rasoan mean antarbhoot karate haian.
• vir ras ke upadanoan ko samanvit roop se vishvanath ne nirdisht kiya hai - ‘vijit kie jane yogy ityadi vyakti alamban vibhav tatha unaki cheshtaean ityadi uddipan vibhav haian. yuddh ityadi ke sahayak adi ka anveshanadi isake anubhav haian. dhriti, mati, garv, smriti, tark, romaanchadi isake sanchari bhav haian.'
• hindi ke achary kulapati ne ‘rasarahasy’ namak granth mean vir ras ko jo varnan kiya hai, vah saral evan subodh hai -

‘mili vibhav anubhav aru sancharin ki bhir.
vyangy kiyo utsah jahan soee ras hai vir.
yuddh dan aru daya puni, dharm su chari prakar.
ari bal samar vibhav yah, yuddhavir bistar.
vachan arunata badan ki, aru phoolai sab aang.
yah anubhav bakhaniye, sab biran ke sang’.

yuddhavir

yuddhavir ka alamban shatru, uddipan shatru ke parakram ityadi, anubhav garvasoochak uktiyaan, romaanch ityadi tatha sanchari dhriti, smriti, garv, tark ityadi hote haian. udaharan -

‘nikasat myan tai mayookhai pralai bhanu kaisi, phare tamatom se gayandan ke jal ko.
lagati lapati kanth bairin ke nagin si, rudrahian rijhavai dai dai mundani ke mal ko.
lal chhitipal chhatrasal mahabahu bali, kahaan lauan bakhan karau teri karabalako.
pratibhat katak katile kete kati kati, kalika-si kilak kaleoo deti kalako.'

• yahaan shatru alamban, shatru ke kary uddipan ityadi vyabhichari bhav haian. inase pariposh prapt kar utsah sthayi asvadit hota hai, jisase yuddhavir ras ki nishpatti huee hai. yuddhavir vahian hota hai, jahaan pasina, mukh ya netr ki raktima ityadi anubhav n hoan, kyoanki ye krodh ke anubhav haian aur inaki upasthiti mean raudr ras hoga, vir nahian.

danavir

danavir ke alamban tirth, yachak, parv, danapatr ityadi tatha uddipan any dataoan ke dan, danapatr dvara ki gee prashansa ityadi hote haian. yachak ka adar-satkar, apani datavy-shakti ki prashansa ityadi anubhav aur harsh, garv, mati ityadi sanchari haian. udaharan -

‘jo sampatti siv ravanahian din diye das math.
so sampada vibhishanahian sakuchi dinh raghunath.'

• yahaan vibhishan, alamban shiv ke dan ka smaran uddipan, ram ka dan dena tatha usamean apane gaurav ke anukool tuchchhata ka anubhav karana aur isalie sankoch hona anubhav hai. dhriti, smriti, garv autsuky ityadi vyabhichari haian. inase pusht hokar utsah sthayi danavir ras mean parinat ho gaya hai.

dayavir

dayavir ke alamban daya ke patr, uddipan unaki din, dayaniy dasha, anubhav dayapatr se santvana ke vaky kahana aur vyabhichari dhriti, harsh, mati ityadi hote haian. udaharan -

‘papi ajamil par kiyo jehi nam liyo sut hi ko narayan.
tyoan padmakar lat lage par viprahu ke pag chaugune chayan.
ko as dinadayal bhayo. dasaratth ke lal se soodhe subhayan.
daure gayand ubaribe ko prabhu bahan chha di upahane payan.'

