भारतीय पुरालिपियों का अन्वेषण

dilli ke sultan firozashah tugalaq (1351-1388) ne 1356 mean topara (ambala zila, hariyana) tatha merath se ashok ke do stambh b di mehanat se mangavakar dilli mean kh de karavae the. ye stambh kitane parishram aur utsah se dilli lae ge the, isaka vivaran firoz ke apane darabari itihasakar shams-i-shiraj ne ‘tarikh-i-firozashah’ mean diya hai. inamean se ek stambh firozashah ke kotale mean aur doosara ‘kushk shikar’ (shikar ka mahal) ke pas kh da karavaya gaya tha.

stambhoan ka ullekh

firoz ne in stambhoan par utkirn lekhoan ko padhane ke lie bahut se panditoan ko amantrit kiya, kintu us samay koee aisa vidvanh use nahian mila jo in stambhoan ko padh sake. isase pata lagata hai ki 14vian shatabdi ke pahale hi hamare desh se brahmi lipi tatha gupt lipi ka jnan lupt ho gaya tha. yah jnat hota hai ki badashah akabar ko bhi in prachin stambhalekhoan ka arth janane ki b di ichchha thi, parantu use bhi apane samay mean aisa koee vidvanh nahian mila, jo inhean padh sake.

17vian shatabdi ke kuchh yooropiy paryatakoan ne bhi apane yatra-vivaranoan mean in stambhoan ka ullekh kiya hai. t aaum korayat (yatrakalah 1612-1618) ne dilli ke ashok stambh ko "mahan elekzeandar ka stambh" samajh liya aur is par utkirn brahmi lipi lekh ko yoonani lipi ka lekh. ashok ke brahmi lekhoan ko yadi gaur se dekhean to, yoorop ka koee yatri inhean sahaj hi yoonani lekh samajhane ki galati kar sakata hai. korayat ke bhi pahale viliyam fich (yatrakalah 1608-1611) ne dilli aur prayag ke ashok stambhoan ko dekha tha. usane apane yatra granth mean unaka vivaran bhi diya hai.

eshiyatik sosayati ki sthapana

18vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean jab aangrezoan ke pair bharat mean jam ge, to unhoanne bharatiy sanskriti ke adhyayan ki or kuchh dhyan diya. sanskrit bhasha ki samriddhi ne to yooropavasiyoan ko aur bhi adhik akarshit kiya. sar viliyam jons (1746-1794) ki prerana tatha prayas se "eshiya ke itihas, ....puratattv kala, vijnan, sahity adi ke anushilan ke lie" kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) mean 15 janavari, 1784 ko eshiyatik sosaiti ki sthapana huee. 1788 se is sosayati ka ‘eshiyatik risarchej’ nam se ek mukhapatr bhi prakashit hone lag gaya tha. sosayati ke madhyam se bahut-se yooropiy vidvanh bharatiy puratattv ka anushilan karane mean jut ge aur isi ke sath bharat ki puralipiyoan ka anveshan kary bhi arambh ho gaya.

bharatiy puralipiyoan ka adhyayan

viliyam jons ke sahayogi charls vilkins (1750-1836) pratham aangrez vidvanh the, jinhoanne sanskrit bhasha ka gahara adhyayan kiya. vilkins hi pahale vyakti the, jinhean bharatiy puralipiyoan ko padhane mean kuchh saphalata mili thi. 1781 mean unhoanne bangal ke raja devapal ka muanger se prapt danapatr padha. 1785 mean unhoanne badal (dinajapur zila, pashchim bangal) ke ek stambh par utkirn bangal ke raja narayanapal ka lekh bhi padha. pandit radhakant sharma ne topara se dilli lae ge ashok stambh par ukera hua vikram sanvat 1220 ka ajamer ke chauhan raja annalladev ke putr bisaladev ka lekh padha. isi varsh jab hariangtan ne buddhagaya ke pas ki nagarjuni tatha barabar gufaoan mean pae ge maukhari vansh ke raja anantavarma ke lekhoan ko padhane ki koshish ki, to use saphalata nahian mili. parantu 1785-1789 ke bich charls vilkins, b de parishram ke bad, in lekhoan ko padhane mean saphal ho ge. is prakar, vilkins ne gupt lipi ki lagabhag adhi varnamala ki pahachan kar li thi.

