गुप्तकालीन राजस्व
[[chitr:Samudragupta-Coin.jpg|thumb|300px|samudragupt dvara prachalit sikka]] gupt kal 'bharat ka svarn yug' kaha jata hai. gupt samrajy mean rajapad vanshanugat siddhant par adharit tha. raja apane b de putr ko yuvaraj ghoshit karata tha. apane utkarsh ke samay mean gupt samrajy uttar mean himalay se lekar dakshin mean viandhy parvat tak evan poorv mean 'bangal ki kha di' se lekar pashchim mean saurashtr tak phaila hua tha. gupt vansh ke kuchh any shasak, jaise- narasianhagupt (baladily), kumaragupt dvitiy, budhagupt, vainyagupt, bhanugupt, kumaragupt tritiy, vishnugupt adi mean milakar kul 476 ee. se 550 ee. tak shasan kiya tha.
rajakiy ay ka srot
'prayag prashasti' mean shaktishali gupt samrat samudragupt ko prithvi par shasan karane vala eeshvar ka pratinidhi kaha gaya hai. sath hi usaki tulana kuber, varun, indr v yamaraj adi devataoan se bhi ki gee hai. gupt rajaoan ne apane samrajy ke bhitar anek chhote-chhote rajaoan par shasan kiya tha. samrajy ki prashasan vyavastha aur rajasv adi ki niti bahut sudridh thi. gupt kal mean rajakiy ay ke pramukh srot 'kar' the, jo nimnalikhit the-
- bhag - yah kar raja ko bhoomi ke utpadan se prapt hone vale bhag ka chhatha hissa tha.
- bhog - sambhavatah raja ko har din phal-phool evan sabjiyoan ke roop mean diya jane vala kar.
- pranayakar - gupt kal mean yah gramavasiyoan par lagaya gaya anivary ya svechchha chanda tha. bhoomikar bhog ka ullekh 'manusmriti' mean bhi hua hai. isi prakar 'bheant' namak kar ka ullekh 'harshacharit' mean aya hai.
- uparikar evan udrangakar - yah ek prakar ka bhoomi kar hota tha. bhoomi kar ki adayagi donoan hi roopoan mean 'hirany' (nakad) ya 'mey' (ann) mean kiya ja sakata tha, kintu chhathi shati ke bad kisanoan ko bhoomi kar ki adayagi ann ke roop mean karane ke lie badhy hona p da. bhoomi ka svami krishakoan evan unaki striyoan se bekar ya vishti liya karata tha. gupt abhilekhoan mean bhoomikar ko 'udrang' ya 'bhagakar' kaha gaya hai. smriti granthoan mean isaka 'raja ki vritti' ke roop mean ullekh kiya gaya hai.
- haladand kar - yah kar hal par lagata tha. gupt kal mean vanikoan, shilpiyoan, shakkar evan nil banane vale par rajakar lagata tha.
rajasv ke any srot
[[chitr:Gemstone.jpg|thumb|left|250px|ratn]] gupt kal mean rajasv ke any mahattvapoorn srotoan mean bhoomi, ratn, chhipa hua gupt dhan, khan evan namak adi the. in par sidhe samrat ka ekadhipaty hota tha[1] par kadachit yadi is tarah ki khan ya gupt dhan kisi aisi bhoomi par nikal aye, jo kisi ko pahale se anudan mean mili hai to is par raja ka koee bhi adhikar nahian rah jata tha.
bhoo-rajasv
sanbhavatah gupt kal mean bhoo-rajasv kul utpadan ka 1/4 se 1/6 tak hota tha. smritikar manu ne 'manusmriti' kaha hai ki- "bhoomi par usi ka adhikar hota hai, jo bhoomi ko sarvapratham jangal se bhoomi mean parivartit karata hai." brihaspati aur narad smritiyoan mean yah spasht roop se kaha gaya hai ki kisi bhi vyakti ka zamin par malikana adhikar tabhi mana ja sakata hai, jab usake pas qanooni dastavej ho. is samay prachalan mean qarib 5 prakar ki bhoomi ka ullekh milata hai-
- kshetr bhoomi- aisi bhoomi jo kheti ke yogy hoti ho.
- vastu bhoomi- aisi bhoomi jo nivas ke yogy hoti ho.
- charagah bhoomi - pashuoan ke chara yogy bhoomi.
- sil - aisi bhoomi jo jotane yogy nahian hoti thi.
- agrahat - aisi bhoomi jo jangali hoti thi.
