मुग़लकालीन चित्रकला

mugalakalin chitrakala
govardhan parvat uthaye shri krishna (mugal kal)|200px|center
vivaran	mugal shasakoan dvara karavaee chitrakari mean eerani aur farasi prabhav saf dikhaee deta hai. mugal chitrakaroan ne ek nee chitrakala shaili ko vikasit kar diya tha.
kal	15vian shatabdi se 17vian shatabdi
mugal samrat	babar, humayooan, akabar, jahaangir, shahajahaan, aurangazeb
sanbandhit lekh	babaranama, akabaranama, aina-e-akabari
any janakari	'mir saiyyad ali' evan 'abdussamad' ke atirikt 'aeene akabari' mean abul fazal ne lagabhag 15 chitrakaroan ka ullekh kiya hai, jinaka sambandh akabar ke rajadarabar se tha.

chitrakala ke kshetr mean mugaloan ka vishisht yogadan raha hai. unhoanne rajadarabar, shikar tatha yuddh ke drishyoan se sambandhit ne vishayoan ko arambh kiya tatha ne rangoan aur akaroan ki shuruat ki. unhoanne chitrakala ki aisi jivant parampara ki nianv dali, jo mugal samrajy ke patan ke bad bhi desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean jivit rahi. is shaili ki samriddhi ka ek mukhy karan yah bhi tha ki, bharat mean chitrakala ki bahut purani parampara thi. yadyapi barahavian shatabdi ke pahale ke ta dapatr upalabdh nahian haian, jinase chitrakala ki shaili ka pata chal sake, ajanta ke chitr is samriddh parampara ke sarthak praman haian. lagata hai ki athavian shatabdi ke bad chitrakala ki parampara ka hras hua, par terahavian shatabdi ke bad ki ta dapatr ki paandulipiyoan tatha chitrit jain paandulipiyoan se siddh ho jata hai ki, yah parampara mari nahian thi.

chitrakaroan ko sanrakshan

pandrahavian shatabdi mean jainiyoan ke alava malava tatha gujarat jaise kshetriy rajyoan mean bhi chitrakaroan ko sanrakshan pradan kiya jata tha. lekin sahi arthoan mean is parampara ka punarutthan akabar ke kal mean hi hua. jab humayooan eeran ke shah darabar mean tha, usane do kushal chitrakaroan ko sanrakshan diya aur bad mean ye donoan usake sath bharat ae. inhian ke netritv mean akabar ke kal mean chitrakala ko ek rajasi 'karakhane' ke roop mean sangathit kiya gaya. desh ke vibhinn kshetroan se b di sankhya mean chitrakaroan ko amantrit kiya gaya. inamean se kee nimn jatiyoan ke the. arambh se hi hindoo tatha musalaman sath-sath kary karate the. isi prakar akabar ke rajadarabar ke do prasiddh chitrakar 'jasavant' tatha 'dasavan' the. chitrakala ke is kendr ka vikas b di shighrata se hua aur isane b di prasiddhi hasil kar li. farasi kahaniyoan ko chitrit karane ke bad inhean mahabharat, akabaranama tatha any mahattvapoorn granthoan ki chitrakari ka kam sauanpa gaya. is prakar bharatiy vishayoan tatha bharatiy drishyoan par chitrakari karane ka rivaj lokapriy hone laga aur isase chitrakala par eerani prabhav ko kam karane mean sahayata mili. bharat ke rangoan, jaise firoji rang tatha bharatiy lal rang ka istemal hone laga. sabase mukhy bat yah huee ki eerani shaili ke sapat prabhav ka sthan bharatiy shaili ke vrittakar prabhav ne liya aur isase chitroan mean trivinitiy prabhav a gaya.

mugal samratoan ka yogadan

bharat mean chitrakala ke vikas mean adhikaansh rajaoan ne apana-apana yogadan diya hai, lekin mugal shasakoan ka yogadan isamean bahut hi mahattvapoorn sthan rakhata hai. mugal shasakoan dvara karavaee chitrakari mean eerani aur farasi prabhav saf dikhaee deta hai. mugal chitrakaroan ne ek nee chitrakala shaili ko vikasit kar diya tha. is shaili ne bharat mean apani ek khas jagah banaee hai. ve mugal shasak jinhoanne chitrakala ke vikas mean apana bahumooly yogadan diya, unaka vivaran is prakar se hai-

babar

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'mugalakalin chitrakala' ka prerana srot 'samarakand' evan 'herat' raha hai. taimoori chitrakala shaili ko charamotkarsh par le jane ka shrey 'bihajad' ko jata hai. 'bihajad' ko poorv ka 'raphel' bhi kaha jata hai. babar ne apani atmakatha mean 'bihajad' ki prashansa ki hai. yah babar ke samay ka mahattvapoorn chitrakar tha. babar ne isase prerit hokar isake dvara nirmit chitroan ka sookshmata se adhyayan kiya. chooanki babar ka bharat mean shasanakal alpakalin tha, isalie vah chitrakala ke kshetr mean kuchh adhik nahian kar saka.