1818 mean kaptan trayar ne prayag ke ashok stambh par utkirn samudragupt ka lekh padha. isake bad dablyoo. ech. mil tatha jems prinsep ne bhi anek guptakalin lekh padhe. yah ham batala hi chuke haian ki vilkins gupt lipi ki lagabhag adhi varnamala ko khoj chuke the. prinsep, trayar tatha mil ke prayasoan se ab gupt lipi ki poori ki poori varnamala jnat ho gee thi.

lekhoan ka sangrah

ab tak gupt lipi se bhi purani prachin brahmi lipi ke anek lekhoan ka sangrah ho chuka tha. parantu us lipi ke adhik prachin hone se use padh pana utana asan kam nahian tha. mazedar bat yah hai ki arambh mean prayah sabhi puravid brahmi lipi ki bhasha ko sanskrit man baithe the. lekin ant mean brahmi lipi ka bhi udaghatan ho hi gaya, aur isaka shrey jems prinsep ko jata hai.

brahmi lipi ka anveshan

jems prinsep (1799-1840), joki 1832-1840 tak kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) ki takasal ke adhikari the, bangal ki eshiyatik sosaiti ke sekratari bhi the. ham batala chuke haian ki unhoanne gupt lipi ki varnamala ko padhane mean sahayog diya tha. gupt lipi ke udaghatan ke bad ve brahmi lipi ke anveshan mean lag ge. jnat hota hai ki ve lagatar sat sal tak is kam mean jute rahe. unhoanne bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan se brahmi lipi ke lekhoan ki anukritiyaan mangavaeean aur unaka tulanatmak adhyayan karate rahe aur unhoanne brahmi lipi ke aksharoan ka gupt lipi ke aksharoan ke sath milan karake dekhana jari rakha. ant mean saanchi ke prasiddh stoopoan se prapt sankshipt lekhoan ka adhyayan karane par unhean brahmi lipi ke udaghatan ki kuanji mil gee. yah kuanji sanyogavash unake hath kaise lagi, isaka rochak varnan unake apane shabdoan mean hi padhieah

jems prinsep ke shabdoan mean varnan

"maian jab plet nan. 17 (saanchi ke abhilekh) ke vibhinn aanshoan ka sanyojan evan shila-mudran kar raha tha, to mujhe yah janakar ashchary hua ki in sabhi lekhoan ke ant mean sadaiv do akshar-sanket pae jate haian, arthath in do sanketoan par vichar karate hue maianne yah bhi jana ki inaki sthiti svatantr hai aur ye shabdaansh sanket nahian haian. age maianne yah bhi socha ki ye sanket kisi mrityu-lekh ya dan-lekh se sambandhit hone chahie; kyoanki ‘ava’ ke buddh mandiroan tatha chaityoan adi ke lie moortidan ya prakar-nirman ke samay yah dekhane ko milata hai ki data apana nam evan dan vahaan aankit karava deta hai. isake bad maianne dekha ki in do sanketoan vale shabd ke pahale prayah akshar dekhane ko milata hai, jisake ‘s’ hone ki janakari mujhe pahale se thi. keval ek ya do din pahale hi saurashtr ke ek sikke ka adhyayan karate samay maianne yah jana tha ki yah sanket sambandh-karak ekavachan ke pratyay ka akshar hai, joki pali mean ‘ss’ hai aur sanskrit mean ‘sy’. atah ‘amuk ka dan’ hi pratyek sankshipt lekh ka arth hona chahie. ‘a’ ki matra tatha anusvar ke bindu ko maian pahale se janata tha, isilie ab maian sahaj hi uparyukt do sanketoan ko ‘danan’ ke roop mean padh sakata tha. is prakar mujhe ‘d’ aur ‘n’ ke do ne akshar sanket mil ge. in do aksharoan ko khojane ki pahale bhi maianne bahut koshish ki thi, kintu hamesha hi asaphal raha tha. 1834 se adhyayan karate chale ane ke karan ab maian is prachin aksharamala se itana adhik parichit ho gaya tha ki prastut lekh-sangrah ke shesh sabhi lekhoan ko maian asani se ya kuchh parikshan ke bad pahachanane lag gaya tha. chand minatoan mean hi maianne sampoorn varnamala ko jan liya aur tadanantar is varnamala ki pariksha ke lie isase maianne dilli-stambh ke lekh ko bhi padhana arambh kar diya." prinsep ne apane udaghatan ki ghoshana 7 joon, 1837 ko ki. vastutah isaka mukhy sootr kuchh pahale hi unake hath lag gaya tha, jaisa ki kaniangham ko 23 mee, 1837 ko likhe unake patr se spasht hota hai.

