एथेंस
etheans (athenai, aanthina, asina) prachin kal mean gris desh ke attika namak bhag ki aur ajakal samast gris ki rajadhani. isaka itihas tin hajar varsh se adhik purana hai evan sanskriti ki drishti se samast yoorop or amarika ki sanskriti ka mool srot yahi hai. yahi karan hai ki is nagari ke puratatv ka adhyayan karane ke lie svayan grik logoan ke atirikt phraans, jarmani, sanyukt rajy amarika, ianglaiand, astriya evan itali ityadi deshoan ne apani sansthaean adhunik etheans mean hi sthapit kar rakhi haian. isake atirikt any deshoan mean bhi isaki sanskriti ka adhyayan b de manoyogapoorvak chal raha hai.
attika pradesh yoorop ke dakshin-poorv mean ek tribhuj ke akar mean avasthit hai. isaki adhikaansh bhoomi paha di hai aur jahaan samatal maidan hai vahaan bhi mitti ki tah adhik moti nahian hai. etheans attika ke dakshin-pashchim mean (23roo 44vh poo. tatha 37roo 58vh u.)sthit hai. samudr se isaki kam se kam doori tin mil hai. isaka tapaman adhikatam 99.01roo, nyoonatam 31.44roo aur madhyam 63.1roo pharnahait hai aur jalavayu svachchh, nirmal, svasthyakar tatha buddhivardhak hai. nagari ke samip hi peantelikas aur himettas namak sangamarmar ke paha d haian jinase nagar ke suandar bhavanoan aur mandiroan ke lie paryapt matra mean sangamarmar milata raha hai. pashchim mean kaiphisas nam ki nadi bahati hai tatha dakshin-poorv aur dakshin ki or ilisas, par yah nadi pray: sookhi p di rahati hai. etheans mean paryapt matra mean naisargik jal nahian milata. jal ki kami ko jalabhaandaroan aur kuoan ke dvara poora kiya jata hai.
yah kahana kathin hai ki etheans nagari ka adyaranbh kab hua aur kis jati ke logoan ne sarvapratham ise apana nivasthan banaya. athina devi ke nam par isaka namakaran hua hai. athina devi ka sanbandh mikini sabhyata se mana jata hai. parantu jaisa athina ki katha se vidit hota hai,usako is nagar mean manyata prapt karane ke lie poseeedan se spardha karani p di thi. isase is nagari ka itihas atyant prachin pragaitihasik kal ke dhuandhale yug mean chhipa hua pratit hota hai. aisa anuman kiya jata hai ki etheans ke maidan mean bahut si chhoti-chhoti bastiyaan basi huee thian. ee.poo. athavian shatabdi mean, sanbhavataya thisiyas ke samay, ye bastiyaan milakar ek nagari ke roop mean parinat ho gee aur nagar ke keandr mean sthit akraupolish is nagari ki rajadhani ya shasan ka keandrasthal bana. tab se lekar aj tak is nagari ne jitane utthan patan dekhean sanbhavat: any kisi nagari ne nahian dekhe hoange. aranbh mean yahaan rajaoan ka shasan tha. tatpashchath shreshth kulin logoan ka shasan sthapit hua. par soloon ke sanvidhan ke pashchath satta sadharan janata ke hath mean ani aranbh ho gee. phir kuchh samay pashchath pisistratas ne apana ekadhikar sthapit kar liya. is samay is nagari ke vaibhav mean paryapt vriddhi huee.
kleisthenis ne pun: yatharth janatantr ki sthapana ki. isake pashchath etheans ko ee.poo. 490 aur 479 ke madhy pharas samrajy ki mahanh shakti se do bar yuddh karana p da. yadyapi in yuddhoan mean nagari ko mahanh kshati uthani p di tathapi isase isaki shakti aur pratishtha bahut adhik badh gee ev etheans ke itihas ka svarnayug aranbh hua. dailiyan nagararashtrasangh ki sthapana ke pashchath etheans ko ek samrajy ke keandr ka svaroop prapt ho gaya. par isase sparti ke sath etheans ko ek samrajy ke keandr ka svaroop prapt ho gaya. par isase sparta ke sath etheans ki pratispardha ka sootrapat hua jisake parinamasvaroop grik jati ka dirghakalin mahabharat chhi da jo poloponeshiy yuddh kahalata hai. 30 varsh ke is yuddh ne etheans ki shakti ko kshin kar diya. is yuddh ka aranbh hone ke poorv periklis ke shasanakal mean etheans ki samriddhi uchchata ke shikhar par thi. par yuddh ke pashchath adhikaansh mean isaka gaurav atit ki gatha matr rah gaya. haan, darshan aur itihas ke kshetr mean isaki khyati avashy age badhi. is yuddh ke aghat se jyoan hi etheans ne kuchh sanbhalana aranbh kiya tyo hi isako makaduniya ke filip aur sikandar ki shakti ka samana karana p da. yadyapi is samay anuchit nitiyoan ko baratane ke karan etheans ko hani uthani p di, phir bhi makaduniya ki shakti usake prati sahanubhootipoorn rahi. is yug mean arastoo ka darshan or demosthanis ki vaktritvakala etheans ki khyati ka adhar bani. isake pashchath rom ki shakti ka uday hua aur etheans ki svatantr satta ka ast. par etheans ki sanskriti ne vijeta rom par vijay prapt ki. anek roman shasakoan aur samratoan ne etheans mean navin bhavanoan ka nirman kiya or anek suvikhyat roman vidvanoan ne etheans ka shishyatv svikar kar apane ko dhany mana. eesaee dharm ke uday ke pashchath anek prachin bhavan girajagharoan mean parinat kar die ge aur kuchh kalakritiyoan ko bijatana samrath apani rajadhani mean utha le ge. sanh 529 mean yustiniyan namak samrath ki ajna se etheans ke vidyalay band kar die ge.
