हिन्दी

thumb|hindi varnamala hindi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. san 1991 ee. ki janaganana ke anusar, 23.342 karo d bharatiy hindi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 33.727 karo d log isaki lagabhag 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. isaki kuchh boliyaan, maithili aur rajasthani alag bhasha hone ka dava karati haian. hiandi ki pramukh boliyoan mean avadhi, bhojapuri, braj bhasha, chhattisagadhi, gadhavali, hariyanavi, kumaanooni, magadhi aur marava di shamil haian.

hindi bhasha ka vikas

vargikaran

• hindi vishv ki lagabhag 3,000 bhashaoan mean se ek hai.
• akriti ya roop ke adhar par hindi viyogatmak ya vishlisht bhasha hai.
• bhasha–parivar ke adhar par hindi bharopiy parivar ki bhasha hai.
• bharat mean 4 bhasha–parivar—bharopiy, dravi d, astrik v chini–tibbati milate haian. bharat mean bolane valoan ke pratishat ke adhar par bharopiy parivar sabase b da bhasha parivar hai.
• hindi bharopiy/ bharat yooropiy ke bharatiy–eerani shakha ke bharatiy ary (Indo–Aryan) upashakha se vikasit ek bhasha hai.
• bharatiy aryabhasha ko tin kaloan mean vibhakt kiya jata hai.

bharat mean 4 bhasha–parivar

bhasha-parivar	bharat mean bolane valoan ka %
bharopiy	73%
dravi d	25%
astrik	1.3%
chini–tibbati	0.7%

bharatiy aryabhasha ko tin kal

nam	prayog kal	udaharan
1.prachin bharatiy aryabhasha	1500 ee. poo.– 500 ee. poo.	vaidik sanskrit v laukik sanskrit
2.madhyakalin bharatiy aryabhasha	500 ee. poo.– 1000 ee.	pali, prakrit, apabhransh
3.adhunik bharatiy aryabhasha	1000 ee.– ab tak	hindi aur hinditar bhashaean – baangla, u diya, marathi, siandhi, asamiya, gujarati, panjabi adi.

1.prachin bharatiy aryabhasha

nam	prayog kal	any nam
vaidik sanskrit	1500 ee. poo.– 1000 ee. poo.	chhandash (yask, panini)
laukik sanskrit	1000 ee. poo.- 500 ee. poo.	sanskrit bhasha (panini)

2.madhyakalin bharatiy aryabhasha

nam	prayog kal	vishesh tippani
pratham prakrit kal– pali	500 ee. poo.– 1 ee.	bharat ki pratham desh bhasha, bhagavan buddh ke sare upadesh pali mean hi haian.
dvitiy prakrit kal– prakrit	1 ee.– 500 ee.	bhagavan mahavir ke sare upadesh prakrit mean hi haian.
tritiy prakrit kal– apabhransh avahatt	500 ee.– 1000 ee. 900 ee. – 1100 ee.	sankramanakalin/sankrantikalin bhasha

3.adhunik bharatiy aryabhasha (hindi)

nam	prayog kal
prachin hindi	1100 ee. – 1400 ee.
madhyakalin hindi	1400 ee. - 1850 ee.
adhunik hindi	1850 ee. – ab tak

hindi ki adi janani sanskrit hai. sanskrit pali, prakrit bhasha se hoti huee apabhransh tak pahuanchati hai. phir apabhransh, avahatt se gujarati huee prachin/prarambhik hindi ka roop leti hai. vishuddhatah, hindi bhasha ke itihas ka arambh apabhransh se mana jata hai. hindi ka vikas kram—

sanskrit—pali—prakrit—apabhransh—avahatt—prachin/prarambhik hindi

apabhransh

apabhransh se adhunik bharatiy aryabhashaoan ka vikas

shauraseni	pashchimi hindi
	rajasthani
	gujarati
arddhamagadhi	poorvi hindi
magadhi	bihari
	u diya
	baangla
	asamiya
khas	paha di (shauraseni se prabhavit)
brach d	panjabi(shauraseni se prabhavit)
	siandhi
maharashtri	marathi

• apabhransh bhasha ka vikas 500 ee. se lekar 1000 ee. ke madhy hua aur isamean sahity ka arambh 8vian sadi ee. (svayanbhoo kavi) se hua, jo 13vian sadi tak jari raha.
• apabhransh (ap+bhransh+ghanh) shabd ka yoan to shabdik arth hai 'patan', kintu apabhransh sahity se abhisht hai— prakrit bhasha se vikasit bhasha vishesh ka sahity.
• pramukh rachanakar- svayanbhoo— apabhransh ka valmiki ('pum chariu' arthath ram kavy), dhanapal ('bhavissayat kaha'–apabhransh ka pahala prabandh kavy), pushpadant ('mahapuran', 'jasahar chariu'), sarahapa, kanhapa adi siddhoan ki rachanaean ('chariya pad', 'dohakoshi') adi.

avahatt

• avahatt 'apabhransht' shabd ka vikrip roop hai. ise 'apabhransh ka apabhransh' ya 'paravarti apabhransh' kah sakate haian. avahatt apabhransh aur adhunik bharatiy aryabhashaoan ke bich ki sankramanakalin/sankraantikalin bhasha hai. isaka kalakhand 900 ee. se 1100 ee. tak nirdharit kiya jata hai. vaise sahity mean isaka prayog 14vian sadi tak hota raha hai.
• abdur rahaman, damodar pandit, jyotirishvar thakur, vidyapati adi rachanakaroan ne apani bhasha ko 'avahatt' ya 'avahatth' kaha hai. vidyapati prakrit ki tulana mean apani bhasha ko madhuratar batate haian. desh ki bhasha sab logoan ke lie mithi hai. ise avahattha kaha jata hai.
• pramukh rachanakarah addahaman/abdur rahaman ('sanneh rasay'/'sandesh rasak'), damodar pandit ('ukti–vyakti–prakaran'), jyotirishvar thakur ('varn ratnakar'), vidyapati ('kirtilata') adi.

prachin hindi

• madhyadeshiy bhasha parampara ki vishisht uttaradhikarini hone ke karan hindi ka sthan adhunik bharatiy aryabhashaoan mean sarvopari hai.
• prachin hindi se abhipray hai— apabhransh– avahatt ke bad ki bhasha.
• hindi ka adikal hindi bhasha ka shishukal hai. yah vah kal tha, jab apabhransh–avahatt ka prabhav hindi bhasha par mauzood tha aur hindi ki boliyoan ke nishchith v spasht svaroop vikasit nahian hue the.

hindi shabd ki vyutpatti

hindi shabd ki vyupatti bharat ke uttar–pashchim mean pravahaman siandhu nadi se sambandhit hai. vidit hai ki adhikaansh videshi yatri aur akranta uttar–pashchim sianhadvar se hi bharat ae. bharat mean ane vale in videshiyoan ne jis desh ke darshan kie, vah 'siandhu' ka desh tha. eeran (faras) ke sath bharat ke bahut prachin kal se hi sambandh the aur eerani 'siandhu' ko 'hindoo' kahate the. (siandhu—hindoo, s ka h mean tatha dh ka d mean parivartan—pahalavi bhasha pravritti ke anusar dhvani parivartan). hind se 'hind' bana aur phir 'hind' mean farasi bhasha ke sambandh karak pratyay 'ee' lagane se 'hindi' ban gaya. 'hindi' ka arth hai—'hind ka'. is prakar hindi shabd ki utpatti hind desh ke nivasiyoan ke arth mean huee. age chalakar yah shabd 'hindi ki bhasha' ke arth mean prayukt hone laga. uparyukt batoan se tin batean samane ati haian—

1. 'hindi' shabd ka vikas kee charanoan mean hua—

siandhu—hindoo—hind+ee—hindi.

1. 'hindi' shabd moolatah farasi ka hai n ki 'hindi' bhasha ka. yah aise hi hai jaise bachcha hamare ghar janame aur usaka namakaran hamara p dosi kare. halaanki kuchh kattar hindi premi 'hindi' shabd ki vyutpatti hindi bhasha mean hi dikhane ki koshish karate haian, jaise—hin (hanan karanevala)+du (dusht)=hindoo arthath dushtoan ka hanan karane vala hindoo aur un logoan ki bhasha 'hindi'; hin (hinoan)+du (dalan)=hindoo arthath hinoan ka dalan karane vala hindoo aur unaki bhasha 'hindi'. chooanki in vyutpattiyoan mean praman kam, anuman adhik hai, isalie samanyatah inhean svikar nahian kiya jata.
2. 'hindi' shabd ke do arth haian—'hind desh ke nivasi' (yatha—'hindi haian ham, vatan hai hindostaan hamara'—ikabal) aur 'hindi ki bhasha'. haan, yah bat alag hai ki ab yah shabd do arambhik arthoan se prithak ho gaya hai. is desh ke nivasiyoan ko ab koee hindi nahian kahata, balki bharatavasi, hindustani adi kahate haian. doosare, ir desh ki vyapak bhasha ke arth mean bhi ab 'hindi' shabd ka prayog nahian hota, kyoanki bharat mean anek bhashaean haian, jo sab 'hindi' nahian kahalati haian. beshak ye sabhi 'hindi' ki bhashaean haian, lekin keval 'hindi' nahian haian. unhean ham panjabi, baangla, asamiya, u diya, marathi adi namoan se pukarate haian. isalie 'hindi' ki in sab bhashaoan ke lie 'hindi' shabd ka prayog nahian kiya jata.

• pramukh rachanakar- 'hindi' shabd bhasha vishesh ka vachak nahian hai, balki yah bhasha samooh ka nam hai. hindi jis bhasha–samooh ka nam hai, usamean aj ke hindi pradesh/kshetr ki 5 upabhashaean tatha 17 boliyaan shamil haian. boliyoan mean brajabhasha, avadhi evan kh di boli ko age chalakar madhyakal mean mahatvapoorn sthan prapt hua hai.
• brajabhasha- prachin hindi kal mean brajabhasha apabhransh–avahatt se hi jivan ras leti rahi. apabhransh–avahatt ki rachanaoan mean brajabhasha ke phootate hue aankur ko dekha ja sakata hai. brajabhasha sahity ka prachinatam upalabdh granth sudhir agraval ka 'pradyumn charit' (1354 ee.) hai.
• avadhi- avadhi ki pahali kriti mulla daud ki 'chandrayan' ya 'lorakaha' (1370 ee.) mani jati hai. isake uparant avadhi bhasha ke sahity ka uttarottar vikas hota gaya.
• kh di boli- prachin hindi kal mean rachit kh di boli sahity mean kh di boli ke arambhik prayogoan se usake adi roop ya bij roop ka abhas milata hai. kh di boli ka adikalin roop sarahapa adi siddhoan, gorakhanath adi nathoan, amir khusaro jaise soofiyoan, jayadev, namadev, ramanand adi santoan ki rachanaoan mean upalabdh hai. in rachanakaroan mean hamean apabhransh–avahatt se nikalati huee kh di boli spashtatah dikhaee deti hai.

madhyakalin hindi

madhyakal mean hindi ka svaroop spasht ho gaya tatha usaki pramukh boliyaan vikasit ho geean. is kal mean bhasha ke tin roop nikharakar samane ae—brajabhasha, avadhi v kh di boli. brajabhasha aur avadhi ka atyadhik sahityik vikas hua tatha tatkalin brajabhasha sahity ko kuchh deshi rajyoan ka sanrakshan bhi prapt hua. inake atirikt madhyakal mean kh di boli ke mishrit roop ka sahity mean prayog hota raha. isi kh di boli ka 14vian sadi mean dakshin mean pravesh hua, atah vahaan par isaka sahity mean adhik prayog hua. 18vian sadi mean kh di boli ko musalaman shasakoan ka sanrakshan mila tatha isake vikas ko nee disha mili.

brajabhasha

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

hindi ke madhyakal mean madhy desh ki mahan bhasha parampara ke uttaradayitv ka poora nirvah brajabhasha ne kiya. yah apane samay ki parinishthit v uchch koti ki sahityik bhasha thi, jisako gauravanvit karane ka sarvadhik shrey hindi ke krishnabhakt kaviyoan ko hai. poorv madhyakal (arthath bhaktikal) mean krishnabhakt kaviyoan ne apane sahity mean brajabhasha ka charam vikas kiya. pushti marg/shuddhadvait sampradayan ke sooradas (soorasagar), nandadas, nimbark sampraday ke shri bhatt, chaitany sampraday ke gadadhar bhatt, radha–vallabh sampraday ke hit harivansh (shrikrishna ki baansuri ke avatar) evan sampraday–nirapeksh kaviyoan mean rasakhan, mirabaee adi pramukh krishnabhakt kaviyoan ne brajabhasha ke sahityik vikas mean amooly yogadan diya. inamean sarvapramukh sthan sooradas ka hai, jinhean 'ashtachhap ka jahaz' kaha jata hai. uttar madhyakal (arthath ritikal) mean anek acharyoan evan kaviyoan ne brajabhasha mean lakshanik evan riti granth likhakar brajabhasha ke sahity ko samriddh kiya. ritibaddh kaviyoan mean keshavadas, matiram, bihari, dev, padmakar, bhikhari das, senapati, adi tatha ritimukt kaviyoan mean ghananand, alam, bodha adi pramukh haian. (brajabuli—bangal mean krishnabhakt kaviyoan ke dvara pracharit bhasha ka nam.)