ashok stambh ke lekhoan ka adhyayan

prinsep ne arambh mean is varnamala ko ‘saanchi varnamala’ ka nam diya tha. is varnamala ka jnan ho jane ke bad unhoanne ashok ke any stambhalekhoan (latoan par aankit lekhoan) ko bhi padha. unhoanne dilli aur prayag ke ashok stambhoan ke lekhoan ko padhakar unaka vistrit vivechan prakashit kiya. ashok ke giranar vale shilalekh ka adhyayan karake unhoanne kuchh yoonani shasakoan ke namoan ki bhi khoj ki. chooanki, in yoonani shasakoan ka kal jnat tha, isilie giranar ke shilalekh ke nirmata samrat ashok ka kal bhi sunishchit ho gaya. is prakar bharatiy puratattvanveshan ko ek sudridh tithigat adhar bhi prapt ho gaya.

prinsep ki mrityu

keval 41 varsh ki alpayu mean 22 aprail, 1940 mean prinsep ki mrityu ho gee. misr ki hairoglifik lipi ke anveshan shaanpolyoan aur mesopotamiya ki kilakshar lipi ke udaghatan-karta r aaulinsan ki tarah bharat ki brahmi lipi ke udaghatan-karta jems prinsep ka nam hamesha hi gaurav aur kritajnata ke sath smaran kiya jaega.

vyapak adhyayan

prinsep ki is mahanh khoj se bharatiy puratattv mean ek naye adhyay ka arambh hua. usake bad bharat ke prachinatam abhilekhoan ko bhi padhana sambhav ho gaya aur bharatiy itihas tatha puratattv ki prayah pratyek shakha ko sudridh adhar prapt ho gaya. isake bad bharatiy itihas se sambandhit har nee khoj ka samakalin lekhoan ke adhar par adhik vyapak adhyayan sambhav ho gaya. prinsep ke bad fargyusan, kaniangham, edavard t aaumas, valteyar iliyat, stivensan, d aau. bhaoo daji, rajendralal mitr jaise anek choti ke puralipividoan ne bharatiy lipiyoan ke adhyayan tatha anveshan ko age badhaya.

sindhu lipi

mukhy lekh : sindhu lipi

sindhu sabhyata ke kal ko samanyatah ham 2600 ee. poo. se 1700 ee. poo. tak man sakate haian. yadyapi siandhu lipi ab tak padhi nahian gee hai. kintu usaka astitv hi yah siddh karane ke lie paryapt hai ki misr, mesopotamiya, chin adi ki tarah bharat mean ek samakalin sabhyata tatha lipi vidyaman thi. isilie un puravidoan ki dharanaoan ka apane ap khandan ho jata hai, jo matr is adhar par baithe the ki brahmi lipi ka nirman nishchay hi kisi videshi lipi ke adhar par hua hoga. abhi to ham nishchit roop se yah bhi nahian batala sakate ki sindhu sabhyata ary sabhyata thi ya aryettar sabhyata. jitane vidvanh ise dravi d ya aryettar sabhyata manate haian, lagabhag utane hi vidvanh ise ary sabhyata manane ke paksh mean haian. aur, tho di der ke lie ise svikar kar bhi liya jae ki sindhu sabhyata aryettar thi, tab bhi is parikalpana ke lie paryapt gujaanish hai ki aryoan ne 1500 ee. poo. ke as-pas apani aryabhasha ke lie sindhu lipi ke adhar par kisi ‘prakh-brahmi’ lipi ko janm diya hoga.