par etheans ko sabase bure samay ka samana tab karana p da jab turko ne kustuantaniya ko jitakar gris par bhi vijay prapt kar li. ye durdin 1458 se 1833 ee. tak rahe. is kal ke aranbh mean anek grik manishiyoan ne itali adi yooropiy deshoan mean sharan li aur yoorop ke punarujjivan ka yug aranbh hua. par etheans uj dane laga. suandar bhavan aur moortiyaan to d dali gee. kuchh ko masajid aur haram ke roop mean parivartit kar diya gaya. jagatprasiddh moortikar vastukar fidiyas dvara prastut etheans ki mandiramani parthenan barood ka godam bani aur ek din svamiyoan ki asavadhani se barood mandak jane se usaki chhat u d gee. par jo kuchh aj bhi bach raha hai, use dekh british myooziyam, ladann aur akropolis ke paryatak prachin grikoan ki kala ko sarah uthate haian. janasankhya lakhoan se ghatakar aant mean 5,000 rah gee. turko ki parajay ke pashchath etheans ke adhunik yug ka aranbh hua. nagari pun: shighrata se badhane lagi. 1967 mean gretar etheans ki janasankhya 25,30,207 ho gee thi. pichhale dvitiy mahayuddh mean etheans par kuchh samay ke lie (1941 mean) jarmanoan ka adhikar ho gaya, par unhoanne nagar ko koee kshati nahian pahuanchaee. yuddh ke uparaant kuchh samay tak rajanitik daloan ke parasparik kalah ke karan kuchh ashaanti rahi. par gat anek varsho se pun: shaanti hai.
ee.poo. chauthi shatabdi ke asapas jab etheans apani samriddhi ke charam shikhar par aroodh tha tab usamean 21,000 svatantr nagarik, 10,000 videshi aur 4,00,000 das nivas karate the. attika mean prapt sadhanoan se itani vishal janasankhya ka bharan poshan sanbhav nahian tha, atev etheans ko bhojan samagri evan any jivanopayogi vastuean bahut b di matra mean videshoan se mangani p dati thian aur inaka mooly vah apane kalakaushal tatha any sevaoan se chukata tha. par in sabake lie usako apane piraeyas namak badanragah ka vikas karana p da. isaka itihas bhi etheans ke itihas ke sath abhinn roop se abaddh hai. yahaan ke jahaj vishalakay hote the jo din rat mahasamudroan mean yatra kar sakate the. yah bandaragah etheans ke sath tin ooanchi ooanchi divaloan dvara sanbaddh tha aur nagar se dakshin-pashchim paanch mil ki doori par tha.
aj is bat ki kalpana karana kathin hai ki apani samriddhi ke kal mean etheans kitana bhavy dikhalaee deta hoga. yadyapi adhunik kal mean etheans ke purane mandiroan aur bhavanoan ka punaruddhar karane ka prayatn kiya gaya hai tathapi bahut kuchh to sarvada ke lie nasht ho gaya. is samay etheans mean prachin yoonani kal ke, roman kal ke aur adhunik kal ke sthapaty ke udaharan milate haian. atyant prachin kal ki vastukala ke nidarshan nagari ke tin ooanche sthanoan par pae jate haian jinake nam haian akropolis, areyopagas, aur paniks. akropolis etheans ka prachinatam durg hai. is paha di par erekthiyam, parthenan, praupilaiya ityadi anek mahatvapoorn bhavan the. yah nagari keandr mean sthit hai. areyopagas akropolis ke pashchim mean hai. yahaan samiti ki baithakean hua karati thian aur nyayalay bhi yahian tha. phniks akropolis ke uttar-pashchim mean tha. yahaan nagarasabha ki baithak hua karati thi. nagar ki mandi ka nam agora tha. akropolis ki dakshini dhal par diyanisas ka rangasthal tha. nagari ke uttar-pashchim mean vikhyat dipilan namak dvar tha. yahaan se kalonas aur pleto (afalatoon) ke akademi namak mahavidyalay ki or s dakean jati thian. any dvaroan se piraeyas phaleram aur soonitham namak sthanoan ko s dakean jati thian. sanbhavat: ee.poo. chhathi shatabdi mean pisis tratas ke shasanakal mean ek vishal jalagar banaya gaya tha. sadharan nagaranivasiyoan ke makan aur s dakean achchhi nahian thian.
roman kal mean samay ke akalan ke lie vayumandir banaya gaya tha jisamean jalaghatika ityadi yantr the. akropolis ke uttar mean roman hat 'agora' ka sanvidhan tha jo mukhyataya tel ki mandi tha. roman samrath hadriyan ne nav etheans ka nirman kiya tha aur ek pustakalay bhi banavaya tha. is samrath ne aur bhi anek bhavy sthanoan se is puratan nagari ki shobha badhaee thi. attikus herodais namak ek sanpann roman ne purane stadiyum aur odiyamh ka nirman karaya tha.[1]
adhunik etheans mean akademi, vishvavidyalay, rashtriy pustakalay, sangrahalay, ityadi anek ne bhavan nirmit hue haian. videshiyoan dvara bhi bahut se sangrahalayoan aur pustakalayoan ka nirman hua hai. grik jati ki yug yug ki sanskriti ka yah keandr aj pun: navajivan se parispandit ho raha hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 238 |
- ↑ san.gran.–fargyusan : hailenistikh etheans, 1911; vardasvarth : etheans aiand aitika, 1855; bholanath sharma : aristoo ki rajaniti aur atheans ka sanvidhan (aristoo ke granthoan ke hiandi anuvad), 1956.
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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