- not
[[chitr:Samudragupta-gold-coin.JPG|thumb|250px|samudragupt ka svarn sikka]] amarasianh ne 'amarakosh' mean 12 prakar ki bhoomi ka ullekh kiya hai, jo nimnalikhit haian-
- urvara
- oosar
- maru
- aprahat
- sadval
- pankil
- jal
- kachchh
- sharkara
- sharkavati
- nadimatrik
- devamatrik
krishi ki sthiti
krishi se jude hue karyoan ko 'mahakshatalik' evan 'karanik' dekhata tha. gupt kal mean sianchaee ke sadhanoan ke abhav ke karan adhikaansh krishi varsha par adharit thi. varahamihir ki 'vrihattasanhita' mean varsha ki sanbhavana aur varsha ke abhav ke prashn par kafi vichar vimarsh hua hai.[[chitr:Rice-Harvest.jpg|thumb|150px|chaval ki fasal]] [[chitr:Sugarcane.jpg|thumb|150px|ganna]] 'vrihattasanhita' mean hi varsha se hone vali tin fasaloan ka ullekh hai. skandagupt ke joonagadh ke abhilekh se yah pramanit hota hai ki isane 'sudarshan jhil' ki marammat karavaee thi. sianchaee mean 'rahat' ya 'ghatiyantr' ya prayog hota tha. gupt kal mean sona, chaandi, taanba evan loha jaisi dhatuoan ka prachalan tha. palane yogy pashuoan mean 'amarakosh' mean gho de, bhaians, ooant, bakari, bhe d, gadha, kutta, billi adi ka vivaran prapt hota hai.
hven tsaang ka kathan
chini yatri hven tsaang ne gupt kal ki fasaloan ke vishay mean bataya hai ki pashchimottar bharat mean eekh (ganna) aur gehooan tatha magadh evan usake poorvi kshetroan mean chaval ki paidavar hoti thi. 'amarakosh' mean ullikhit kataee-bunaee, hathakaragha evan dhage ke vivaran se lagata hai ki gupt kal mean vastr nirman ke kshetr mean shreniyaan mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhati thian. shreniyaan, vyavasayik udyam evan nirman ke kshetr mean bhi ve mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhati thian. shreniyaan apane antarik mamaloan mean poorn svatantr hoti thian. shreni ke pradhan ko 'jyeshthak' kaha jata tha. yah pad anuvanshik hota tha. nalanda evan vaishali se gupt kalin shreshthiyoan, sarthavahoan evan kulikoan ki muharean prapt hoti hai. shreniyaan adhunik baiank ka bhi kam karati thian. ye dhan ko apane pas jama karati evan byaj par dhan udhar deti thi. byaj ke roop mean prapt dhan ka upayog mandiroan mean dipak jalane ke kam mean kiya jata tha. 437-438 ee ke 'mandasaur abhilekh' mean resham bunakaroan ki shreni ke dvara vishal soory mandir ke nirman evan marammat ka ullekh milata hai.
skandagupt ka abhilekh
skandagupt ke iandaur ke tamrapatr abhilekh mean iandrapur ke dev vishnu brahman dvara 'tailik shreni' ka ullekh milata hai, jo byaj ke rupaye mean se soory mandir mean dipak jalane mean prayukt tel ke kharch ko vahan karata tha. gupt kal mean shreni se b di sanstha, jisaki shilp shreniyaan sadasy hoti thi, use 'nigam' kaha jata tha. pratyek shilpiyoan ki alag-alag shreniyaan hoti thi. ye shreniyaan apane qanoon evan parampara ki avahelana karane valoan ko saza dene ka adhikar rakhati thian. vyaparik netritv karane vala 'sarthavah' kahalata tha. nigam ka pradhan 'shreshthi'[2] kahalata tha. vyaparik samitiyoan ko 'nigam' kahate the.
guptakalin abhilekh evan unake pravartak
| shasak/prarvatak | pramukh abhilekh |
|---|---|
| 1- samudragupt | prayag prashasti, eran prashasti, gaya tamr shasanalekh, nalanda shasanalekh |
| 2- chandragupt dvitiy | saanchi shilalekh, udayagiri ka pratham evan dvitiy shilalekh, gadhava ka pratham shilalekh, mathura stambhalekh, meharauli prashasti. |
| 3- kumar gupt | mandasaur shilalekh, gadhava ka dvitiy evan tritiy shilalekh, vilas d stambhalekh, udayagiri ka tritiy guhalekh, manakuanvar buddhamoorti lekh, karmadada liankalekh, dhanadeh tamralekh, kitaeekuti tamralekh, baigram tamralekh, damodar pratham evan dvitiy tamralekh. |
| 4- skandagupt | joonagadh prashasti, bhitari stambhalekh, supiya stambhalekh, kahaanv stambhalekh, indaur tamralekh. |
| 5- kumaragupt dvitiy | saranath buddhamoorti lekh |
| 6- bhanugupt | eran stambh lekh. |
| 7- vishnugupt | pancham domodar tamralekh. |
| 8- budhagupt | eran stambh lekh, rajaghat (varanasi) stambh lekh, paha d tamralekh, nandapur tamralekh, chaturth damodar tamralekh. |
| 9- vainyagupt | tipara (guneedhar) tamralekh. |
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh