भारतीय रुपया
bharatiy rupaya
| |
| ISO kod 4217 | INR |
| upanam | taka, rupayya, rubaee |
| keandriy baiank | bharatiy rizarv baiank |
| adhikrit sadasy | bharat |
| anadhikrit sadasy | bhootan aur nepal |
| mudrasphiti | 5.96%, march 2013 |
| srot | Economic Adviser |
| up ikaee | paisa |
| sikke | 50 paise, 1 rupaye, 2 rupaye, 5 rupaye aur 10 rupaye |
| baiankanot | 2 rupaye, 5 rupaye, 10 rupaye, 20 rupaye, 50 rupaye, 100 rupaye, 500 rupaye, 1000 rupaye |
| any janakari | rupaya shabd sanh 1540 - 1545 ke bich sherashah soori ke dvara jari kie ge chaandi ke sikkoan ke lie upayog mean laya gaya. mool rupaya chaandi ka sikka hota tha, jisaka vajan 11.34 gram tha. |
| bahari k diyaan | rizarv baiank aauf iandiya |
bharatiy rupaya (aangrezi: Indian Rupee, kod: INR) bharat ki rashtriy mudra hai. isaka bazar niyamak aur jarikarta bharatiy rizarv baiank hai. naye pratik chihn ke ane se pahale roopaye ko hindi mean darshane ke lie 'ru' aur aangrezi mean Re. (1 rupaya), Rs., aur Rp. ka prayog kiya jata tha. adhunik bharatiy rupaye ko 100 paise mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai. sikkoan ka mooly 5, 10, 20, 25 aur 50 paise hai aur 1, 2, 5 aur 10 rupaye bhi hai. baiankanot 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 aur 1000 ke mooly par haian. rupaya shabd ki utpatti sanskrit bhasha ke shabd ‘raupy’ se huee hai, jisaka arth hota hai, chaandi. bharatiy rupaye ko hiandi mean rupaya, gujarati mean rupiyo, telugoo v kann d mean roopee, tamil mean rubaee, bangali v asamiya mean taka/t aauka aur u diya mean tanka aur sanskrit mean rupyakam kaha jata hai.
mooly
sherashah soori ke shasanakal ke dauran shuroo kiya gaya ‘rupaya’ aj tak prachalan mean hai. bharat mean british shasan ke dauran bhi yah prachalan mean raha, is dauran isaka vazan 11.66 gram tha aur isake bhar ka 91.7% tak shuddh chaandi thi. 19vian shatabdi ke aant mean rupaya prathagat british mudra vinimay dar ke anusar ek shiliang aur char peans ke barabar tha, vahian yah ek pauand starliang ka 1 / 15 hissa tha. unnisavian sadi mean jab duniya mean sabase sashakt arthavyavasthayean svarn manak par adharit thian tab chaandi se bane rupaye ke mooly mean bhishan giravat ayi. sanyukt rajy amerika aur vibhinn yooropiy upaniveshoan mean vishal matra mean chaandi ke srot milane ke parinamasvaroop chaandi ka mooly sone ke apeksha kaphi gir gaya. achanak bharat ki manak mudra se ab bahar ki duniya se jyada kharid nahian ki ja sakati thi. is ghatana ko ‘rupe ki giravat" ke roop mean jana jata hai. pahale rupe (11.66 gram) ko 16 ane ya 64 paise ya 192 paee mean baanta jata tha. rupaye ka dashamalavikaran 1869 mean silon (shrilanka) mean, 1957 mean bharat mean aur 1961 mean pakistan mean hua. is prakar ab ek bharatiy rupaya 100 paise mean vibhajit ho gaya. bharat mean kabhi kabhi paise ke lie naya paisa shabd bhi istemal kiya jata tha.
pratik chihn
'bharatiy rupe' ka pratik chihn aantararashtriy star par adan-pradan tatha arthik sanbalata ko parilakshit kar raha hai. rupe ka chihn bharat ke lokachar ka bhi ek roopak hai. rupe ka yah naya pratik devanagari lipi ke 'r' aur roman lipi ke akshar 'ar' ko mila kar bana hai, jisamean ek kshaitij rekha bhi bani huee hai. yah rekha hamare rashtradhvaj tatha barabar ke chihn ko pratibianbit karati hai. bharat sarakar ne 15 julaee, 2010 ko is chihn ko svikar kar liya hai. yah chihn bharatiy praudyogiki sansthan (aeeaeeti), mumbee ke post grejuet dijain shri di. uday kumar ne banaya hai. is chihn ko vitt mantralay dvara ayojit ek khuli pratiyogita mean prapt hazaroan dizayanoan mean se chuna gaya hai. is pratiyogita mean bharatiy nagarikoan se rupe ke ne chihn ke lie dizain amantrit kie ge the. is chihn ko dijital takanik tatha kampyootar program mean sthapit karane ki prakriya chal rahi hai.
rupaye ka itihas
| thumb|bharatiy ek rupaye ka sikka (1862) |
| thumb|bharatiy adha ana ka sikka (1945) |
| thumb|aitihasik bharatiy sikke |
bharat vishv ki un pratham sabhyataoan mean se hai jahaan sikkoan ka prachalan shuroo hua. lagabhag 6vian sadi eesa poorv mean rupe shabd ka arth, shabd 'roopa' se joda ja sakata hai jisaka arth hota hai chaandi. sanskrit mean 'roopyakamh' ka arth hai 'chaandi ka sikka'. rupaya shabd sanh 1540 - 1545 ke bich sherashah soori ke dvara jari kie ge chaandi ke sikkoan ke lie upayog mean laya gaya. mool rupaya chaandi ka sikka hota tha, jisaka vajan 11.34 gram tha. yah sikka british bharat ke shasan kal mean bhi upayog mean laya jata raha. bisavian sadi mean faras ki kha di ke deshoan[1] tatha arab mulkoan mean bharatiy rupaya mudra ke taur par prachalit thi. sone ki taskari ko rokane tatha bharatiy mudra ke bahar mean prayog ko rokane ke lie mee 1959 mean bharatiy rizarv baiank ne galf rupi[2] ka vipanan kiya. sath ke dashak mean kuvait tatha baharin ne apani svatantrata ke bad apani khud ki mudra prayog mean lani shuroo ki tatha 1966 mean bharatiy rupaye mean hue avamoolyan se bachane ke lie qatar ne bhi apani mudra shuroo kar di .[3]
chaandi ka rupaya
aitihasik taur par rupaya chaandi par adharit mudra thi. 19vi shatabdi mean isake viparit parinam hue, jab yoorop aur amerika mean bhari paimane mean chaandi ki khoj huee. us samay ki mazaboot arthavyavasthaean sone par adharit thi. chaandi ki khoj se chaandi aur sone ke sapekshit moolyo mean bhari aantar aya. achanak hi bharat ki mudra vishv bazar mean utana nahian kharid sakati thi jitana pahale. ise "'rupe ki giravat'" ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. shuruat mean ek roope ko 16 ana, 64 paisoan ya 192 paee mean baanta gaya. yani 1 ana 16 paisoan ya 12 paee mean vibhajit tha.
kagaz ke notoan ki shuruat
rupayoan ke kagaz ke notoan ko sabase pahale jari karane valoan mean se the 'baiank aauph hindustan' (1770-1832), 'd janaral baiank aauph bangal eand bihar' (1773-75, varen h aaustigs dvara sthapit) aur 'd bangal baiank' (1784-91). shuruat mean baiank aauph bangal dvara jari kie ge kagaz ke notoan pe keval ek taraph hi chhapa hota tha. isamean sone ki ek mohar bani thi aur yah 100, 250, 500 adi vargoan mean the. bad ke not mean ek belaboota bana tha jo ek mahila akriti, vyapar ka manavikaran darshata tha. yah not donoan or chhape hote the, tin lipioan urdoo, bangali aur devanagari mean yah chhape hote the, jisamean pichhe ki taraph baiank ki chhap hoti thi. 1800 sadi ke aant tak notoan ke moolabhav britani ho ge aur jali banane se rokane ke lie uname any kee lakshan jode ge.
bharatiy mudra ka nirman
praranbh mean chhote rajy the jahaan vastu vinimay arthat ek vastu ke badale doosari vastu ka adan-pradan sanbhav tha. parantu kalaantar mean jab b de-b de rajyoan ka nirman hua to yah pranali samapt hoti gee aur is kami ko poora karane ke lie mudra ko janm diya gaya. itihasakar ke. vi. ar. ayangar ka manana hai ki prachin bharat mean mudraean rajasatta ke pratik ke roop mean grahan ki jati thian. parantu praranbh mean kis vyakti athava sanstha ne inhean janm diya, yah jnat nahian hai. anuman yah kiya jata hai ki vyapari varg ne adan-pradan ki suvidha hetu sarvapratham sikke taiyar karavae. sanbhavat: praranbh mean rajy isake prati udasin the. parantu paravarti yugoan mean is par rajy ka poorn niyantran sthapit ho gaya tha. kautily ke arthashastr se jnat hota hai ki mudra nirman par poornat: rajy ka adhikar tha. kuchh vidvanoan ka manana hai ki bharat mean mudraoan ka prachalan videshi prabhav ka parinam hai. vahian kuchh ise isi dharati ki upaj manate haian. vilsan aur priansep jaise vidvanoan ka manana hai ki bharat bhoomi par sikkoan ka avirbhav yoonani akraman ke pashchat hua. vahian jan elan unaki is avadharana ko galat batate hue kahate haian ki ‘prarambhik bharatiy sikke jaise ‘karshapan’ athava ‘ahat’ aur yoonani sikkoan ke madhy koee sampark nahian tha.[4]
utpatti samay evan sthan
utpatti sthan ke alava mudra ke janm kal mean bhi vidvanoan mean matabhed haian. jyadatar vidvan manate haian ki bharat mean sikke 800 ee. poo. prakash mean aye. vahian da. di. ar. bhandarakar tatha vitaranitj jaise vidvan bharat mean sikkoan ki prachinata 3000 ee. poo. ke as-pas batate haian. janm sthan aur kal mean beshak vivad ho lekin sikkoan ke nirman mean istemal ki jane vali dhatu ke sanbandh mean koee vivad nahian hai.
sikkoan ka nirman
sikkoan ke nirman ke lie anek dhatuean prayog mean laee jati thian. inamean sona, chaandi tatha taanba pramukh dhatuean thian. sona to bharat mean vipul matra mean tha. taanba bhi ayask ke roop mean prapt hota tha. parantu chaandi bahut kam matra mean upalabdh thi isalie isaka ayat kiya jata tha. satavahan vansh ne mudra nirman mean ek naya prayog kiya. unhoanne mudra nirman ke lie sise ka prayog karana praranbh kar diya. vidvan periplas ka vivaran hai ki bharatiy log sise ka bahar se ayat karate the. itihasakar plini ne isaka samarthan karate hue kaha hai ki hind yavan shasakoan ne ek aur dhatu mudra nirman hetu prayukt kiya jise nikil ke nam se jana jata hai. kabhi-kabhi sikkoan ke nirman hetu potin, kaansy tatha pital ka bhi prayog kiya jata tha. kee bar mudra nirman mean mishrit dhatuoan ka bhi prayog kiya jata tha. dhatuoan ko kathor banane mean aur girati huee arthavyavastha ke sandarbh mean inaka upayog sikkoan mean kiya jane laga. potin kee dhatuoan ke mishran se banata tha isalie ise bhrasht dhatu kaha jata tha. kahian-kahian lohe ke sikke bhi prachalan mean the. isake alava mudra ke roop mean kau diyoan ka prachalan bhi vyapak kshetr mean tha.[4]
mudra nirman vidhi
prachin bharat mean tin prakar se mudraoan ka nirman kiya jata tha:-
1. ahat athava chhapa vidhi
is vidhi se mudra taiyar karane ke lie pahale vibhinn prakar ki dhatuoan ki patali chadar taiyar ki jati thi. phir unake manak taul ke anusar kee chaukor tuk de kiye jate the. un tuk doan par kuchh chihnoan, namoan ya shabdoan ko aankit kiya jata tha. isake lie un par ya to ahat kiya jata tha ya phir kisi muhar se thappa lagaya jata tha. ahat mudraoan ki sabase b di visheshata thi ki ye vibhinn akar ke milate the. inaka koee ek samaroop akar nahian tha. isaka sabase b da karan tha bharanusar inaki kataee-chhantaee. vibhinn bharoan ke anusar inaka bharak bhi bhinn ban jata tha.
2. dhalaee vidhi
yah doosari vidhi jyada parishkrit thi. isamean ek bar mean kee sikkoan ka nirman kiya jata tha. jisase samay v shram donoan ki hi bachat hoti thi. rohatak, takshashila, mathura, sunet, ataranjikhe da, nalanda ityadi sthanoan ki khudaee mean mile sikke isaki pramanikata ko siddh karate haian. dhalaee vidhi mean sikke saanche ki madad se banaye jate the. sarvapratham saanche taiyar karake bhatthi mean rakh die jate the. pakane ke uparant inake madhy chhidr se dhatu ko dhala jata tha. dhatu nalika se uchit sthal par pahuanchakar prastavit akar mean phail jati thi. bhatthi ke shital hone par saanche ko vinasht kar diya jata tha. usi saanche mean chihn tatha lekh bhi likhe hote the jo dhatu par aankit ho jate the. yahi paddhati sikke ke donoan satahoan par aankan hetu prayog mean laee jati thi.
3. thappa-prahar-vidhi
eesvi sanvath ate-ate mudra nirman mean thappa prahar vidhi kaphi lokapriy ho gee. is vidhi mean garm dhatu ke tuk de par thappe ke dabav se lekh tatha pratik chihn aankit kie jate the. is vidhi ke praman hamean keval sahityik sandarbhoan mean hi milate haian. kyoanki abhi tak ek bhi daee prapt nahian huee hai.[4]
mudra nirman keandr
prachin bharat ke rajyoan ko jab mudra ka mahatv jnat hua aur vinimay evan vyapar ke lie mudra ki avashyakata mahasoos huee to unhoanne vyapak paimane par mudra nirman hetu takasal ka nirman karavaya. ye takasal adhikatar rajadhani mean hote the. parantu kuchh rajyoan mean inaka nirman pramukh vyaparik shaharoan mean bhi hota tha. yakin ke sath to nahian lekin rohatak, takshashila, mathura, sunet, ataranjikhe da, nalanda, kashi, kaushavi, kondapur, shishupalagadh ityadi jagahoan par takasal hone ki sanbhavana vyakt ki jati hai.[4]
mudraoan par aankit lipi
prachin bharat ke sikkoan par mukhyataya brahmi, kharoshthi evan grik lipi ka prayog kiya jata tha. vahian bhashaoan mean yoonani, prakrit, sanskrit, dravin bhashaoan ka prayog kiya jata tha. sikkoan par inake alava anek chihnoan ka bhi prayog kiya jata tha jisase inake sthan, samay aur visheshata ka vibhajan kiya jata tha. kee sikkoan par rajakiy chihn hote the to kuchh par shasakakriti ka aankan milata tha. kuchh sikkoan par kisi vishisht devata ya pashu ke chihn bhi aankit hote the.[4]
vithika
- chitr:Indian-Rupee.jpg
bharatiy paanch rupaye ka not (1922)
- chitr:Indian-Rupee-4.jpg
bharatiy paanch rupaye ka not (1937)
- chitr:Indian-Rupee-3.jpg
bharatiy das rupaye ka not (1943)
- chitr:Indian-Rupee-2.jpg
bharatiy do rupaye ka not
tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
- kanpyootari dastavejoan mean rupaye ka chihn asani se likhean
- bharatiy rupaya dar
- bharatiy rupaye ka itihas (yoo-tyoob vidiyo)
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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