avadhi

avadhi ko sahityik bhasha ke roop mean pratishthit karane ka shrey soofi/premamargi kaviyoan ko hai. kutban ('mrigavati'), jayasi ('padmavat'), manjhan ('madhumalati'), alam ('madhavanal kamakandala'), usaman ('chitravali'), noor muhammad ('indravati'), kasimashah ('hans javahir'), shekh nisar ('yoosuf julekha'), alishah ('prem chiangari') adi soofi kaviyoan ne avadhi ko sahityik garima pradan ki. inamean sarvapramukh jayasi the. avadhi ko ramabhakt kaviyoan ne apani abhivyakti ka madhyam banaya, visheshakar tulasidas ne 'ramacharitamanas' ki rachana baisava di avadhi mean kar avadhi bhasha ko jis sahityik ooanchaee par pahuanchaya, vah atulaniy hai. madhyakal mean sahityik avadhi ka charamotkarsh do kaviyoan mean milata hai, jayasi aur tulasidas mean. jayasi ke yahaan jahaan avadhi ka theth gramin roop milata hai, vahaan tulasi ke yahaan avadhi ka tatsamamukhi roop hai. (gohari/goyari— bangal mean soofiyoan dvara pracharit avadhi bhasha ka nam.)

kh di boli

madhyakal mean kh di boli ka mukhy kendr uttar se badalakar dakkan mean ho gaya. is prakar, madhyakal mean kh di boli ke do roop ho ge—uttari hindi v dakkani hindi. kh di boli madhyakal roop kabir, nanak, dadoo, malookadas, rajjab adi santoan; gang ki 'chand chhand varnan ki mahima', rahim ke 'madanashtak', alam ke 'sudama charit', jatamal ki 'gora badal ki katha', vali, sauda, insha, nazir adi dakkani evan urdoo ke kaviyoan, 'kutubashatam' (17vi sadi), 'bhogaloo puran' (18vian sadi), sant prananath ke 'kulajamasvaroop' adi mean milata hai.

adhunik hindi

• hindi ke adhunik kal tak ate–ate brajabhasha janabhasha se kafi door hat chuki thi aur avadhi ne to bahut pahale se hi sahity se muanh mo d liya tha. 19vian sadi ke madhy tak aangrezi satta ka mahattam vistar bharat mean ho chuka tha. is rajanitik parivartan ka prabhav madhy desh ki bhasha hindi par bhi p da. navin rajanitik paristhitiyoan ne kh di boli ko protsahan pradan kiya. jab brajabhasha aur avadhi ka sahityik roop janabhasha se door ho gaya tab unaka sthan kh di boli dhire–dhire lene lagi. aangrezi sarakar ne bhi isaka prayog arambh kar diya.
• hindi ke adhunik kal mean prarambh mean ek or urdoo ka prachar hone aur doosari or kavy ki bhasha brajabhasha hone ke karan kh di boli ko apane astitv ke lie sangharsh karana p da. 19vian sadi tak kavita ki bhasha brajabhasha aur gady ki bhasha kh di boli rahi. 20vian sadi ke ate–ate kh di boli gady–pady donoan ki hi sahityik bhasha ban gee.
• is yug mean kh di boli ko pratishthit karane mean vibhinn dharmik samajik evan rajanitik aandolanoan ne b di sahayata ki. phalatah kh di boli sahity ki sarvapramukh bhasha ban gayi.

kh di boli

bharatendu poorv yug

kh di boli gady ke arambhik rachanakaroan mean phort viliyam k aaulej ke bahar do rachanakaroan— sadasukh lal 'niyaj' (sukhasagar) v iansha alla khaan (rani ketaki ki kahani)—tatha phort viliyam k aaulej, kalakatta ke do bhasha muanshiyoan—lalloo lalaji (prem sagar) v sadal mishr (nasiketopakhyan)—ke nam ullekhaniy haian. bharatendu poorv yug mean mukhy sangharsh hindi ki svikriti aur pratishtha ko lekar tha. is yug ke do prasiddh lekhakoan—raja shiv prasad 'sitare hind' v raja lakshman sianh—ne hindi ke svaroop nirdharan ke saval par do simantoan ka anugaman kiya. raja shiv prasad ne hindi ka ganvarupan door kar use urdoo–e–mualla bana diya to raja lakshman sianh ne vishuddh sanskritanishth hindi ka samarthan kiya.

bharatendu yug

(1850 ee.–1900 ee.) in donoan ke bich sarvamany hindi gady ki pratishtha kar gady sahity ki vividh vidhaoan ka aitihasik kary bharatendu yug mean hua. hindi sahi mayane mean bharatendu ke kal mean 'nee chal mean dhali' aur unake samay mean hi hindi ke gady ke bahumukhi roop ka sootrapat hua. unhoanne n keval svayan rachana ki balki apana ek lekhak mandal bhi taiyar kiya, jise 'bharatendu mandal' kaha gaya. bharatendu yug ki mahatvapoorn upalabdhi yah rahi ki gady rachana ke lie kh di boli ko madhyam ke roop mean apanakar yuganuroop svasth drishtikon ka parichay diya. lekin pady rachana ke masale mean brajabhasha ya kh di boli ko apanane ke saval par vivad bana raha, jisaka ant dvivedi ke yug mean jakar hua.

dvivedi yug

(1900 ee.–1920 ee.) kh di boli aur hindi sahity ke saubhagy se 1903 ee. mean achary mahavir prasad dvivedi ne 'sarasvati' patrika ke sampadan ka bhar sambhala. ve saral aur shuddh bhasha ke prayog ke himayati the. ve lekhakoan ki vartani athava trutiyoan ka sanshodhan svayan karate chalate the. unhoanne hindi ke parishkar ka bi da uthaya aur use bukhoovi anjam diya. gady to bharatendu yug se hi saphalatapoorvak kh di boli mean likha ja raha tha, ab pady ki vyavaharik bhasha bhi ekamatr kh di boli pratishathit honi lagi. is prakar brajabhasha, jisake sath mean 'bhasha' shabd ju da hua hai, apane kshetr mean simit ho gee arthath 'boli' ban gee. isake mukabale mean kh di boli, jisake sath 'boli' shabd laga hai, 'bhasha ban gee', aur isaka sahi nam hindi ho gaya. ab kh di boli dilli ke asapas ki merath–janapadiy boli nahian rah gee, apitu yah samast uttari bharat ke sahity ka madhyam ban gee. dvivedi yug mean sahity rachana ki vividh vidhaean vikasit huee.. mahavir prasad dvivedi, shyam sundar das, padm sianh sharma, madhav prasad mishr, poornasianh, chandradhar sharma guleri adi ke avadan visheshatah ullekhaniy haian.

chhayavad yug

(1920 ee.–1936 ee. evan usake bad) sahityik kh di boli ke vikas mean chhayavad yug ka yogadan kafi mahatvapoorn hai. prasad, pant, nirala, mahadevi varma aur ram kumar adi ne mahati yogadan kiya. inaki rachanaoan ko dekhate hue yah koee nahian kah sakata ki kh di boli sookshm bhavoan ko abhivyakt karane mean brajabhasha se kam samarth hai. hindi mean anek bhashayi gunoan ka samavesh hua. abhivyajanna ki vividhata, bianboan ki lakshanikata, rasatmak lality chhayavad yug ki bhasha ki anyatam visheshataean haian. hindi kavy mean chhayavad yug ke bad pragativad yug (1936 ee.–1946 ee.) prayogavad yug (1943) adi ae. is daur kh di boli ka kavy bhasha ke roop mean uttarottar vikas hota gaya. pady ke hi nahian, gady ke sandarbh mean bhi chhayavad yug sahityik kh di boli ke vikas ka svarn yug tha. katha sahity (upanyas v kahani) mean premachand, natak mean jayashankar prasad, alochana mean achary ramachandr shukl ne jo bhasha–shailiyaan aur maryadaean sthapit kian, unaka anusaran aj bhi kiya ja raha hai. gady sahity ke kshetr mean inake mahatv ka aandaza isi bat se lagaya ja sakata hai ki gady–sahity ke vibhinn vidhaoan ke itihas mean kaloan ka namakaran inake nam ko kendr mean rakhakar hi kiya gaya hai. jaise upanyas ke itihas mean premachand– poorv yug, premachand yug, premachandottar yug, natak ke itihas mean prasad–poorv yug, prasad yug, prasadottar yug, alochana ke itihas mean shukl–poorv yug, shukl yug, shuklottar yug.

hindi ke vibhinn nam ya roop

hindavi

inhean hinduee, jaban–e–hind, dehalavi namoan se bhi jana jata hai. madhyakal mean madhyadesh ke hinduoan ki bhasha, jisamean arabi–farasi shabdoan ka abhav hai. (sarvapratham amir khusaro (1253-1325) ne madhy desh ki bhasha ke lie hindavi, hindi shabd ka prayog kiya. unhoanne deshi bhasha hindavi, hindi ke prachar–prasar ke lie ek farasi–hindi kosh 'khalik bari' ki rachana ki, jisamean hindavi shabd 30 bar, hindi shabd 5 bar deshi bhasha ke lie prayukt hua hai.)

bhasha

bhasha ko bhakha bhi kaha jata hai. vidyapati, kabir, tulasi, keshavadas adi ne bhasha shabd ka prayog hindi ke lie kiya hai. (19vian sadi ke prarambh tak is shabd ka prayog hota raha. fort viliyam k aaulej mean niyukt hindi adhyapakoan ko 'bhasha muanshi' ke nam se abhihit karana isi bat ka soochak hai.)

rekhta

madhyakal mean musalamanoan mean prachalit arabi–farasi shabdoan se mishrit kavita ki bhasha. (jaise–mir, galib ki rachanaean)

dakkhini

ise dakkani nam se bhi jana jata hai. madhyakal mean dakkan ke musalamanoan ke dvara farasi lipi mean likhi janevali bhasha. (hindi mean gady rachana parampara ki shurooat karane ka shrey dakkani hindi ke rachanakaroan ko hi hai. dakkani hindi ko uttar bharat mean lane ka shrey prasiddh shayar vali dakkani (1688-1741) ko hai. vah mugal shasak muhammad shah 'rangila' ke shasan kal mean dilli pahuancha aur uttari bharat mean dakkani hindi ko lokapriy banaya.)

kh di boli

kh di boli ki tin shailiyaan haian—

1. hindi, shuddh hindi, uchch hindi, nagari hindi, aryabhasha– nagari lipi mean likhit sanskrit bahul kh di boli (jaise—jayashankar prasad ki rachanaean).
2. urdoo, jaban–e–urdoo, jaban–e–urdoo–mualla— farasi lipi mean likhit arabi—farasi bahul kh di boli.
3. hindustani— hindi aur urdoo ka mishrit roop v amajan dvara prayukt (jaise–premachand ki rachanaean).

hindi ke vibhinn arth

bhasha shastriy arth

nagari lipi mean likhit sanskrit bahul kh di boli.

sanvaidhanik/qanooni arth

sanvidhan ke anusar hindi bharat sangh ki rajabhasha ya adhikrit bhasha tatha anek rajyoan ki rajabhasha hai.

samany arth

samast hindi bhashi kshetr ki parinishthit bhasha arthath shasan, shiksha, sahity, vyapar adi ki bhasha.

vyapak arth

adhunik yug mean hindi ko keval kh di boli mean hi simit nahian kiya ja sakata. hindi ki sabhi upabhashaean aur boliyaan hindi ke vyapak arth mean a jati haian.

hindi ka rashtrabhasha ke roop mean vikas

rashtrabhasha kya hai

• rashtrabhasha ka shabdik arth hai—samast rashtr mean prayukt bhasha arthath amajan ki bhasha (janabhasha). jo bhasha samast rashtr mean jan–jan ke vichar–vinimay ka madhyam ho, vah rashtrabhasha kahalati hai.
• rashtrabhasha rashtriy ekata evan aantarrashtriy sanvad sampark ki avashyakata ki upaj hoti hai. vaise to sabhi bhashaean rashtrabhashaean hoti haian, kintu rashtr ki janata jab sthaniy evan tatkalik hitoan v poorvagrahoan se oopar uthakar apane rashtr ki kee bhashaoan mean se kisi ek bhasha ko chunakar use rashtriy asmita ka ek avashyakam upadan samajhane lagati hai to vahi rashtrabhasha hai.
• svatantrata sangram ke dauran rashtrabhasha ki avashyakata hoti hai. bharat ke sandarbh mean is avashyakata ki poorti hindi ne kiya. yahi karan hai ki hindi svatantrata sangram ke dauran rashtrabhasha bani.
• rashtrabhasha shabd koee sanvaidhanik shabd nahian hai, balki yah prayogatmak, vyavaharik v janamanyata prapt shabd hai.
• rashtrabhasha samajik, saanskritik star par desh ko jo dane ka kam karati hai arthath rashtrabhasha ki prathamik shart desh mean vibhinn samudayoan ke bich bhavanatmak ekata sthapit karana hai.
• rashtrabhasha ka prayog kshetr vistrit aur deshavyapi hota hai. rashtrabhasha sare desh ki sampark–bhasha hoti hai. isaka vyapak janadhar hota hai.
• rashtrabhasha hamesha svabhasha hi ho sakati hai kyoanki usi ke sath janata ka bhavanatmak lagav hota hai.
• rashtrabhasha ka svaroop lachila hota hai aur ise janata ke anuroop kisi roop mean dhala ja sakata hai.

aangrezoan ka yogadan

• rashtrabhasha sare desh ki sampark bhasha hoti hai. hindi dirghakal se sare desh mean jan–jan ke parasparik sampark ki bhasha rahi hai. yah keval uttari bharat ki nahian, balki dakshin bharat ke acharyoan— vallabhachary, ramanuj, ramanand adi—ne bhi isi bhasha ke madhyam se apane matoan ka prachar kiya tha. ahindi bhashi rajyoan ke bhakt–sant kaviyoan (jaise—asam ke shankaradev, maharashtr ke jnaneshvar v namadev, gujarat ke narasi mehata, bangal ke chaitany adi) ne isi bhasha ko apane dharm aur sahity ka madhyam banaya tha.
• yahi karan tha ki janata aur sarakar ke bich sanvad sthapana ke kram mean farasi ya aangrezi ke madhyam se dikkatean pesh aeean to kampani sarakar ne fort viliyam k aaulej mean hindustani vibhag kholakar adhikariyoan ko hindi sikhane ki vyavastha ki. yahaan se hindi padhe hue adhikariyoan ne bhinn–bhinn kshetroan mean usaka pratyaksh labh dekar mukt kanth se hindi ko saraha.
• si. ti. metakaf ne 1806 ee. mean apane shiksha guru j aaun gilakraist ko likha— 'bharat ke jis bhag mean bhi mujhe kam karana p da hai, kalakatta se lekar lahaur tak, kumaooan ke paha doan se lekar narmada nadi tak maianne us bhasha ka am vyavahar dekha hai, jisaki shiksha apane mujhe di hai. maian kanyakumari se lekar kashmir tak ya java se siandhu tak is vishvas se yatra karane ki himmat kar sakata hooan ki mujhe har jagah aise log mil jaeange jo hindustani bol lete hoange.'
• t aaumas robak ne 1807 ee. mean likha— 'jaise ianglaind jane vale ko laitin seksan ya freanch ke badale aangrezi sikhani chahie, vaise hi bharat ane vale ko arabi–farasi ya sanskrit ke badale hindustani sikhani chahie.'
• viliyam keri ne 1816 ee. mean likha— 'hindi kisi ek pradesh ki bhasha nahian balki desh mean sarvatr boli jane vali bhasha hai.'
• ech. ti. kolabruk ne likha— 'jis bhasha ka vyavahar bharat ke pratyek prant ke log karate haian, jo padhe–likhe tatha anapadh donoan ki sadharan bolachal ki bhasha hai, jisako pratyek gaanv mean tho de bahut log avashy hi samajh lete haian, usi ka yatharth nam hindi hai.'
• jarj griyarsan ne hindi ko 'am bolachal ki mahabhasha' kaha hai.
• in vidvanoan ke mantavyoan se spasht hai ki hindi ki vyavaharik upayogita, deshavyapi prasad evan prayogagat lachilepan ke karan aangrezoan ne hindi ko apanaya. us samay hindi aur urdoo ko ek hi bhasha mana jata tha. aangrezoan ne hindi ko prayog mean lakar hindi ki mahati sanmbhavanaoan ki or rashtriy netaoan evan sahityakaroan ka dhyan khiancha.

dharm/samaj sudharakoan ka yogadan

• dharm/samaj sudhar ki prayah sabhi sansthaoan ne hindi ke mahatv ko bhaanpa aur hindi ki himayat ki.
• brahma samaj (1828 ee.) ke sansthapak raja ramamohan ray ne kaha, "is samagr desh ki ekata ke lie hindi anivary hai." brahmasamaji keshav chandr sen ne 1875 ee. mean ek lekh likha, "bharatiy ekata kaise ho, 'jisamean unhoanne likha—'upay hai sare bhasha mean ek hi bhasha ka vyavahar. abhi jitani bhashaean bharat mean prachalit haian, unamean hindi bhasha lagabhag sabhi jagah prachalit hai. yah hindi agar bharatavarsh ki ekamatr bhasha ban jae to yah kam sahaj hi aur shighr hi sampann ho sakata hai'. ek any brahmasamaji navin chandr ray ne panjab mean hindi ke vikas ke lie stuty yogadan diya.
• ary samaj (1875 ee.) ke sansthapak svami dayanand sarasvati gujarati bhashi the evan gujarati v sanskrit ke achchhe janakar the. hindi ka unhean sirph kamachalaoo jnan tha, par apani bat adhik–se–adhik logoan tak pahuanchane ke lie tatha desh ki ekata ko majaboot karane ke lie unhoanne apana sara dharmik sahity hindi mean hi likha. unaka kahana tha ki "hindi ke dvara sare bharat ko ek sootr mean piroya ja sakata hai." ve is 'aryabhasha' ko sarvatmana deshonnati ka mukhy adhar manate the. unhoanne hindi ke prayog ko rashtriy svaroop pradan kiya. ve kahate the, 'meri aankhean us din ko dekhana chahati haian, jab kashmir se kanyakumari tak sab bharatiy ek bhasha samajhane aur bolane lag jaeange.
• aravind darshan ke praneta aravind ghosh ki salah thi ki 'log apani–apani matribhasha ki raksha karate hue samany bhasha ke roop mean hindi ko grahan karean.'
• thiyosophikal sosayati (1875 ee.) ki sanchalika eni beseant ne kaha tha, "bharatavarsh ke bhinn–bhinn bhagoan mean jo anek deshi bhashaean boli jati haian, unamean ek bhasha aisi hai jisamean shesh sab bhashaoan ki apeksha ek bhari visheshata hai, vah yah ki usaka prachar sabase adhik hai. vah bhasha hindi hai. hindi janane vala adami sampoorn bharatavarsh mean yatra kar sakata hai aur use har jagah hindi bolane vale mil sakate haian. bharat ke sabhi skooloan mean hindi ki shiksha anivary honi chahie."
• uparyukt dharmik/samajik sansthaoan ke atirikt prarthana samaj , sanatan dharm sabha , ramkrishna mishan adi ne hindi ke prachar mean yog diya.
• isase lagata hai ki dharm/samaj sudharakoan ki yah soch ban chuki thi ki rashtriy star par sanvad sthapit karane ke lie hindi avashyak hai. ve janate the ki hindi bahusankhyak jan ki bhasha hai, ek prant ke log doosare prant ke logoan se sirph is bhasha mean hi vicharoan ka adan–pradan kar sakate haian. bhavi rashtrabhasha ke roop mean hindi ko badhane ka kary inhian dharm/samaj sudharakoan ne kiya.

kaangres ke netaoan ka yogadan

• 1885 ee. mean kaangres ki sthapana huee. jaise–jaise kaangres ka rashtriy aandolan zor pak data gaya, vaise–vaise rashtriyata, rashtriy jhannda evan rashtrabhasha ke prati agrah badhata hi gaya.
• 1917 ee. mean lokamany balagangadhar tilak ne kaha, "yadyapi maian un logoan mean se hooan, jo chahate haian aur jinaka vichar hai ki hindi hi bharat ki rashtrabhasha ho sakati hai." tilak ne bharatavasiyoan se agrah kiya ki ve hindi sikhean.
• mahatma gaandhi rashtr ke lie rashtrabhasha ko nitaant avashyakam manate the. unaka kahana tha, "rashtrabhasha ke bina rashtr gooanga hai." gaandhiji hindi ke prashn ko svaraj ka prashn manate the—"hindi ka prashn svarajy ka prashn hai." unhoanne hindi ko rashtrabhasha ke roop mean samane rakhakar bhasha–samasya par gambhirata se vichar kiya. 1917 ee. mean bh dauanch mean ayojit gujarat shiksha parishad ke adhiveshan mean sabhapati pad se bhashan dete hue gaandhiji ne kaha,

rashtrabhasha ke lie 5 lakshan ya shartean honi chahie—

1. amaladaroan ke lie vah bhasha saral honi chahie.
2. yah zaroori hai ki bharatavarsh ke bahut se log us bhasha ko bolate hoan.
3. us bhasha ke dvara bharatavarsh ka apani dharmik, arthik aur rajanitik vyavahar ho sakana chahie.
4. rashtr ke lie vah bhasha asan honi chahie.
5. us bhasha ka vichar karate samay kisi kshanik ya alpasthayi sthiti par zor nahian dena chahie."

varsh 1918 ee. mean hindi sahity sammelan ke indaur adhiveshan mean sabhapati pad se bhashan dete hue gaandhi ji rashtrabhasha hindi ka samarthan kiya, "mera yah mat hai ki hindi hi hindustan ki rashtrabhasha ho sakati hai aur honi chahie." isi adhiveshan mean yah prastav parit kiya gaya ki prativarsh 6 dakshin bharatiy yuvak hindi sikhane ko prayag bhejean jaean aur 6 uttar bharatiy yuvak ko dakshin bhashaean sikhane tatha hindi ka prasar karane ke lie dakshin bharat mean bheja jae. indaur sammelan ke bad unhoanne hindi ke kary ko rashtriy vrat bana diya. dakshin mean pratham hindi pracharak ke roop mean gaandhiji ne apane sabase chhote putr devadas gaandhi ko dakshin mean chennee bheja. gaandhiji ki prerana se madras (1927 ee.) evan vardha (1936 ee.) mean rashtrabhasha prachar sabhaean sthapit ki geean.

• varsh 1925 ee. mean kaangres ke kanapur adhiveshan mean gaandhiji ki prerana se yah prastav parit hua ki 'kaangres ka, kaangres ki mahasamiti ka aur karyakarini samiti ka kam–kaj amataur par hindi mean chalaya jaega.' is prastav mean hindi–aandolan ko b da bal mila.
• varsh 1927 ee. mean gaandhiji ne likha, "vastav mean ye aangrezimean bolanevale neta haian, jo am janata mean hamara kam jaldi age badhane nahian dete. ve hindi sikhane se iankar karate haian, jabaki hindi dravi d pradesh mean bhi tin mahine ke andar sikhi ja sakati hai.
• varsh 1927 ee. mean si. rajagopalachari ne dakshinavaloan ko hindi sikhane ki salah di aur kaha, "hindi bharat ki rashtrabhasha to hai hi, yahi janatantratmak bharat mean rajabhasha bhi hogi."
• varsh 1928 ee. mean prastut neharoo riport mean bhasha sambandhi sifarish mean kaha gaya tha, "devanagari athava farasi mean likhi jane vali hindustani bharat ki rashtrabhasha hogi, parantu kuchh samay ke lie aangrezi ka upayog zari rahega." sivay 'devanagari ya farasi' ki jagah 'devanagari' tatha 'hindustani' ki jagah 'hindi' rakh dene ke aantatah svatantr bharat ke sanvidhan mean isi mat ko apana liya gaya.
• varsh 1929 ee. mean subhashachandr bos ne kaha, "prantiy eershya–dvesh ko door karane mean jitani sahayata is hindi prachar se milegi, utani doosari kisi chij se nahian mil sakati. apani prantiy bhashaoan ki bharapoor unnati kijie, usamean koee badha nahian dalana chahata aur n ham kisi ki badha ko sahan hi kar sakate haian. par sare prantoan ki sarvajanik bhasha ka pad hindi ya hindustani ko hi mila hai."
• varsh 1931 ee. mean gaandhiji ne likha, "yadi svarajy aangezi–padhe bharatavasiyoan ka hai aur keval unake lie hai to sampark bhasha avashy aangrezi hogi. yadi vah karo doan bhookhe logoan, karo doan nirakshar logoan, nirakshar striyoan, satae hue achhootoan ke lie hai to sampark bhasha keval hindi ho sakati hai." gaandhiji janata ki bat janata ki bhasha mean karane ke pakshadhar the.
• varsh 1936 ee. mean gaandhiji ne kaha, "agar hindustan ko sachamuch age badhana hai to chahe koee mane ya n mane rashtrabhasha to hindi hi ban sakati hai, kyoanki jo sthan hindi ko prapt hai, vah kisi aur bhasha ko nahian mil sakata hai."
• varsh 1937 ee. mean desh ke kuchh rajyoan mean kaangres mantrimandal gathit hua. in rajyoan mean hindi ki padhaee ko protsahit karane ka sankalp liya gaya.
• jaise–jaise svatantrata sangram tivratam hota gaya vaise–vaise hindi ko rashtrabhasha banane ka aandolan zor pak data gaya. 20vian sadi ke chauthe dashak tak hindi rashtrabhasha ke roop mean am sahamati prapt kar chuki thi. varsh 1942 se 1945 ka samay aisa tha jab desh mean svatantrata ki lahar sabase adhik tivr thi, tab rashtrabhasha se ot–prot jitani rachanaean hindi mean likhi geean utani shayad kisi aur bhasha mean itane vyapak roop se kabhi nahian likhi gee. rashtrabhasha prachar ke sath rashtriyata ke prabal ho jane par aangrezi bharat chho data p da.

rashtrabhasha aandolan (hindi aandolan) se sambandhit dharmik–samajik sansthaean nam mukhyalay sthapana sansthapak brahm samaj kalakatta 1828 ee. raja ramamohan ray prarthana samaj banbee 1867 ee. atmarang pandurang ary samaj banbee 1875 ee. dayanand sarasvati thiyosophikal adayar 1882 ee. karnal ech. es. sosaiti chennee alakat evan maidam balavatsaki sanatan dharm sabha varanasi 1895 ee. pan. dinadayal sharma (bharat dharm mahamandal-1902 mean nam parivartan) ramkrishna mishan beloor 1897 ee. vivekanand

rashtrabhasha aandolan se sambandhit sahityik sansthaean nam mukhyalay sthapana nagari pracharini sabha varanasi 1893 ee. (sansthapak-trayi—shyam suandar das, ram narayan mishr v shiv kumar sianh) hindi sahity sammelan prayag 1910 ee. (pratham sabhapati–madan mohan malaviy) gujarat vidyapith ahamadabad 1920 ee. hindustani ekedami ilahabad 1927 ee. dakshin bharat hindi prachar sabha (poorv nam-hindi sahity sammelan) chennee 1927 ee. hindi vidyapith devaghar 1929 ee. rashtrabhasha prachar samiti vardha 1936 ee. maharashtr rashtrabhasha sabha pune 1937 ee. banbee hindi vidyapith banbee 1938 ee. asam rashtrabhasha prachar samiti guvahati 1938 ee. bihar rashtrabhasha parishad patana patana 1951 ee. akhil bharatiy hindi sanstha sangh 1964 ee. nagari lipi parishad nee dilli 1975 ee.