humayooan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

babar ke putr humayooan ne faras evan afaganistan ke apane nirvasan ke dauran mugal chitrakala ki nianv rakhi. faras mean hi humayooan ki mulakat vahaan ke do mahanatam kalakar - 'mir saiyyad ali' evan 'khvaja abdussamad' se huee humayooan ne abdussamad dvara banaee gee kuchh kritiyoan ka sankalan jahaangir ki ‘gulashan chitravali’ mean karavaya hai. in donoan ne milakar akabar ke lie ek ‘unnat kala sangathan’ ki sthapana ki. humayooan ne 'mir saiyyad ali' ko 'nadir -ul-astr' tatha 'abdussamad' ko 'shiri kalam' ki upadhiyoan adi se sammanit kiya tha.

akabar

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'hamazanama' mugal chitrakala ki pratham mahattvapoorn kriti hai, ise 'dastane-amir-hamza' bhi kaha jata hai. 'hamazanama' mean lagabhag 1200 chitroan ka sangrah hai, jisamean lal, nile, pile, kasani, kale evan hare rangoan ka prayog milata hai.thumb|250px|hamazanama akabar ke kal mean purtagali padariyoan dvara rajadarabar mean yooropiy chitrakala bhi arambh huee. usase prabhavit hokar vah vishesh shaili apanaee gee, jisase chitroan mean qarib tatha doori ka spasht bodh hota tha.

'mir saiyyad' evan 'abdussamad' ke atirikt 'aeene akabari' mean abul fazal ne lagabhag 15 chitrakaroan ka ullekh kiya hai, jinaka sambandh akabar ke rajadarabar se tha. ye chitrakar haian - 'dasavant', 'basavan', 'keshav lal', 'matukuand', 'faruk kalamak', 'mishakin', 'madhoan', 'jagan', 'mahesh', 'shemakaran', 'tara', 'savanl', 'harivansh' evan 'ram'. akabar ne apane shasan kal mean ek adane se kalakar 'dasavant' ko ‘samrajy ka pratham agrani’ kalakar ghoshit kiya tha. isaki do any kritiyaan haian - 'khanadane-taimooriya' evan 'tootinama'. bad mean dasavant manasik roop se vikshipt ho gaya. usane 1584 ee. mean atmahatya kar li. 'rajmanama' pandulipi ko mugal chitrakala ke itihas mean ek mil ka patthar mana jata hai.

'basavan' ko chitrakala ke sabhi kshetroan - rekhaankan, rangoan ke prayog, chhavi-chitrakari, bhoo-drishyoan ke chitran mean maharat prapt thi. isalie ise akabar ke samay ka sarvotkrisht chitrakar mana jata hai. basavan ki sarvotkrisht kriti ek dubale patale gho de ke sath 'majanoo' ka nirjan evan uja d kshetr mean bhatakata hua chitr tha. akabar ke samay mean pahali bar 'bhitti chitrakari' ki shuruat huee thi.

jahaangir

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

mugal samrat jahaangir ke samay mean chitrakari apane charamotkarsh par thi. usane 'herat' ke 'aga raja' ke netritv mean agara mean ek 'chitranashala' ki sthapana ki. jahaangir ne hastalikhit granthoan ki vishay vastu ko chitrakari ke lie prayog karane ki paddhati ko samapt kiya, aur isake sthan par chhavi chitroan, prakritik drishyoan adi ke prayog ki paddhati ko apanaya. jahaangir ke samay ke pramukh chitrakaroan mean 'farukhabeg', 'daulat', 'manohar', 'bisanadas', 'mansoor' evan 'abul hasan' the. 'farukhabeg' ne bijapur ke shasak sultan 'adilashah' ka chitr banaya tha. jahaangir chitrakala ka b da kushal parakhi tha. mugal shaili mean manushyoan ka chitr banate samay ek hi chitr mean vibhinn chitrakaroan dvara mukh, sharir tatha pairoan ko chitrit karane ka rivaj tha. jahaangir ka dava tha ki vah kisi chitr mean vibhinn chitrakaroan ke alag-alag yogadan ko pahachan sakata tha. shikar, yuddh aur rajadarabar ke drishyoan ko chitrit karane ke alava jahaangir ke kal mean manushyoan tatha janavaroan ke chitr banane ki kala mean vishesh pragati huee. is kshetr mean mansoor ka bahut nam tha. manushyoan ke chitr banane ka bhi kafi prachalan tha.

jahaangir ke nirdesh par chitrakar 'daulat' ne apane sath chitrakar 'bisanadas', 'govardhan' evan 'abul hasan' ke chhavi chitr evan svayan apana ek chhavi chitr banavaya. samrat jahaangir ne apane samay ke agrani chitrakar bishanadas ko faras ke shah ke, usake amiroan ke, tatha usake parijanoan ke yatharoop chhavi-chitr banakar lane ke lie faras bheja tha. jahaangir ke vishvasaniy chitrakar 'manohar' ne us samay ke kee chhavi chitroan ka nirman kiya.