• yahaan gayand alamban, gaj ki dasha uddipan, gaj ke uddhar ke lie dau d p dana anubhav tatha dhriti, aveg, harsh ityadi vyabhichari bhav haian, inase pusht hokar utsah sthayi dayavir ras mean parinat ho gaya hai.

dharmavir

dharmavir mean ved shastr ke vachanoan evan siddhantoan par shraddha tatha vishvas alamban, unake upadeshoan aur shikshaoan ka shravan-manan ityadi uddipan, tadanukool acharan anubhav tatha dhriti, kshama adi dharm ke das lakshan sanchari bhav hote haian. dharmadharan evan dharmacharan ke utsah ki pushti is ras mean hoti hai. udaharan -

‘rahate hue tum-sa sahayak pran hua poora nahian.
isase mujhe hai jan p data bhagyabal hi sab kahian.
jalakar anal mean doosara pran palata hooan maian abhi.
achyut yudhishthir adi ka ab bhar hai tum par sabhi.’

• yahaan arjun ka shastrokt bhagyaphal ityadi par vishvas alamban, pran ka poorn n hona uddipan, arjun ka pran-palanarth udyat hona anubhav aur dhriti, mati ityadi sanchari haian. inase pusht hokar dharmacharan utsah dharmavir ras mean paripakv ho gaya hai.
• vir ras, yuddhavir ka shrriangar ras ke sath sanyog kaviyoan ko vishesh priy raha hai. keshavadas ke uddhrit kavitt mean isi ka chitr hai -

‘gati gajaraj saji deh ki dipati baji, hav rath bhav pati raji chal chal soan. laj saj kulakani shoch poch bhav mani, bhauanhean dhanu tani ban lochan bisal soan. kesodas mand has asi kuch bhat mirean, bheant bhaye pratibhat bhale nakh jal soan. prem ko kavach kasi sahas sahayak hai, jiti rati ran aju madanagupal so’. - rasikapriya

• ‘sahityadarpan’ mean vir ko shrriangar ras ka virodhi mana gaya hai, kintu ‘rasagangadhar’ mean ise shrriangar ka avirodhi kaha gaya hai. vishvanath mean bhayanak aur shant ke sath vir ka virodh thaharaya hai, kintu panditaraj ne keval bhayanak ke sath. ve vir ke sath raudr ras ka avirodh

manate haian. vastut: vir evan shant ras mean virodh tatha vir evan raudr mean maitribhav manana yuktisangat pratit hota hai.

vir ras ke kavy

• hindi sahity mean raso granthoan ka virakavy ki drishti se atyant mahattv svikar kiya gaya hai. inamean se kuchh muktakiy viragati ke roop mean upalabdh haian aur kuchh prabandhakavy ke roop mean. ‘visaladevaraso’ tatha ‘alha khand’ pratham koti ki aur ‘khumanaraso’ tatha ‘prithvirajaraso’ dvitiy shreni ki rachanaean haian. inamean ‘alha khand’ to prarambh se hi janapriy kavy raha hai tatha uttar bharat ki gramin janata mean isake shravan ke lie paryapt anurag hai.
• bhaktikal evan ritikal mean paristhitiyoan ke parivartan ke karan vir ras ki dhara sookhati-si pratit hoti hai. tathapi, keshav ka ‘virasianhadev charit’, man ka ‘rajavilas’, bhooshan ka ‘shivarajabhooshan’, lal ka ‘chhatraprakash’ ityadi granthoan mean vir ras ka pravah pravahaman hai. ‘ramacharitamanas’ yoan to shant ras-pradhan rachana hai to bhi ram - ravan yuddh ke prasang mean prachur vir ras ki nishpatti huee hai.
• bharat mean british satta ki sthapana ke anantar jo rashtriyata ki lahar janasamuday mean dau d gee, usake phalasvaroop ek bar pun: hindi kavy mean vir ras ki dhara navajivan sahit bahi hai. maithilisharan gupt, gayaprasad shukl ‘sanehi’, makhanalal chaturvedi, ‘nirala’, ‘navin’, 'subhadra kumari chauhan', anoop sharma, ‘dinakar’, shyamanarayan pandey ityadi ne apani rachanaoan mean vir ras ka ajasr pravah pravahit kiya hai, jisamean nav-jagrat rashtr ki sakal akaankshaean moortimati evan mukhar ho uthi haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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