rashtrabhasha aandolan se sambandhit vyaktitv

bangal

raja ram mohan ray, keshavachandr sen, navin chandr ray, eeshvar chandr vidyasagar, taruni charan mishr, rajendr lal mitr, raj narayan basu, bhoodev mukharji, bankim chandr chaitarji ('hindi bhasha ki sahayata se bharatavarsh ke vibhinn pradeshoan ke madhy mean jo aikyabandhan sansthapan karane mean samarth hoange vahi sachche bharatabandhu pukare jane yogy haian.)', subhashachandr bos ('agar aj hindi bhasha man li gee hai to vah isalie nahian ki vah kisi prant vishesh ki bhasha hai, balki isalie ki vah apani saralata, vyapakata tatha kshamata ke karan sare desh ki bhasha ho sakati hai.') ravindranath taigor ('yadi ham pratyek bharatiy ke naisargik adhikaroan ke siddhaant ko svikar karate haian, to hamean rashtrabhasha ke roop mean is bhasha ko svikar karana chahie jo desh ke sabase b de bhoo–bhag mean boli jati hai aur jise svikar karane ki sifarish mahatma gaandhiji ne ham logoan se ki hai.') ramanand chatarji, sarojani nayadoo, sharada charan mitr, achary kshiti mohan sen ('hindi ko rashtrabhasha banane hetu jo anushthan hue haian, unako maian sanskriti ka rajasooy yajn samajhata hooan.') adi.

maharashtr

bal gangadhar tilak ('yah aandolan uttar bharat mean keval ek sarvamany lipi ke prachar ke lie nahian hai. yah to us aandolan ka ek aang hai, jise maian ek rashtriy aandolan kahooanga aur jisaka uddeshy samast bharatavarsh ke lie ek rashtriy bhasha ki sthapana karana hai, kyoanki sabake lie saman bhasha rashtriyata ka mahatvapoorn aang hai. atev yadi ap kisi rashtr ke logoan ko ek–doosare ke nikat lana chahean to sabake lie saman bhasha se badhakar sashakt any koee bal nahian hai.'), en. si. kelakar, d aau. bhandarakar, vi. di. savarakar, gopal krishna gokhale, gadagil, kaka kalelakar adi.

panjab

lala lajapat ray, shraddharam phillauri adi.

gujarat

dayanand sarasvati, mahatma gaandhi, vallabhabhaee patel, kanhaiyalal manikalal (ke. em.) muanshi ('hindi ko rashtrabhasha banana nahian hai, vah to hai hi.') adi.

dakshin bharat

• si. rajagopalachari, ti. vijayaraghavachary ('hindustan ki sabhi jivit aur prachalit bhashaoan mean mujhe hindi hi rashtrabhasha banane ke lie sabase adhik yogy dikh p dati hai.'), *si. pi. ramasvami ayyar ('desh ke vibhinn bhagoan ke nivasiyoan ke vyavahar ke lie sarvasugam aur vyapak tatha ekata sthapit karane ke sadhan ke roop mean hindi ka jnan avashyak hai.')
• anant shayanam ayagar ('hindi hi uttar aur dakshin ko jo dane vali samarth bhasha hai.')
• es. nijaliangappa ('dakshin ki bhashaoan ne sanskrit se bahut kuchh len–den kiya hai, isalie usi parampara mean aee huee hindi b di saralata se rashtrabhasha hone ke layak hai.')
• ranganath ramachandr divakar ('jo rashtrapremi hai, use rashtrabhasha premi hona chahie.')
• ke. ti. bhashyam, ar. veankataram shastri, en. sundaraiya adi.

any—madanamohan malaviy, purushottam das tandan('hindi ka prahari'), rajendr prasad, seth govind das adi.

mahatma gaandhi ke vichar

1. 'karo doan logoan ko aangrezi ki shiksha dena unhean gulami mean dalane jaisa hai. maikale ne shiksha ki jo buniyad dali, vah sachamuch gulami ki buniyad thi'.
2. "aangrezi bhasha hamare rashtr ke paanv mean be di banakar p di huee hai." bharatiy vidyarthi ko aangrezi ke marphat jnan arjit karane par kam–se–kam 6 varsh adhik barbad karane p date haian. yadi hamean ek videshi bhasha par adhikar pane ke lie jivan ke amooly varsh laga dene p dean, to phir aur kya ho sakata hai'. (1914)
3. 'jis bhasha mean tulasidas jaise kavi ne kavita ki ho, vah atyant pavitr hai aur usake samane koee bhasha thahar nahian sakati'. (1916)
4. 'hindi hi hindustan ke shikshit samuday ki samany bhasha ho sakati hai, yah bat nirvivad siddh hai. jis sthan ko aangrezi bhasha ajakal lene ka prayatn kar rahi hai aur jise lena usake lie asambhav hai, vahi sthan hindi ko milana chahie, kyoanki hindi ka us par poorn adhikar hai. yah sthan aangrezi ko nahian mil sakata, kyoanki vah videshi bhasha hai aur hamare lie b di kathin hai'. (1917)
5. 'hindi bhasha vah bhasha hai jisako uttar mean hindoo v musalaman bolate haian aur jo nagari aur farasi lipi mean likhi jati hai. yah hindi ekadam sanskritamayi nahian hai aur n hi vah ekadam farasi shabdoan se ladi hai'. (1918)
6. 'hindi aur urdoo nadiyaan haian aur hindustani sagar hai. hindi aur urdoo donoan ko apas mean jhag dana nahian chahie. donoan ka mukabala to aangrezi se hai'.
7. 'aangrezoan ke vyamoh se piand chhu dana svarajy ka ek anivary aang hai'.
8. 'maian yadi tanashah hota (mera bas chalata to) aj hi videshi bhasha mean shiksha dena band kar deta, sare adhyapakoan ko svadeshi bhashaean apanane par majaboor kar deta. jo anakani karate, unhean barkhast kar deta. maian pathy–pustakoan ki taiyari ka iantazar nahian karooanga, ve to madhyam ke parivartan ke pichhe–pichhe apane ap hi chali aegi. yah ek aisi buraee hai, jisaka turant hi ilaj hona chahie'.
9. 'meri matribhasha mean kitani hi khamiyaan kyoan n hoan, maian isase isi tarah se chipata rahooanga, jis tarah se bachcha apani maan ki chhati se, jo mujhe jivanadayi doodh de sakati hai. agar aangrezi us jagah ko h dapana chahati hai, jisaki vah haqadar nahian hai, to maian usase sakht nafarat karooanga—vah kuchh logoan ke sikhane ki vastu ho sakati hai, lakhoan–karo doan ki nahian'.
10. 'lipiyoan mean sabase avval daraje ki lipi nagari ko hi manata hooan. maian manata hooan ki nagari aur urdoo lipi ke bich aant mean jit nagari lipi ki hi hogi'.

rajabhasha ke roop mean vikas

rajabhasha kya hai

1. rajabhasha ka shabdik arth hai—raj–kaj ki bhasha. jo bhasha desh ke rajakiy karyoan ke lie prayukt hoti hai, vah 'rajabhasha' kahalati haian rajaoan–navaboan ke zamane mean ise 'darabari bhasha' kaha jata tha.
2. rajabhasha sarakari kam–kaj chalane ki avashyakata ki upaj hoti hai.
3. svashasan ane ke pashchath rajabhasha ki avashkata hoti hai. prayah rashtrabhasha hi svashasan ane ke pashchath rajabhasha ban jati hai. bharat mean bhi rashtrabhasha hindi ko rajabhasha ka darja prapt hua.
4. rajabhasha ek sanvaidhanik shabd hai. hindi ko 14 sitanbar 1949 ee. ko sanvaidhanik roop se rajabhasha ghoshit kiya gaya. isilie pratyek varsh 14 sitanbar ko 'hindi divas' ke roop mean manaya jata hai.
5. rajabhasha desh ko apane prashasanik lakshyoan ke dvara rajanitik–arthik ikaee mean jo dane ka kam karati hai. arthath rajabhasha ki prathamik shart rajanitik prashasanik ekata qayam karana hai.
6. rajabhasha ka prayog kshetr simit hota hai, yatha—vartaman samay mean bharat sarakar ke karyalayoan evan kuchh rajyoan—hindi kshetr ke rajyoan—mean raj–kaj hindi mean hota hai. any rajy sarakarean apani–apani bhasha mean kary karati haian, hindi mean nahian; maharashtr marathi mean, panjab panjabi mean, gujarat gujarati mean adi.
7. rajabhasha koee bhi bhasha ho sakati hai, svabhasha ya parabhasha. jaise, mugal shasak akabar ke samay se lekar maikale ke kal tak farasi rajabhasha tatha maikale ke kal se lekar svatantrata prapti tak aangrezi rajabhasha thi jo ki videshi bhasha thi. jabaki svatantrata prapti ke bad hindi ko rajabhasha ka darja diya gaya jo ki svabhasha hai.
8. rajabhasha ka ek nishchith manak svaroop hota hai, jisake sath chhe dachha d ya prayog nahian kiya ja sakata.

sanvaidhanik sthiti v samiksha

• svatantrata ke poorv jo chhote–b de rashtraneta rashtrabhasha ya rajabhasha ke roop mean hindi ko apanane ke mudde par sahamat the, unamean se adhikaansh gair–hindi bhashi neta svatantrata milane ke vaqt hindi ke nam par bidakane lage.
• yahi vajah thi ki sanvidhan sabha mean keval hindi par vichar nahian hua; rajabhasha ke nam par jo bahas vahaan 11 sitanbar, 1949 ee. se 14 sitanbar, 1949 ee. tak huee, usamean hindi, aangrezi, sanskrit evan hindustani ke dave par vichar kiya gaya.
• kintu sangharsh ki sthiti sirf hindi evan aangrezi ke samarthakoan ke bich hi dekhane ko mili. hindi samarthak varg mean do gut the. ek gut devanagari lipi vali hindi ka samarthak tha, doosara gut (mahatma gaandhi, je. el. neharoo, abul qalam azad adi) do lipiyoan vali hindustani ke paksh mean tha.
• azad bharat mean ek videshi bhasha, jise desh ka bahut tho da sa aansh (adhik–se–adhik 1 ya 2% hi) padh–likh aur samajh sakata tha, desh ki rajabhasha nahian ban sakati thi. lekin yakayak aangrezi ko chho dane mean bhi dikkatean thian. prayah 150 varshoan se aangrezi prashasan aur uchch shiksha ki bhasha rahi thi. hindi desh ki 46% janata ki bhasha thi. rajabhasha banane ke lie hindi ka dava nyayamukt tha. sath hi, pradeshik bhashaoan ki bhi sarvatha upeksha nahian ki ja sakati thi.
• in sab batoan ko dhyan mean rakhate hue sanvidhan nirmataoan ne rajabhasha ki samasya ko hal karane ki koshish ki. sanvidhan sabha ke bhitar aur bahar hindi ke vipul samarthan ko dekhakar sanvidhan sabha ne hindi ke paksh mean apana faisala diya. yah faisala hindi virodhi evan hindi samarthakoan ke bich 'muanshi–ayangar ph aaumoole' ke dvara samajhaute ke parinamasvaroop samane aya, jisaki pramukh visheshataean is prakar thian—

1. hindi bharat ki rashtrabhasha nahian balki rajabhasha hai.
2. sanvidhan ke lagoo hone ke din se 15 varshoan ki avadhi tak aangrezi bani rahegi.
3. ek aspasht nirdesh ke adhar par hindi evan hindustani ke vivad ko door kar liya gaya.

• sanvidhan ke bhasha–vishayak upabandh evan 8vian anusoochi mean die ge haian. sanvidhan ke ye bhasha–vishayak upabandh hindi, aangrezi evan pradeshik bhashaoan ke paraspar virodhi davoan ke bich samajasy sthapit karane ka prayas karate haian.

sansad mean prayog ki jane vali bhasha

anuchchhed 120 mean prayog ki jane vali bhasha ke anusar sansad ka kary hindi mean ya aangrezi mean kiya jaega, parantu yathasthiti lokasabhadhyaksh ya rajy sabha ka sabhapati kisi sadasy ko usaki matribhasha mean sadan ko sambodhit karane ki anumati de sakata hai. sansad vidhi ke dvara anyatha upabandh n kare to 15 varsh ki avadhi ke pashchath 'ya aangrezi mean' shabdoan ka lop kiya ja sakega.

rajy vidhanamandal mean prayog ki jane vali bhasha

anuchchhed 210 mean prayog ki jane vali bhasha ke anusar rajyoan ke vidhanamandaloan ka kary apane–apane rajy ki rajabhasha ya rajabhashaoan mean ya hindi mean ya aangrezi mean kiya jaega, parantu yathasthiti vidhanasabhadhyaksh ya vidhan parishad ka sabhapati kisi sadasy ko usaki matribhasha mean sadan ko sambodhit karane ki anumati de sakata hai. sansad vidhi dvara anyatha upabandh n kare to 15 varsh ki avadhi ke pashchath 'ya aangrezi mean' shabdoan ka lop kiya ja sakega.

rajabhasha

sangh ki bhasha

adhyay 2- sangh ki bhasha ke anusar

• anuchchhed 343- sangh ki rajabhasha-

1. sangh ki rajabhasha hindi aur lipi devanagari hogi. aankoan ka roop bharatiy aankoan ka antarrashtriy roop hoga.
2. is sanvidhan ke prarambh se 15 varsh ki avadhi tak (arthath 1965 tak) un sabhi shasakiy prayojanoan ke lie aangrezi bhasha ka prayog kiya jata rahega, jinake lie pahale prayog kiya jata raha tha.

parantu rashtrapati ukt avadhi ke dauran sangh ke shasakiy prayojanoan mean se kisi ke lie aangrezi bhasha ke atirikt hindi bhasha ka aur bharatiy aankoan ke aantarrashtriy roop ke atirikt devanagari roop ka prayog pradhikrit kar sakega.

1. sansad ukt 15 varsh ki avadhi ke pashchath, vidhi ke dvara

• aangrezi bhasha ka; ya
• aankoan ke devanagari roop ka,

aise prayojanoan ke lie prayog upabandhit kar sakegi, jo aisi vidhi mean vinirdisht kie jaean. anuchchhed 344— rajabhasha ke sambandh mean ayog (5 varsh ke uparant rashtrapati ke dvara) aur sansad ki samiti (10 varsh ke uparant)

pradeshik bhashaean

adhyay 2- pradeshik bhashaean ke anusar

• anuchchhed 345— rajy ki rajabhasha ya rajabhashaean (pradeshik bhasha/bhashaean ya hindi; aisi vyavastha hone tak aangrezi ka prayog jari)
• anuchchhed 346— ek rajy aur doosare rajy ke bich ya kisi rajy aur sangh ke bich patradi ki rajabhasha (sangh dvara tatsamay pradhikrit bhasha; apasi qarar hone par do rajyoan ke bich hindi)
• anuchchhed 347— kisi rajy ki janasankhya ke kisi anubhag dvara boli janevali bhasha ke sambandh mean vishesh upabandh

SC, HC adi ki bhasha

adhyay 3- SC, HC adi ki bhasha ke anusar

• anuchchhed 348— SC aur HC mean aur sansad v rajy vidhan mandal mean vidheyakoan, adhiniyamoan adi ke lie prayog ki janevali bhasha (upabandh hone tak aangrezi jari)
• anuchchhed 349— bhasha se sambandhit kuchh vidhiyaan adhiniyamit karane ke lie vishesh prakriya (rajabhasha sambandhi koee bhi vidheyak rashtrapati ki poorv manzoori ke bina pesh nahian ki ja sakati aur rashtrapati bhi ayog ki sifarishoan par vichar karane ke bad hi manzoori de sakega)

vishesh nidesh

adhyay 2- vishesh nidesh ke anusar

• anuchchhed 350— vyatha ke nivaran ke lie abhyavedan mean prayog ki janevali bhasha (kisi bhi bhasha mean)

(k)bhashaee alpasankhyak vargoan ke lie prathamik star par matribhasha mean shiksha ki suvidhaean. (kh)bhashaee alpasankhyak vargoan ke lie vishesh adhikari ki niyukti (rashtrapati ke dvara) anuchchhed 351— hindi ke vikas ke lie nidesh

sangh ka yah kartavy hoga ki vah hindi bhasha ka prasar badhae, usaka vikas kare jisase vah bharat ki samajik sanskriti ke sabhi tatvoan ki abhivyakti ka madhyam ban sake, aur usaki prakriti mean hastakshep kie bina hindustani mean aur 8vian anusoochi mean vinirdisht bharat ki any bhashaoan mean prayukt roop, shaili aur padavali ko atmasath karate hue jahaan avashyak ya vaanchhaniy ho vahaan usake shabd–bhandar ke lie mukhyatah sanskrit se aur gaunatah any bhashaoan se shabd grahan karate hue usaki samriddhi sunishchit karean.

8vian anusoochi

bhashaean

8vian anusoochi mean sanvidhan dvara manyataprapt 22 pradeshik bhashaoan ka ullekh hai. is anusoochi mean arambh mean 14 bhashaean (asamiya, baangla, gujarati, hindi, kann d, kashmiri, malayalam, marathi, u diya, panjabi, sanskrit, tamil, telugu, urdoo) thian. bad mean siandhi ko tatpashchath koankani, manipuri, nepali ko shamil kiya gaya , jisase isaki sankhya 18 ho gee. taduparant bodo, dogari, maithili, santhali ko shamil kiya gaya aur is prakar is anusoochi mean 22 bhashaean ho geean.

sangh ki bhasha ki samiksha

• anuchchhed 343 ke sandarbh mean- sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 343(1) ke anusar sangh ki rajabhasha devanagari lipi mean likhit hindi ghoshit ki gee hai. isase desh ke bahumat ki ichchha hi pratidhvanit hoti hai.

anuchchhed 343 (2) ke anusar ise bharatiy sanvidhan lagoo hone ki tarikh arthath 26 janavari, 1950 ee. se lagoo nahian kiya ja sakata tha, anuchchhed 343 (3) ke dvara sarakar ne yah shakti prapt kar li ki vah is 15 varsh ki avadhi ke bad bhi aangrezi ka prayog jari rakh sakati hai. rahi–sahi qasar, bad mean rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963 ne poori kar di, kyoanki is adhiniyam ne sarakar ke is uddeshy ko saf kar diya ki aangrezi ki huqoomat desh par anant kal tak bani rahegi.

is prakar, sanvidhan mean ki gee vyavastha 343 (1) hindi ke lie varadan thi. parantu 343 (2) evan 343 (3) ki vyavasthaoan ne is varadan ko abhishap mean badal diya. vastutah sanvidhan nirmanakal mean sanvidhan nirmataoan mean jan sadharan ki bhavana ke pratikool vyavastha karane ka sahas nahian tha, isaliy 343 (1) ki vyavastha ki gee. parantu aangreziyat ka varchasv banaye rakhane ke lie 343 (2) evan 343 (3) se use prabhavahin kar desh par manasik gulami lad di gee.

• anuchchhed 344 ke sandarbh mean- anuchchhed 344 ke adhin pratham rajabhasha ayog/bi. ji. kher ayog ka 1955 mean tatha sansadiy rajabhasha samiti/ji. bi. pant samiti ka 1957 mean gathan hua. jahaan kher ayog ne hindi ko ekantik v sarvashreshth sthiti mean pahuanchane par zod diya, vahian par pant samiti ne hindi ko pradhan rajabhasha banane par zor to diya, lekin aangrezi ko hatane ke bajaye use sahayak rajabhasha banaye rakhane ki vaqalat ki. hindi ke durbhagy se sarakar ne kher ayog ko mahaj aupacharik mana aur hindi ke vikas ke lie koee thos qadam nahian uthae; jabaki sarakar ne pant samiti ki sifarishoan ko svikar kiya, jo age chalakar rajabhasha adhiniyam 1963/67 ka adhar bani, jisane hindi ka satyanash kar diya.

samagrata se dekhean to svatantrata–sangram kal mean hindi desh mean rashtriy chetana ka pratik thi, atev rashtrabhasha bani, aur rajabhasha adhiniyam 1963 ke bad yah keval sampark bhasha hokar hi rah gayi.

pradeshik bhashaean evan 8vian anusoochi ki samiksha

anuchchhed 345, 346 se spasht hai ki bhasha ke sambandh mean rajy sarakaroan ko poori chhoot di gee. sanvidhan ki inhian anuchchhedoan ke adhin hindi bhashi rajyoan mean hindi rajabhasha bani. hindi is samay nauan rajyoan—"uttar pradesh, uttaraanchal, madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, bihar, jharakhand, rajasthan, hariyana v himachal pradesh—tatha ek kendr shasit pradesh—dilli"—ki rajabhasha hai. ukt pradeshoan mean apasi patr vyavahar ki bhasha hindi hai. dinoandin hindi bhashi rajyoan mean hindi ka prayog sabhi sarakari pariyojanaoan ke lie badhata ja raha hai. inake atirikt, ahindi bhashi rajyoan mean maharashtr, gujarat v panjab ki evan kendr shasit pradeshoan mean chandigadh v aandaman nikobar ki sarakaroan ne hindi ko dvitiy rajabhasha ghoshit kar rakha hai tatha hindi bhashi rajyoan se patr–vyavahar ke lie hindi ko svikar kar liya hai.

anuchchhed 347 ke anusar yadi kisi rajy ka paryapt anupat chahata hai ki usake dvara boli jane vali koee bhasha rajy dvara abhijnat ki jay to rashtrapati us bhasha ko abhijna de sakata hai. samay–samay par rashtrapati aisi abhijna dete rahe haian, jo ki athavian anusoochi mean sthan pate rahe haian. jaise—1967 mean siandhi, 1992 mean koankani, manipuri v nepali evan 2003 mean bodo, dogari, maithili v santhali. yahi karan hai ki sanvidhan lagoo hone ke samay jahaan 14 pradeshik bhashaoan ko manyata prapt thi, vahian ab yah sankhya badhakar 22 ho gee hai.

SC, HC adi ki bhasha ki samiksha

anuchchhed 348, 349 se spasht ho jata hai ki nyay v qanoon ki bhasha, un rajyoan mean bhi jahaan hindi ko rajabhasha man liya gaya hai, aangrezi hi hai. niyam, adhiniyam, viniyam tatha vidhi ka pradhikrit path aangrezi mean hone ke karan sare niyam aangrezi mean hi banae jate haian. bad mean unaka anuvad matr kar diya jata hai. is prakar, nyay v qanoon ke kshetr mean hindi ka samuchit prayog hindi rajyoan mean bhi abhi tak nahian ho saka hai.

vishesh nidesh ki samiksha

anuchchhed 350—bhale hi sanvaidhanik sthiti ke anusar vyakti ko apani vyatha ke nivaran hetu kisi bhi bhasha mean abhyavedan karane ka haqadar mana gaya hai, lekin vyavaharik sthiti yahi hai ki aj bhi aangrezi mean abhyavedan karane par hi adhikari tavajjoan/dhyan dena gavara karate haian.

anuchchhed 351— (hindi ke vikas ke lie nidesh)—anuchchhed 351 rajabhasha vishayak upabandh mean sarvadhik mahatvapoorn hai, kyoanki isamean hindi ke bhavi svaroop ke vikas ki parikalpana sannihit hai. hindi ko vikasit karane ki dishaoan ka isamean sanket hai. is anuchchhed ke anusar sangh sarakar ka yah kartavy hai ki vah hindi bhasha ke vikas aur prasar ke lie samuchit prayas kare taki bharat mean rajabhasha hindi ke aise svaroop ka vikas ho, jo ki samooche desh mean prayukt ha sake aur jo bharat ko mili–juli sanskriti ki abhivyakti ki vahika ban sake. isake lie sanvidhan mean is bat ka bhi nirdash diya gaya hai, ki hindi mean hindustani aur manyataprapt any bharatiy bhashaoan ki shabdavali aur shaili ko bhi apanaya jae aur mukhyatah sanskrit tatha gaunatah any bhashaoan (vishv ki kisi bhi bhasha) se shabd grahan kar usake shabd–bhandar ko samriddh kiya jae. sanvidhan ke nirmataoan ki yah prabal ichchha thi ki hindi bharat mean aisi sarvamany bhasha ke svaroop ko grahan kare, jo ki sab prantoan ke nivasiyoan ko svikary ho. sanvidhan ke nirmataoan ko yah asha thi ki hindi apane svabhavik vikas mean bharat ki any bhashaoan se varishth sampark sthapit karegi aur hindi evan any bharatiy bhashaoan ke bich mean sahity ka adan–pradan bhi hoga.

sanvidhan ke nirmataoan ne uchit dhang se yah asha ki thi ki rajabhasha hindi apane bhavi roop ka vikas karane mean any bharatiy bhashaoan ka sahara legi. yah isilie tha ki rajabhasha hindi ko sabake lie sulabh aur grahy roop dharan karana hai.

1950 ee. ke bad hindi ki sanvaidhanik pragati

• rashtrapati ka sanvidhan adesh, 1952—rajyapaloan, SC evan HC ke nyayadhishoan ki niyukti ke adhipatroan ke lie hindi ka prayog pradhikrit.
• rashtrapati ka sanvidhan adish, 1955— kuchh prayojanoan ke lie aangrezi ke sath–sath hindi ka prayog nirdharit, jaise

1. janata ke sath patr vyavahar mean
2. prashasanik riport, sarakari patrikaoan v sansadiy riport mean
3. sankalpoan (Resolution) v vidhayi niyamoan mean
4. hindi ko rajabhasha man chuke rajyoan ke sath patr vyavahar mean
5. sandhipatr aur qarar mean
6. rajanayik v aantarrashtriy sangathanoan mean bharatiy pratinidhiyoan ke nam jari kie jane vale patroan mean.

• pratham rajabhasha ayog/bal gangadhar (bi. ji.) kher ayog—joon, 1955 (gathan); julaee, 1956 (prativedan)

ayog ki sifarishean

1. sare desh mean madhyamik star tak hindi anivary ki jaean.
2. desh mean nyay desh ki bhasha mean kiya jae.
3. janatantr mean akhil bharatiy star par aangrezi ka prayog sambhav nahian. adhik logoan ke dvara boli janevali hindi bhasha samast bharat ke lie upayukt hai. antarrashtriy star par aangrezi ka prayog thik hai, kintu shiksha, prashasan, sarvajanik jivan tatha dainik karyakalapoan mean videshi bhasha ka vyavahar anuchit hai.

tippani—ayog ke do sadasyoan ne—bangal ke suniti kumar chatarji v tamilanadu ke pi. subboroyan— ne ayog ki sifarishoan se asahamati prakat ki aur ayog ke sadasyoan par hindi ka paksh lene ka arop lagaya. jo bhi ho, pratham rajabhasha ayog/kher ayog ne hindi ke adhikadhik aur pragami prayog par bal diya tha. kher ayog ne jo thos sujhav rakhe the, sarakar ne unhean mahaj aupacharik manate hue rajabhasha hindi ke vikas ke lie koee thos qadam nahian uthae.

• sansadiy rajabhasha samiti/govind ballabh (ji. bi.) pant samiti—navambar, 1957 (gathan); faravari, 1959 (prativedan)

pant samiti ne kaha ki rashtriy ekata ko dyotit karane ke lie ek bhasha ko svikar kar lene ka svatantrata poorv ka josh thanda p d gaya hai.

sifarishean

1. hindi sangh ki rajabhasha ka sthan jaldi–se–jaldi le. lekin is parivartan ke lie koee nishchith tarikh (jaise–26 janavari, 1965 ee.) nahian di ja sakati, yah parivartan dhire–dhire svabhavik riti se hona chahie.
2. 1965 ee. tak aangrezi pradhan rajabhasha aur hindi sahayak rajabhasha rahani chahie. 1965 ke bad jab hindi sangh ki pradhan rajabhasha ho jae, aangrezi sangh ki sahayak/sah rajabhasha rahani chahie.

pant samiti ke sifarishoan se rajarshi purushottam das tandan aur seth govind das asahamat v asantusht the aur unhoanne yah arop lagaya ki sarakar ne hindi ko rajabhasha ke roop mean prasthapit karane ke lie avashyak qadam nahian uthae haian. in donoan netaoan ne samiti ke dvara aangrezi ko rajabhasha banaye rakhane ka bhi dhire–dhire virodh kiya. jo bhi ho, sarakar ne pant samiti ki sifarishoan ko svikar kar liya.