farasi prabhav se mukti

thumb|250px|hamazanama jahaangir ke samay mean chitrakaroan ne samrat ke darabar, hathi par baith kar dhanush-ban ke sath shikar ka pichha karana, juloos, yuddh sthal evan prakritik drishy phool, paudhe, pashu-pakshi, gho dean, sher, chita adi chitroan ko apana vishay banaya. jahaangir ke samay ki chitrakari ke kshetr mean ghati mahattvapoorn ghatana thi - mugal chitrakala ki farasi prabhav se mukti. parsi braun ke lekhanusar, “jahaangir ke samay mugal chitrakala ki vastavik atma lupt ho gayi. is samay chitrakala mean bharatiy paddhati ka vikas hua. yooropiy prabhav, jo akabar ke samay se chitrakala par p dana prarambh hua tha, abhi bhi jari raha. abul hasan ne 'tujuke jahaangir' ke mukhy prishth ke lie chitr banaya tha. 'ustad mansoor' evan 'abul hasan' jahaangir ke shreshth kalakaroan mean se the. unhean badashah ne kramashah 'nadir-ul-asr' evan 'nadirujjama' ki upadhi pradan ki thi. ustad 'mansoor' durlabh pashuoan, birale pakshiyoan evan anokhe pushp adi ke chitroan ko banane ka chitrakar tha. usaki mahattvapoorn kriti mean 'saiberiya ka birala saras' evan bangal ka ek pushp hai. 'ustad mansoor' pakshi-chitr visheshajn tatha 'abul hasan' vyakti-chitr visheshajn tha. yooropiy prabhav vale chitrakaroan mean 'mishakin' sarvashreshth tha.

jahaangir ka kathan

jahaangir un chitroan ko achchhi qimat dekar kharid leta tha, jo usaki saundary bhavana ko santushth karate the. jahaangir ne apani atmakatha mean likha hai ki, 'koee bhi chitr, chahe vah kisi mritak vyakti dvara banaya gaya ho ya phir jivit vyakti dvara, maian dekhate hi yah turant bata sakata hooan ki, yah kis chitrakar ki kriti hai. yadi kisi chehare par aankh kisi ek chitrakar ne, bhauanh kisi aur ne banaee ho to bhi yah jan leta hooan ki aankh kisane aur bhauanh kisane banaee hai.' "jahaangir ke samay ko chitrakala ka 'svarn kal' kaha jata hai".

shahajahaan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

apane shasan ke arambhik varshoan mean shahajahaan ne chitrakaroan ko kafi azadi de rakhi thi, kintu ruchi parivartanoan ke karan chitrakaroan ki sankhya mean katauti kar di gayi thi. usake darabar ke pramukh chitrakar 'muhammad fakir' evan 'mir hasim' the. shahajahaan ko daivi sanrakshan mean apane chitr banavana sada priy raha. shahajahaan ka putr dara shikoh, chitrakala ka poshak tha. jaisa ki 'iandiya aaufis' mean surakshit usake chitroan ke sangrah se siddh hota hai. usaki akal mrityu se kala aur samrajy ko b da aghat pahuancha. shahajahaan ke kal mean to chitrakala poori tarah jari rahi, par aurangazeb ki is kala mean dilachaspi n hone ke karan kalakar desh mean door-door tak bikhar ge. is prakriya se rajasthan tatha panjab ki paha diyoan mean is kala ke vikas mean sahayata mili.

• rajasthan shaili mean jain athava pashchim bharat ki shaili ke pramukh vishayoan, aur mugal shaili ke akar ka samanvay tha. is prakar is shaili mean shikar tatha rajadarabar ke drishyoan ke alava radha aur krishna ki lila jaise dharmik vishayoan ko bhi lekar chitr banae ge. inake alava barahamasa arthat varsh ke vibhinn mausam tatha vibhinn ragoan par adharit chitr bhi banae ge. paha di shaili ne is parampara ko jari rakha.

aurangazeb

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

aurangazeb ne chitrakari ko islam ke viruddh manakar isase ghrina ki, par apane shasan kal ke antim samay mean usane chitrakari mean kuchh ruchi li, jisake parinamasvaroop usake kuchh laghu chitr shikar khelate hue, darabar lagate hue evan yuddh karate hue bane. mugal shasan ke is daur mean chitrakari ko mugal darabar mean apane jivikaparjan ke lie bhi sangharsh karana p da. atah mugal darabar ke chitrakaroan ne svatantr rajyoan mean basakar apani chitrakari ko jivit rakhane prayas kiya. aurangazeb ne akabar ke maqabare mean bane chitroan ko choone se putava diya tha.

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