doosari or, ee. poo. tisari shatabdi ke ashok (272-232 ee. poo.) ke darjanoan shilalekh evan stambhalekh bharat mean lekhan ki prachinata ke thos praman haian. sindhu lipi ke bad aur ashok ke brahmi lekhoan ke pahale, bharat mean lekhan ke astitv ke bare mean kis prakar ke thos praman mil sakate haian.

ashok se pahale ke lekh

brahmi lipi ke do-tin aise lekh upalabdh haian, jinhean kuchh puravid ashok se pahale ke manate haian. mahamahopadhyay pan. gaurishankar hirachand ojha (ojhaji) (1863-1940) ko 1932 mean ajamer zile ke b dali gaanv se ek stambhalekh ka tuk da mila tha, jis par aankit aspasht brahmi lekh ko unhoanne "viray bhagavat....chaturasiti vas" padha tha. is lekh mean ‘vi’ akshar ko unhoanne ashok ki brahmi se kuchh pahale ka samajha aur is lekh ko jain tirthankar mahavir ke nirvan ke 84 varsh bad ka, arthath (527-84=) 443 ee. poo. ka mana. ojhaji ke is mat ko kuchh vidvanoan ne svikar kiya, to bahutoan ne use asvikar bhi kiya hai.

piparahava lekh

piparava (basti zila, uttar pradesh) ke stoop se patthar ka ek aisa patr mila hai, jis par brahmi lipi mean lekh utkirn hai. is patr ke bhitar asthidhatu bhi mile haian, jo sambhavatah bhagavan buddh ke haian. patr par khude lekh se pata chalata hai ki shaky qabile ke logoan ne is stoop ke bhitar in dhatuoan ko sthapit kiya tha. bhagavan buddh ka nirvan 483 ee. poo. mean hua tha. atah mana ja sakata hai ki buddh ke nirvan ke kuchh varshoan bad hi unake shaky svajanoan ne unaki asthiyoan ki is stoop mean sthapana ki thi. byoohlar bhi piparava lekh ko ashok se pahale ka manate haian. parantu idhar kuchh puralipivid is mat ko asvikar karane lag ge haian.

brahmi lipi ka prachar

sohagaura (gorakhapur zila, uttar pradesh) se ek aisa tamrapatr mila hai, jis par brahmi lipi ki char panktiyaan aankit haian. isake oopari bhag mean kuchh aise chihn ya pratik haian, jo chandragupt maury (324-300 ee. poo.) ke sikkoan par bhi milate haian. isilie ab bahut se vidvanh is tamrapatr ko chandragupt ka hi svikar karate haian. isase yah bhi siddh hota hai ki yah ee. poo. chauthi shatabdi ke uttarardh ka brahmi lekh hai. kuchh vidvanh ise hi brahmi ka prachinatam upalabdh lekh manate haian. mahasthan se bhi lagabhag isi kal ka ek brahmi lekh mila hai. any do-tin pramanoan se yah siddh ho jata hai ki ee. poo. chauthi shatabdi mean bhi uttar bharat mean brahmi lipi ka prachar tha.

lipyantar

savatiyan mahamatan sasane manavasiti k-
da silimate vasagame v ete dave kothagalani
tighavani mathul chachu modam bhalakan chh-
l kayiyati atiyayikay. no gahitavay

arthath shravasti ke mahapatroan ka manavashiti kaimp se adesh haiah shriman vanshagram mean ye do timanjile koshthagar haian. ye mathur, chanchu, modam, bhallak (namak gaanvoan mean) vipattikal mean kam mean lae jaean. (anyatha) nahian lie jaean.