• rashtrapati ka adesh,(1960)— shiksha mantralay, vidhi mantralay, vaijnanik anusandhan v saanskritik kary mantralay tatha grih mantralay ko hindi ko rajabhasha ke roop mean vikasit karane hetu vibhinn nirdesh.
• rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963(1967 mean sanshodhit)— sanvidhan ke anusar 15 varsh ke bad arthath 1965 ee. se sara kam–kaj hindi mean shuroo hona tha, parantu sarakar ki dhul–mul niti ke karan yah sambhav nahian ho saka. ahindi kshetroan mean, visheshatah bangal aur tamilanadu (DMK dvara) mean hindi ka ghor virodh hua. isaki pratikriya hindi kshetr mean huee. janasangh evan praja soshalist parti/pi. es. pi. dvara hindi ka ghor samarthan kiya gaya. hindi ke ghor kattarapanthi samarthakoan ne bhashayi unmadoan ko ubhara, jisake karan hindi ki pragati ke badale hindi ko hani pahuanchi. is bhashayi kolahal ke bich pradhanamantri javahar lal neharoo ne ashvasan diya ki hindi ko ekamatr rajabhasha svikar karane se pahale ahindi kshetroan ki sammati prapt ki jaegi aur tab tak aangrezi ko nahian hataya jaega. rajabhasha vidheyak ko grihamantri lal bahadur shastri ne prastut kiya. rajabhasha vidheyak ka uddeshy—jahaan rajakiy prayojanoan ke lie 15 varsh ke bad yani 1965 se hindi ka prayog arambh hona chahie tha, vahaan vyavastha ko poorn roop se lagoo n karake us avadhi ke bad bhi sangh ke sabhi sarakari prayojanoan ke lie aangrezi ka prayog banaye rakhana.

rajabhasha adhiniyam ke pravadhan

rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963 mean kul 9 dharaean haian, jinamean sarvapratham hai—26 joon, 1965 se hindi sangh ki rajabhasha to rahegi hi par us samay se hindi ke atirikt aangrezi bhi sangh ke un sabhi sarakari prayojanoan ke lie barabar prayukt hoti rahegi, jinake lie vah us tithi ke turant pahale prayukt ki ja rahi thi.

is prakar 26 joon, 1965 se rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963 ke tahat dvibhashit sthiti prarambh huee, jisamean sangh ke sabhi sarakari prayojanoan ke lie hindi aur aangrezi donoan hi bhashaean prayukt ki ja sakati thian.

rajabhasha adhiniyam

rajabhasha (sanshodhan) adhiniyam, 1967 ke anusar samay–samay par sansad ke bhitar aur bahar javahar lal neharoo dvara die ge ashvasanoan aur lal bahadur shastri dvara rajabhasha vidheyak, 1963 ko prastut karate samay ahindi bhashiyoan ko dilae ge vishvas ko moort roop pradan karane ke uddeshy se iandira gaandhi, jo apane pita ki bhaanti ahindi bhashiyoan se sahanubhooti rakhati thian, ke shasanakal mean rajabhasha (sanshodhan) vidheyak, 1967 parit kiya gaya.

rajabhasha adhiniyam ke pravadhan

rajabhasha (sanshodhan) adhiniyam, 1967 ke pravadhan ke anusar is adhiniyam ke tahat rajabhasha adhiniyam, 1963 ki dhara ke sthan par naye upabandh lagoo hue. isake anusar, aangrezi bhasha ka prayog samapt kar dene ke lie aise sabhi rajyoan ke vidhanamandaloan ke dvara, jinhoanne hindi ko apani rajabhasha ke roop mean nahian apanaya hai, sankalp parit karana hoga aur vidhanamandaloan ke sankalpoan par vichar kar lene ke pashchath usaki samapti ke lie sansad ke har sadan dvara sankalp parit karana hoga. aisa nahian hone par aangrezi apani poorv sthiti mean bani rahegi.

is adhiniyam ke dvara is bat ki vyavastha ki gee, ki aangrezi sarakar ke kam–kaj mean sahabhasha ke roop mean tab tak bani rahegi, jab tak ahindi bhashi rajy hindi ko ekamatr rajabhasha banane ke lie sahamat n ho jaean. isaka matalab yah hua ki bharat ka ek bhi rajy chahega ki aangrezi bani rahe to vah sare desh ki sahayak rajabhasha bani rahegi.

sansad dvara parit sankalp(1968)

1. rajabhasha hindi evan pradeshik bhashaoan ki pragati ko sunishchit karana.
2. tribhasha sootr ko lagoo karana— ek ki bhavana ke sanvarddhan hetu bharat sarakar rajyoan ke sahayog se tribhasha sootr ko lagoo karegi. tribhasha sootr ke aantargat yah prastavit kiya gaya ki hindi bhashi kshetroan mean hindi v aangrezi ke atirikt dakshini bharatiy bhashaoan mean se kisi ek ko tatha ahindi bhashi kshetroan mean pradeshik bhasha v aangrezi ke sath–sath hindi ko padhane ki vyavastha ki jae.

tribhasha sootr ka prayog saphal nahian hua. n to hindi kshetr ke logoan ne kisi dakshin bharatiy bhasha ka adhyayan kiya aur n hi gair–hindi kshetr ke logoan ne hindi ka.

rajabhasha niyam (1976)

in niyamoan ki sankhya 12 hai. jinamean hindi ke prayog ke sandarbh mean bharat ke kshetroan ka 3 vargiy vibhajan kiya gaya hai aur pradhan rajabhasha hindi aur sah rajabhasha aangrezi evan pradeshik bhashaoan ke prayog hetu niyam die ge haian. aj bhi inhian niyamoan ke anusar sarakar ki dvibhashik niti ka anupalan ho raha hai.

rajabhasha ke vikas se sambandhit sansthaean

sanstha ka nam	sthapana	kary
kendriy hindi samiti	1967	bharat sarakar ke vibhinn mantralayoan dvara hindi keprachar–prasar ke sambandh mean chaloo karyakramoan mean samanvay sthapit karana. adhyaksh—pradhanamantri

(A) shiksha mantralay ke adhin sanstha ka nam sthapana kary sahity akadami, nee dilli 1954 ee. sahity ko badhava dene vali shirshasth sanstha neshanal buk trast (National Book Trust-N.B.T.) 1957 ee. shiksha, vijnan v sahity ki uchch koti ki pustakoan ka prakashan kam moolyoan par janata ko upalabdh karana. kendriy hindi nideshalay 1960 ee. shabdakoshoan, vishvakoshoan, ahindi bhashiyoan ke lie pathyapustakoan ka prakashan. vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog 1961 ee. vijnan v takanik se sambandhit shabdaviliyoan ka prakashan.

(B) grih mantralay ke adhin sanstha ka nam sthapana kary rajabhasha vidhayi ayog 1965-75 ee. kendriy adhiniyamoan ke hindi path ka nirman kendriy anuvad byooro 1971 ee. desh mean anuvad ki sabase b di sanstha rajabhasha vibhag 1975 ee. sangh ke vibhinn shasakiy prayojanoan ke lie hindi ke pragami prayog se sambandhit sabhi mamale

(C) vidhi/qanoon mantralay ke adhin sanstha ka nam sthapana kary rajabhasha vidhayi ayog 1975 ee. yah ayog pahale grih mantralay ke adhin tha. pramukh qanoonoan ke hindi path ka nirman

(D) soochana evan prasaran mantralay ke adhin sanstha ka nam sthapana prakashan vibhag (Publication Division) 1944 ee. film prabhag (Films Division) 1948 ee. patr soochana karyalay (Press Information Bureau), nee dilli 1956 ee. akashavani 1957 ee. dooradarshan 1976 ee.

rashtrabhasha v rajabhasha sambandhi kuchh vividh tathy

• pratap narayan mishr ne 'hindi–hindoo–hindustan' ka nara diya.
• hindi ko rashtrabhasha banane ka vichar sarvapratham bangal mean udit hua.
• kaangres ke phaijapur adhiveshan (1936 ee.) evan haripura adhiveshan (1938 ee.) mean kaangres ke virat mandap mean 'rashtrabhasha sammelan' ayajit kie ge, jinaki adhyakshata rajendr prasad (phaijapur) evan jamana lal bajaj (haripura) ne ki.
• sanvidhan sabha mean hindi ko rajabhasha banane ka prastav gopal svami ayangar ne rakha.
• sanvidhan sabha mean rajabhasha ke nam par hue matadan mean hindustani ke 77 vot tatha hindi ko 78 vot mile.
• azadi poorv hindi ka samarthan karane vale v azadi bad hindi ka virodh karane vale vyaktitv—si. rajagopalachari, suniti kumar chatarji, humayooan kabir, anant shayanam ayyangar adi.
• "maian kabhi bhi hindi ka virodhi nahian hooan. maian un hindi valoan ka virodh karata hooan, jo ki vastu sthiti ko nahian samajhakar, apane svarth ke karan hindi ko ladane ki bat sochate haian."—si. rajagopalachari
• "hindi ahindi logoan ke lie thik utani hi videshi hai, jitani ki hindi samarthakoan ke lie aangrezi."—si. rajagopalachari (1958)
• 1952 mean jab ek vikhyat svatantrata senani potti shriramalu ne telugu bhashi logoan ke lie ek prithak rajy aandhr pradesh banane ki maang par amaran anashan karate hue apani jan de di.
• panjab, maharashtr aur gujarat rajy apane shasan mean kramashah panjabi, marathi aur gujarati bhasha ke sath–sath hindi ko 'sahabhasha' ke roop mean ghoshit kar rakha hai.

hindi ki upabhashaean evan boliyaan

• hindi bhashi kshetr/hindi kshetr/hindi patti— hindi pashchim mean ambala (hariyana) se lekar poorv mean poorniya (bihar) tak tatha uttar mean badrinath–kedaranath (uttarakhand) se lekar dakshin mean khandava (madhy pradesh) tak boli jati hai. ise hindi bhashi kshetr ya hindi kshetr ke nam se jana jata hai. is kshetr ke aantargat 9 rajy—uttar pradesh, uttarakhand, bihar, jharakhand, madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, rajasthan, hariyana v himachal pradesh—tatha 1 kendr shasit pradesh (rashtriy rajadhani kshetr)—dilli—ate haian. is kshetr mean bharat ki kul janasankhya ke 43% log rahate haian.

hindi ki upabhashaean v boliyaan

• boli— ek chhote kshetr mean boli janevali bhasha boli kahalati hai. boli mean sahity rachana nahian hoti hai.
• upabhasha— agar kisi boli mean sahity rachana hone lagati hai aur kshetr ka vikas ho jata hai to vah boli n rahakar upabhasha ban jati hai.
• bhasha— sahityakar jab us bhasha ko apane sahity ke dvara parinishthit sarvamany roop pradan kar dete haian tatha usaka aur kshetr vistar ho jata hai to vah bhasha kahalane lagati hai.
• ek bhasha ke aantargat kee upabhashaean hoti haian tatha ek upabhasha ke aantargat kee boliyaan hoti haian.
• sarvapratham ek aangrez prashasanik adhikari jarj abraham griyarsan ne 1927 ee. mean apani pustak 'bharatiy bhasha sarvekshan (A Linguistic Survey of India)' mean hindi ka upabhashaoan v boliyoan mean vargikaran prastut kiya. chatarji ne paha di bhashaoan ko chho d diya hai. vah inhean bhashaean nahian manate.
• dhirendr varma ka vargikaran mukhyatah suniti kumar chatarji ke vargikaran par hi adharit hai. keval usamean kuchh hi sanshodhan kie ge haian. jaise—usamean paha di bhashaoan ko shamil kiya gaya hai.
• inake alava kee vidvanoan ne apana vargikaran prastut kiya hai. aj is bat ko lekar am sahamati hai ki hindi jis bhasha–samooh ka nam hai, usamean 5 upabhashaean var 17 boliyaan haian.

hindi kshetr ki samast boliyoan ko 5 vargoan mean baanta gaya hai. in vargoan ko upabhasha kaha jata hai. in upabhashaoan ke aantargat hi hindi ki 17 boliyaan ati haian.

hindi ki upabhashaean v boliyaan

upabhasha	boliyaan	mukhy kshetr
rajasthani	marava di(pashchimi rajasthani), jayapuri ya dhuandha di(poorvi rajasthani), mevati(uttari rajasthani), malavi(dakshini rajasthani),	rajasthan
pashchimi hindi	(akar bahula)kauravi ya kh di boli,baangaroo ya hariyanavi (okar bahula)brajabhasha, kannauji, buandeli	hariyana, uttar pradesh
poorvi hindi	avadhi, bagheli, chhattisagadhi	madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, uttar pradesh
bihari	bhojapuri, magahi	bihar, uttar pradesh
paha di	paha di, kumaooanni, gadhavali	uttarakhand, himachal pradesh

boli, vibhasha evan bhasha

• vibhinn boliyaan rajanitik–saanskritik adhar par apana kshetr badha sakati haian aur sahity rachana ke adhar par ve apana sthan 'boli' se uchch karate hue 'vibhasha' tak pahuanch sakati haian.
• vibhasha ka kshetr boli ki apeksha adhik vistrit hoti hai. yah ek prant ya upaprant mean prachalit hoti hai. isamean sahityik rachanaean bhi prapt hoti haian. jaise—hindi ki vibhashaean haian—brajabhasha, avadhi, kh di boli, bhojapuri v maithili.
• vibhasha star par prachalit hone par hi rajanitik, sahityik ya saanskritik gaurav ke karan bhasha ka sthan prapt kar leti hai. jaise—kh di boli merath, bijanaur adi ki vibhasha hote hue bhi rashtriy star par svikrit hone ke karan rashtrabhasha ke pad par adhishthit huee hai.

• is prakar do batean spasht hoti haian—

1. boli ka vikas vibhasha mean aur vibhasha ka vikas bhasha mean hota hai. boli—vibhasha—bhasha
2. udaharan

• bhasha— kh di boli hindi
• vibhasha— hindi kshetr ki pramukh boliyaan–brajabhasha, avadhi, kh di boli, bhojapuri v maithili
• boli — hindi kshetr ki shesh boliyaan

pramukh kh di boliyoan ka sankshipt parichay

kauravi ya kh di boli

• mool nam— kauravi
• sahityik bhasha banane ke bad p da nam— kh di boli
• any nam— bolachal ki hindustani, sarahindi, varnakyoolar kh di boli adi.
• kendr— kuru janapad arthath merath–dilli ke asapas ka kshetr. kh di boli ek b de bhoobhag mean boli jati hai. apane theth roop mean yah merath, bijanaur, muradabad, ramapur, saharanapur, deharadoon aur ambala ziloan mean boli jati hai. inamean merath ki kh di boli adarsh aur manak mani jati hai.
• bolane valoan ki sankhya— 1.5 se 2 karo d
• sahity— mool kauravi mean lok–sahity upalabdh hai, jisamean git, git–natak, lok katha, gapp, paheli adi haian.
• visheshata— aj ki hindi moolatah kauravi par hi adharit hai.
• namoona— koee badasa tha. sab usake do ranyaan thian. vo ek roz apani ranni se kene laga mere saman or koi badasa hai bi? to b di bolle ke raja tum saman or kon hoga. chhoti se puchchha to kihya ki ek bijan sahar he usake usake qille mean jitani tumhari sari haisiyat hai utani ek eeant lagi hai. o isane meri kuch bat nee rakkhi isako tagmarti (nirvasit) karana chaie. uskoo tagmarti kar diya. or b di koo sab raj ka malak kar diya.

brajabhasha

• kendr— mathura
• bolane valoan ki sankhya— 3 karo d
• desh ke bahar tajjubekistan mean brajabhasha boli jati hai, jise 'tajjubeki brajabhasha' kaha jata hai.
• sahity— krishna bhakti kavy ki ekamatr bhasha, lagabhag sara ritikal sahity. sahityik drishti se hindi bhasha ki sabase mahatvapoorn boli. sahityik mahatv ke karan hi ise brajaboli nahian brajabhasha ki sanjna di jati hai. madhyakal mean is bhasha ne akhil bharatiy vistar paya. bangal mean is bhasha se bani bhasha ka nam 'braj buli' p da. adhunik kal tak is bhasha mean sahity srijan hota raha. par paristhitiyaan aisi bani ki brajabhasha sahityik sianhasan se utar di gee aur usaka sthan kh di boli ne le liya.
• rachanakar— bhaktikalin–sooradas, nandadas adi.

ritikal— bihari, matiram, bhooshan, dev adi. adhunik kalin— bharatendu harishchandr, jagannath das 'ratnakar' adi.

• namoona— ek mathura ji ke chaube he (the), jo dilli saihar kau chalai. ga di vare baniya se chaubeji ki bheant hai gee. to ve chaube bole, ar bhiya seth, kahaan jayago. vau bolo, maharaja dilli jaooango. to chaube bole, bhiya hamooan baithalley. baniya bolo, char roopa chaliange bha de ke. chaube bole, achchha bhiya chari diange.

avadhi

• kendr— ayodhya/avadh
• bolane valoan ki sankhya— 2 karo d
• desh ke bahar phiji mean avadhi bolane vale log haian.
• sahity— soofi kavy, ramabhakti kavy. avadhi mean prabandh kavy parampara visheshatah vikasit huee.
• rachanakar— soofi kavi—mulla daud ('chandayan'), jayasi ('padmavat'), qutban ('mrigavati'), usaman ('chitravali'), ramabhakt kavi—tulasidas ('ramacharit manas').
• namoona— ek gaanv ma ek ahir raha. oo b da bhoang raha. sabere jab soy ke uthai to pahale apane mahatari ka char tanni dhamakay diye tab kauno kam karat raha. bechari bahut puraniya rahi nahian tau ka mazal raha keoo dehian pai tirin chhuay det.

bhojapuri

• kendr— bhojapur
• bolane valoan ki sankhya— 3.5 karo d (bolane valoan ki sankhya ki drishti se hindi pradesh ki boliyoan mean sabase adhik boli jane vali boli).
• is boli ka prasar bharat ke bahar soorinam, phiji, marishas, gayana, trinidad mean hai. is drishti se bhojapuri aantarrashtriy mahatv ki boli hai.
• sahity— bhojapuri mean likhit sahity nahian ke barabar hai. moolatah bhojapuri bhashi sahityakar madhyakal mean brajabhasha v avadhi mean tatha adhunik kal mean hindi mean lekhan karate rahe haian. lekin ab sthiti mean parivartan a raha hai.
• rachanakar—bhikhari thakur (upanam—'bhojapuri ka sheksapiyar', 'bhojapuri ka bharatendu').
• sinema—sinema jagat mean bhojapuri hi hindi ki vah boli hai, jisamean sabase adhik philmean banati haian.
• namoona—kahe das–das panarah–panarah hazar ke bhi d hola ee natak dekhean khatir. maloom hota ki ehi natak mean pabalik ke ras avela.

maithili

• lipi— tirahuta v devanagari
• kendr— mithila ya videh ya tirahut
• bolane valoan ki sankhya— 1.5 karo d
• sahity— sahity ki drishti se maithili bahut sampann hai.
• rachanakar— vidyapati (padavali)—yadi brajabhasha ko sooradas ne, avadhi ko tulasidas ne charamotkarsh par pahuanchaya to maithili ko vidyapati ne, harimohan jha (upanyas—kanyadan, dviragaman, kahani sangrah—ekadashi, 'khattar kakak tarang'), nagarjun (maithili mean 'yatri' nam se lekhan; upanyas—paro, kavita sangrah—'kavik svapn', 'patrahin nagn gachh'), rajakamal chaudhari ('svaragangha') adi.
• athavian anusoochi mean sthan— 92vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, 2003 ke dvara sanvidhan ki 8vian anusoochi mean 4 bhashaoan ko sthan diya gaya. maithili hindi kshetr ki boliyoan mean se 8vian anusoochi mean sthan pane vali ekamatr boli hai.
• namoona— patana kie elah? patana eliai nokari karaile.

bhetalah nokari? nakari kattau ni bhetal. gaan mean kaj ni bheti chhalah? bhetai chhalai, roopaiyabala ni, aanabala. takhan ela kiai? riniyaan tan kelaki, tai. katte rin chhah? chair bis. sood katte li chhah? doo pai mahinabari.

devanagari lipi

devanagari lipi ka vikas

• uchcharit dhvani sanketoan ki sahayata se bhav ya vichar ki abhivyakti 'bhasha' kahalati hai. jabaki likhit varn sanketoan ki sahayata se bhav ya vichar ki abhivyakti lipi. bhasha shravy hoti hai, jabaki lipi drishy.
• bharat ki sabhi lipiyaan brahmi lipi se hi nikali haian.
• brahmi lipi ka prayog vaidik aryoan ne shuroo kiya.
• brahmi lipi ka prachinatam namoona 5vian sadi BC ka hai jo ki bauddhakalin hai.
• guptakal ke prarambh mean brahmi ke do bhed ho ge, uttari brahmi v dakshini brahmi. dakshini brahmi se tamil lipi/kaliang lipi, telugu–kann d lipi, granth lipi (tamilanadu), malayalam lipi (granth lipi se vikasit) ka vikas hua.
• uttari brahmi se nagari lipi ka vikas

uttari brahmi (350ee. tak)

gupt lipi (4thi-5vian sadi)

siddhamatrika lipi (6thi sadi)

kutil lipi (8vian-9vian sadi)

nagari

sharada

gurumukhi

kashmiri

lahanda

takari

• nagari lipi ka prayog kal 8vian–9vian sadi ee. se arambh hua. 10vian se 12vian sadi ke bich isi prachin nagari se uttari bharat ki adhikaansh adhunik lipiyoan ka vikas hua. isaki do shakhaean mili haian, pashchimi v poorvi. pashchimi shakha ki sarvapramukh/pratinidhi lipi devanagari lipi hai.

nagari lipi

• pashchimi shakha- devanagari, rajasthani, gujarati, mahajani, kaithi.
• poorvi shakha- baangla lipi, asami, u diya.

hindi bhasha ki lipi ke roop mean vikas

• devanagari lipi ko hindi bhasha ki adhikrit lipi banane mean b di kathinathayoan ka samana karana p da hai. aangrezoan ki bhashaniti farasi ki or adhik jhuki huee thi. isilie hindi ko bhi farasi lipi mean likhane ka sh dayantr kiya gaya.
• j aaun gilakraist— hindi bhasha aur farasi lipi ka ghalamel phort viliyam k aaulej (1800-54) ki den thi. phort viliyam k aaulej ke hindustani vibhag ke sarvapratham adhyaksh j aaun gilakraist the. unake anusar hindustani ki tin shailiyaan thian—darabari ya farasi shaili, hindustani shaili v hindavi shaili. ve farasi shaili ko durooh tatha hindavi shaili ko ganvaroo manate the. isalie unhoanne hindustani shaili ko prathamikata di. unhoanne hindustani ke jis roop ko badhava diya, usaka mooladhar to hindi hi tha, kintu usamean arabi–farasi shabdoan ki bahulata thi aur vah farasi lipi mean likhi jati thi. gilakraist ne hindustani ke nam par asal mean urdoo ka hi prachar kiya.
• viliyam prais— 1823 ee. mean hindustani vibhag ke adhyaksh ke roop mean viliyam prais ki niyukti huee. unhoanne hindustani ke nam par hindi (nagari lipi mean likhit) par bal diya. prais ne gilakraist dvara janit bhasha–sambandhi bhraannti ko door karane ka prayas kiya. lekin prais ke bad k aaulej ki gatividhiyoan mean koee vishesh pragati nahian huee.
• adalat sambandhi vijnapti (1837 ee.)— varsh 1830 ee. mean aangrez kampani ke dvara adalatoan mean farasi ke sath–sath deshi bhashaoan ko bhi sthan diya gaya. vastav mean, is vijnaptika palan 1837 ee. mean hi shuroo ho saka. isake bad bangal mean baangla bhasha aur baangla lipi pachalit huee. sanyukt prant (uttar pradesh), bihar v madhy prant (madhy pradesh) mean bhasha ke roop mean to hindi ka prachalan hua, lekin lipi ke mamale mean nagari lipi ke sthan par urdoo lipi ka prachar kiya jane laga. isaka mukhy karan adalati amaloan ki kripa to thi hi, sath hi musalamanoan ne bhi dharmik adhar par ji–jan se urdoo ka samarthan kiya aur hindi ko kachahari se hi nahian shiksha se bhi nikal bahar karane ka aandolan chaloo kiya.
• 1857 ke vidroh ke bad hindoo–musalamanoan ke parasparik virodh mean hi sarakar apani suraksha samajhane lagi. atah bhasha ke kshetr mean unaki niti bhedabhavapoorn ho gee. aangrez vidvanoan ke do dal ho ge. donoan or se paksh–vipaksh mean anek tark–vitark prastut kie ge. bims sahab urdoo ka aur graus sahab hindi ka samarthan karane valoan mean pramukh the.
• nagari lipi aur hindi tatha farasi lipi aur urdoo ka abhinn sambandh ho gaya. atah donoan ke paksh–vipaksh mean kafi vivad hua.
• raja shiv prasad 'sitare–hind' ka lipi sambandhi prativedan (1868 ee.)—farasi lipi ke sthan par nagari lipi aur hindi bhasha ke lie pahala prayas raja shivaprasad ka 1868 ee. mean unake lipi sambandhi prativedan 'memorandam kort kairektar in d apar provins aph iandiya' se arambh hua.
• j aaun shor—ek aangrez adhikari phredariq j aaun shor ne farasi tatha aangrezi donoan bhashaoan ke prayog par apatti vyakt ki thi aur nyayalay mean hindustani bhasha aur devanagari lipi ka samarthan kiya tha.
• bangal ke gavarnar aishale ke adesh (1870 ee. v 1873 ee.)—varsh 1870 ee. mean gavarnar aishale ne devanagari ke paksh mean ek adesh jari kiya, jisamean kaha gaya ki farasi–poorit urdoo nahian likhi jae. balki aisi bhasha likhi jae jo ek kulin hindustani farasi se poornataya anabhijn rahane par bhi bolata hai. varsh 1873 ee. mean bangal sarakar ne yah adesh jari kiya ki patana, bhagalapur tatha chhota nagapur divijanoan (sanbhagoan) ke nyayalayoan v karyalayoan mean sabhi vijnaptiyaan tatha ghoshanaean hindi bhasha tatha devanagari lipi mean hi ki jaean.
• varsh 1881 ee. tak ate–ate uttar pradesh ke p dosi prantoan bihar, madhy pradesh mean nagari lipi aur hindi prayog ki sarakari ajna jari ho gee to uttar pradesh mean nagari aandolan ko b da naitik protsahan mila.
• prachar ki drishti se varsh 1874 ee. mean merath mean 'nagari prakash' patrika prakashit huee. varsh 1881 ee. mean 'devanagari pracharak' tatha 1888 ee. mean 'devanagari gajat' patr prakashit hue.
• bharatendu harishchandr—bharatendu harishchandr ne nagari aandolan ko abhootapoorv shakti pradan ki aur ve isake pratik aur neta mane jane lage. unhoanne 1882 mean shiksha ayog ke prashn–patr ka javab dete hue kaha—'sabhi sabhy deshoan ki adalatoan mean unake nagarikoan ki boli aur lipi ka prayog hota hai. yahi aisa desh hai, jahaan n to adalati bhasha shasakoan ki matribhasha hai aur n praja ki.'
• pratap narayan mishr—pan. pratap narayan mishr ne hindi–hindoo–hindoostan ka nara lagana shuroo kar diya.
• 1893 ee. mean aangrez sarakar ne bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie roman lipi apanane ka prashn kh da kar diya. isaki tivr pratikriya huee.
• nagari pracharini sabha, kashi (sthapana–1893 ee.) v madan mohan malaviy— nagari pracharini sabhi ki sthapana—varsh 1893 mean nagari prachar evan hindi bhasha ke sanvarddhan ke lie nagari pracharini sabha, kashi ki sthapana ki gee. sarvapratham is sabha ne kachahari mean nagari lipi ka pravesh karana hi apana mukhy kartavy nishchith kiya. sabha ne 'nagari kairektar' namak ek pustak aangrezi mean taiyar ki, jisamean sabhi bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie roman lipi ki anupayuktata par prakash dala gaya tha.

manaviy ke netritv mean 17 sadasyiy pratinidhi mandal dvara lephtineant gavarnar entoni maikadanal ko yachika ya memoriyal dena (1898 ee.)—manaviy ne ek svatantr pustika 'kort kairektar end praimari ejukeshan in narth–vestarn provinsej' (1897 ee.) likhi, jisaka b da vyapak prabhav p da. varsh 1898 ee. mean prant ke tatkalin lephtineant gavarnar ke kashi ane par nagari pracharini sabha ka ek prabhavashali pratinidhi mandal malaviy ke netritv mean unase mila aur hazaroan hastaksharoan se yukt ek memoriyal unhean diya. yah malaviy ji ka hi athak prayas tha, jisake parinamasvaroop adalatoan mean nagari ko pravesh mil saka. isilie adalatoan mean nagari ke pravesh ka shrey malaviyaji ko diya jata hai.

• gauri datt—vyaktigat roop se merath ke gauri datt ko nagari prachar ke lie ki gee sevaean avismaraniy haian.
• in tamam prayatnoan ka shubh parinam yah hua ki 18 aprail 1900 ee. ko gavarnar sahab ne farasi ke sath nagari ko bhi adalatoan/kachahariyoan mean saman adhikar de diya. sarakar ka yah prastav hindi ke svabhiman ke lie santoshaprad nahian tha. isase hindi ko adhikarapoorn samman nahian diya gaya tha. balki hindi ke prati daya dikhalaee gee thi. keval hindi bhashi janata ke lie suvidha ka prabandh kiya gaya tha. phir bhi, ise itana shrey to hai hi ki kachahariyoan mean sthan dila saka aur yah majaboot adhar pradan kiya, jisake bal par vah 20vian sadi mean rashtralipi ke roop mean ubharakar samane a saki.

devanagari lipi ka namakaran

• devanagari lipi ko 'hindi lipi' bhi kaha jata hai.
• devanagari ka namakaran vivadaspad hai. zyadatar vidvan gujarat ke nagar brahman se isaka sambandh jo date haian. unaka manana hai ki gujarat mean sarvapratham prachalit hone se vahaan ke pandit varg arthath nagar brahmanoan ke nam se ise 'nagari' kaha gaya hai. apane astitv mean ane ke turant bad isane devabhasha sanskrit ko lipibaddh kiya, isalie 'nagari' mean 'dev' shabd ju d gaya aur ban gaya "devanagari".

devanagari lipi ka svaroop

• yah lipi bayian or se dayian or likhi jati hai.
• yah n to shuddh roop se aksharatmak lipi hai aur n hi varnatmak lipi.

devanagari lipi ke gun

1. ek dhvani ke lie ek hi varn sanket.
2. ek varn sanket se anivaryatah ek hi dhvani vyakt.
3. jo dhvani ka nam vahi varn ka nam.
4. mook varn nahian.
5. jo bola jata hai vahi likha jata hai.
6. ek varn mean doosare varn ka bhram nahian.
7. uchcharan ke sookshmatam bhed ko bhi prakat karane ki kshamata.
8. varnamala dhvani vaijnanik paddhati ke bilkul anuroop.
9. prayog bahut vyapak (sanskrit, hindi, marathi, nepali ki ekamatr lipi).
10. bharat ki anek lipiyoan ke nikat.

devanagari lipi ke dosh

1. kul milakar 403 taip hone ke karan tankan, muandran mean kathinaee.
2. shirorekha ka prayog anavashyak alankaran ke lie.
3. anavashyak varn (rri, rri, lri, ॡ, nh, nh, sh)— aj inhean koee shuddh uchcharan ke sath uchcharit nahian kar pata.
4. dviroop varn (npr a, jn, ksh, t, tr, chh, jh, ra n, sh )–kuchh shabd likhane haian, pej nan. 18 par se
5. samaroop varn (kh mean r v ka, gh mean dh ka, m mean bh ka bhram hona).
6. varnoan ke sanyukt karane ki koee nashchith vyavastha nahian.
7. anusvar evan anunasikata ke prayog mean ekaroopata ka abhav.
8. tvarapoorn lekhan nahian kyoanki lekhan mean hath bar–bar uthana p data hai.
9. varnoan ke sanyuktikaran mean r ke prayog ko lekar bhram ki sthiti.
10. i ki matra (i) ka lekhan varn ke pahale par uchcharan varn ke bad.

devanagari lipi mean kie ge sudhar

1. bal gangadhar ka 'tilak faant' (1904-26).
2. savarakar bandhuoan ka 'a ki barahakh di'.
3. shyamasundar das ka panchamakshar ke badale anusvar ke prayog ka sujhav.
4. gorakh prasad ka matraoan ko vyanjan ke bad dahine taraf alag rakhane ka sujhav.
5. shrinivas ka mahapran varn ke lie alpraman ke niche a chihn lagane ka sujhav.
6. hindi sahity sammelan ka indaur adhiveshan aur kaka kalelakar ke sanyojakatv mean nagari lipi sudhar samiti ka gathan (1935) aur usaki sifarishean.
7. kashi nagari pracharini sabha dvara a ki barahakh di aur shrinivas ke sujhav ko asvikar karane ka nirnay (1945).
8. uttar pradesh sarakar dvara gathit achary narendr dev samiti ka gathan (1947) aur usaki sifarishean.
9. shiksha mantralay ke devanagari lipi sambandhi pakashan—'manak devanagari varnamala' (1966 ee.), 'hindi vartani ka manakikaran' (1967 ee.), 'devanagari lipi tatha hindi ki vartani ka manakikaran' (1983 ee.) adi.

hindi ka manakikaran

manak bhasha (Standard Language)

• manak ka abhipray hai—adarsh, shreshth athava parinishthit. bhasha ka jo roop us bhasha ke prayoktaoan ke alava any bhasha–bhashiyoan ke lie adarsh hota hai, jisake madhyam se ve us bhasha ko sikhate haian, jis bhasha–roop ka vyavahar patrachar, shiksha, sarakari kam–kaj evan samajik–saanskritik adan–pradan mean saman star par hota hai, vah us bhasha ka manak roop kahalata hai.
• manak bhasha kisi desh athava rajy ki vah pratinidhi tatha adarsh bhasha hoti hai, jisaka prayog vahaan ke shikshit varg ke dvara apane samajik, saanskritik, sahityik, vyaparik v vaijnanik tatha prashasanik karyoan mean kiya jata hai.
• manakikaran (manak bhasha ke vikas) ke tin sopan—

boli—bhasha—manak bhasha kisi bhasha ka bolachal ke star se oopar uthakar manak roop grahan kar lena, usaka manakikaran kahalata hai.

pratham sopan- 'boli'

pahale star par bhasha ka mool roop ek simit kshetr mean apasi bolachal ke roop mean prayukt hone vali boli ka hota hai, jise sthaniy, aanchalik athava kshetriy boli kaha ja sakata hai. isaka shabd bhandar simit hota hai. koee niyamit vyakaran nahian hota. ise shiksha, adhikarik kary–vyavahar athava sahity ka madhyam nahian banaya ja sakata.

dvitiy sopan- 'bhasha'

vahi boli kuchh bhaugolik, samajik–saanskritik, rajanitik v prashasanik karanoan se apana kshetr vistar kar leti hai, usaka likhit roop vikasit hone lagata hai aur isi karan se vah vyakaranik saanche mean dhalane lagati hai, usaka patrachar, shiksha, vyapar, prashasan adi mean prayog hone lagata hai, tab vah boli n rahakar 'bhasha' ki sanjna prapt kar leti hai.

tritiy sopan- 'manak bhasha'

yah vah star hai jab bhasha ke prayog ka kshetr atyadhik vistrit ho jata hai. vah ek adarsh roop grahan kar leti hai. usaka parinishthit roop hota hai. usaki apani shaikshanik, vanijyik, sahityik, shastriy, takaniki evan qanooni shabdavali hoti hai. isi sthiti mean pahuanchakar bhasha 'manak bhasha' ban jati hai. usi ko 'shuddh', 'uchch–stariy', 'parimarjit' adi bhi kaha jata hai.

• manak bhasha ke tatv

1. aitihasikata
2. svayattata
3. kendronmukhata
4. bahusankhyak prayogashilata
5. sahajata/bodhagamyata
6. vyakaranik samyata
7. sarvavidh ekaroopata

• manakikaran ka ek pramukh dosh yah hai ki manakikaran karane se bhasha mean sthirata ane lagati hai. jisase bhasha ki gati avaruddh ho jati hai.

mahatvapoorn qadam

1. raja shiv prasad 'sitare hind' ne q kh g z f paanch arabi–farasi dhvaniyoan ke lie chihnoan ke niche nukta lagane ka rivaz arambh kiya.
2. bharatendu harishchandr ne 'harishchandr maiangazin' ke jariye kh di boli ko vyavaharik roop pradan karane ka prayas kiya.
3. ayodhya prasad khatri ne prachalit hindi ko 'theth hindi' ki sanjna di aur theth hindi ka prachar kiya. unhoanne kh di boli ko pady ki bhasha banane ke lie aandolan chalaya.
4. hindi bhasha ke manakikaran ki drishti se dvivedi yug (1900-20) sarvadhik mahatvapoorn yug tha. 'sarasvati' patrika ke sampadak mahavir prasad dvivedi ne kh di boli ke manakikaran ka saval sakriy roop se aur ek aandolan ke roop mean uthaya. yug nirmata dvivediji ne 'sarasvati' patrika ke jariye kh di boli hindi ke pratyek aang ko gadhane–sanvarane ka kary khud to bahut lagan se kiya hi, sath hi any bhasha–sadhakoan ko bhi is kary ki or pravritt kiya. dvivediji ki prerana se kamata prasad guru ne 'hindi vyakaran' ke nam se ek vrihad vyakaran likha.
5. chhayavadi yug (1920-36) v chhayavadottar yug (1936 ke bad) mean hindi ke manakikaran ki disha mean koee aandolanatmak prayas to nahian hua, kintu bhasha ka manak roop apane ap spasht hota chala gaya.
6. svatantrata prapti ke bad (1947 ke bad) hindi ke manakikaran par naye sire se vichar–vimarsh shuroo hua, kyoanki sanvidhan ne ise rajabhasha ke pad par pratishthit kiya, jisase hindi par bahut b da uttaradayitv a p da. is disha mean do sansthaoan ka vishesh yogadan raha—ilahabad vishvavidyalay ke hindi vibhag ke madhyam se 'bharatiy hindi parishad' ka tatha shiksha mantralay ke adhinasth karyalay kendriy hindi nideshalay ka.

bharatiy hindi parishad

bhasha ke sarvagin manakikaran ka prashn sabase pahale 1950 mean ilahabad vishvavidyalay ke hindi vibhag ne hi uthaya. d aau. dhirendr varma ki adhyakshata mean ek samiti gathit ki gee, jisamean d aau. haradev bahari, d aau. brajeshvar sharma, d aau. mata prasad gupt adi sadasy the. dhirendr varma ne 'devanagari lipi chihnoan mean ekaroopata', haradev bahari ne 'varn vinyas ki samasya', brajeshvar sharma ne 'hindi vyakaran' tatha mata prasad gupt ne 'hindi shabd–bhandar ka sthirikaran' vishay par apane prativedan prastut kie.

kendriy hindi nideshalay

kendriy hindi nideshalay ne lipi ke manakikaran par adhik dhyan diya aur 'devanagari lipi' tatha 'hindi vartani ka manakikaran' (1983 ee.) ka prakashan kiya.

vishv hindi sammelan

uddeshy—UNO ki bhashaoan mean hindi ko sthan dilana v hindi ka prachar–prasar karana.

kram	tithi	ayojan sthal
pahala	10-14 jan., 1975	nagapur (bharat); adhyaksh–shivasagar ram gulam (m aaurishas ke tatkalin rashtrapati), udaghatan–iandira gaandhi.
doosara	28-30 ag., 1976	port luee (m aaurishas)
tisara	28-30 aktoo., 1983	nee dilli (bharat)
chautha	02-04 dis., 1993	port luee (m aaurishas)
paanchavaan	04-08 aprail, 1996	port aph spen (trinidad evan tobaigo)
chhatha	14-18 sit., 1999	landan (briten)
satavaan	05-09 joon, 2003	paramaribo (soorinam)
athavaan	13-15 julaee, 2007	nyooyark (amerika)

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

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