panini

panini ka samay samanyatah ee.poo. paanchavian shatabdi mana jata hai aur panini ki ‘ashtadhyayi’ mean hamean us samay lekhan ka prachar hone ke bare mean paryapt janakari milati haian. goldastukar to yahaan tak kahate haian ki panini ke samay mean hastalipiyoan ke roop mean vaidik sahity upalabdh tha. sambhav hai ki panini ke samay mean hastalikhit granthoan se adhyayan-adhyapan karane ka rivaj n raha ho aur keval kathan-shravan parampara ke anusar hi vidyadhyayan ka silasila prachin kal se chala ata raha ho. parantu panini kuchh aise shabdoan ka prayog karate haian, jinase siddh hota hai ki unake samay mean lekhan ka astitv tha. ashtadhyayi mean ‘granth’, ‘lipi’ (ya ‘libi’), ‘lipikar’ aur ‘yavanani’ (yavanoan ki lipi) jaise shabdoan ka ullekh milata hai. likhane vale ke lie hi ashtadhyayi mean ‘lipikar’ ‘libikar’ shabd ka prayog hua hai. us samay lekhan ke lie ‘lipi’ ya ‘libi’ shabd prachalit tha. kautily ke ‘arthashastr’ mean bhi varnamala ke lie ‘lipi’ aur aankoan ke lie ‘sankhyan’ shabd milate haian. hakhamani samrat darayavush (521-485 ee.poo.) ke behistun lekh mean ‘utkirn lekh’ ke lie ‘dipi’ shabd ka prayog dekhane ko milata hai. ashok ne apane lekhoan ke lie sadaiv, ‘dhammalipi’ ya ‘dhammadipi’ shabd ka prayog kiya hai. isilie yah spasht hai ki panini ka ‘lipi’ shabd lekhan ka hi dyotak hai.

panini ke ullekh

panini ke ullekhoan se yah bhi pata chalata hai ki unake samay mean chaupayoan ke kanoan par nishan ke roop mean chihn banae jate the. in chihnoan mean ‘asht’ tatha ‘panch’ ke chihn nissandeh aank 8 tatha 5 ke dyotak the. panini ne ‘yavanani’ shabd ka jo ullekh kiya hai usaka arth katyayan aur patanjali ne ‘yavanallipyamh’ arthath ‘yavanoan ki lipi’ kiya hai. kith, veber adi vidvanoan ka mat hai ki yahaan ‘yavanani’ ka arth grik arthath yoonani (ayoniyan) lipi se hai. isase jnat hota hai ki panini yoonani lipi se bhi parichit the.

ee.poo. paanchavian shatabdi se pahale ke vaidik sahity mean bhi lekhan ke astitv ke bare mean bahut se sahityik praman milate haian. pan. gaurishankar ojha ne gambhir anushilan ke bad apane prasiddh granth ‘bharatiy prachin lipimala’ mean in sabhi ullekhoan ko prastut kiya hai. jo vidvan, visheshatah videshi vidvanh yah manate the ki tisari shatabdi ee.poo. ke pahale bharat mean lekhan ka prachar nahian tha aur brahmi lipi ka nirman videshi lipi ke adhar par hua hai, unake matoan ka sapraman khandan karane ke lie hi ojhaji ne prachin bharatiy vanmay se khoj-khojakar lipi, akshar tatha lekhan ke astitv ke bare mean anek ullekh prastut kie the. vishesh bat yah hai ki ojhaji ke granth ka doosara sanskaran 1918 mean prakashit hua tha aur tab tak sindhu lipi ka udaghatan nahian hua tha. isilie bhi bharatiy lipi ki maulikata siddh karane ke lie ojhaji ko b da parishram karana p da tha. lekin ab to prayah sabhi vidvanh yah svikar karate haian ki bhale hi chauthi shatabdi ee.poo. ke pahale ke nirvivad brahmi lekh n mile hoan, kintu ee. poo. satavian-athavian shatabdi mean bhi bharat mean brahmi lipi ka astitv tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh