अबुलकलाम आज़ाद

abulakalam azad
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poora nam	maulana abulakalam muhiuddin ahamad
any nam	maulana sahab
janm	11 navambar, 1888
janm bhoomi	makka, sudi arab
mrityu	22 faravari, 1958
mrityu sthan	dilli
abhibhavak	maulana khairooddin aur aliya
pati/patni	zulaikha
nagarikata	bharatiy
prasiddhi	svatantrata senani, krantikari, patrakar, samajasudharak, shiksha visheshajn
parti	kaangres
pad	bhootapoorv shiksha mantri
bhasha	urdoo, farasi aur arabi
puraskar-upadhi	bharat ratn
vishesh yogadan	vaijnanik shiksha ko protsahan, kee vishvavidyalayoan ki sthapana, uchch shiksha aur khoj ko protsahan, svadhinata sangram
rachanaean	iandiya vins phridam arthath bharat ki azadi ki jit, quran sharif ka arabi se urdoo mean anuvad, tarjuman-e-quran, gubare-e-khatir, hijr-o-vasal, khatabat-l-azad, hamari azadi aur tajakara

maulana abulakalam muhiuddin ahamad (aangrezi: Abul Kalam Azad janm- 11 navambar, 1888; mrityu- 22 faravari, 1958) ek muslim vidvanh the. unhoanne bharatiy svatantrata sangram mean bhag liya. vah varishth rajanitik neta the. unhoanne hindoo-muslim ekata ka samarthan kiya aur saanpradayikata par adharit desh ke vibhajan ka virodh kiya. svatantr bharat mean vah bharat sarakar ke pahale shiksha mantri the. unhean 'maulana azad' ke nam se jana jata hai. 'azad' unaka upanam hai.

janm

abul ke pita 'maulana khairooddin' ek vikhyat vidvanh the, jo bangal mean rahate the. unaki maan 'aliya' ek arab thi aur madin ke shekh mohammad zahir vatri ki bhatiji thi. arab desh ke pavitr makka mean rahane vale ek bharatiy pita aur arabi mata ke ghar mean unaka janm hua. pita maulana khairooddin ne unaka nam mohiuddin ahamad ya firoz bakht (khush-qismat) rakkha. age chalakar ve 'maulana abulakalam azad' ya 'maulana sahab' ke nam se prasiddh hue. bachapan se hi unamean kuchh khas batean nazar ane lagi thian, jo jivan bhar unake sath rahian. maulana azad ko ek 'rashtriy neta' ke roop mean jana jata haian. vastav mean rashtiy neta to vah the, lekin vah neta banana chahate hi nahian the.

ek mitr ko unhoanne patr mean likha tha, ".....maian rajaniti ke pichhe kabhi nahian dau da tha. vastutah rajaniti ne hi mujhe pak d liya.....".

bachapan

any kisi chhote l dake ki tarah bachapan mean azad ko gais vale rangin gubbaroan, tairane aur khel-kood ka bahut shauq tha. unaki yadadasht itani tez thi ki vishvas nahian hota tha. sikhane, padhane-likhane aur bolane ki ichchha unamean din-b-din badhati jati thi. doosare bachchoan ki tarah skool jana, apani hi umr bachchoan ke sath rahana, maidanoan mean khulakar khelana, bachche amataur se jo karate haian, vaisi shararatean karana-yah sab unhean pasand tha. lekin vah ye kar nahian sakate the. unake pita yah chahate the ki vah ek nishthavan dharmik vidvanh banean aur isilie ve sab chizean karane ki unhean ijazat nahian thi.

terah sal ki ayu mean unaka vivah zulaikha begam se ho gaya . ve devabandi vicharadhara ke qrarib the aur unhoanne quran ke any bhavaroopoan par lekh bhi likhe . thumb|250px|abulakalam azad
Abul Kalam Azad|left maulana azad ek vidvan, patrakar, lekhak, kavi, darshanik the aur in sabase badhakar apane samay ke dharm ke ek mahanh vidvanh the. mahatma gaandhi ki tarah bharat ki bhinn-bhinn jatiyoan ke bich, vishesh taur par hinduoan aur musalamanoan ke bich ekata ke lie kary karane vale kuchh mahanh logoan mean se vah bhi ek the. apane guru ki tarah unhoanne bhi jivanabhar do dushmanoan british sarakar aur hamare rashtr ki ekata ke virodhiyoan ka samana kiya.

shiksha

10 varsh ki chhoti si ayu mean hi vah quran ke path mean poornat: nipun ho ge the. 17 varsh ki alp ayu mean hi abul kalam islami duniya ke dharmavijnan mean shikshit ho gaye the. kahira ke 'al azahar vishvavidyalay' mean unhoanne shiksha prapt ki jo unake gambhir aur gahan jnan ka adhar bani. parivar ke kolakata mean basane par unhoanne 'lisan-ul-sid' namak patrika prarambh ki. un par urdoo ke do mahanh alochakoan 'maulana shibali naomani' aur 'altaph husain hali' ka bahut prabhav tha.

vidvan

azad ke pas bahut si kitabean thian aur b de-b de vidvanh shikshak unhean arabi, farasi, urdoo aur dharmik vishayoan ke sath-sath ganit, yoonani chikitsa paddhati, sulekhan aur doosare vishayoan ki shiksha dete the. aangrezi sikhana to manoan mana hi tha. kyoanki vah to 'ghrinit phirangiyoan' ki bhasha thi. bhagy se aise ek adami se bheant ho gee jo aangrezi bhasha janate the. azad ne kuchh dinoan mean unase aangrezi varnamala aur pahali kaksha ki kitab padhana sikh liya. kuchh hi samay bad unhoanne shabdakosh ke sahare baibil aur aangrezi akhabar padhana shuroo kar diya. momabatti ki halki roshani mean vah rat mean der tak padhate rahate the. savere jaldi uthakar bhi vah padhate the aur kabhi-kabhi to vah khana bhi bhool jate the. akasar apane paise vah kitaboan par hi kharch kar dete the.

unhoanne kaha- "log bachapan khel-kood mean bitate haian, lekin maian barah-terah sal ki umr mean hi kitab lekar logoan ki nazaroan se bachane ke lie ek kone mean apane apako chhipane ki koshish karata tha.

unake lekhan ke bare mean ek b de vidvanh ne likha hai, "prasiddh british lekhak s aaumaraset m aaum ki tarah hi maulana azad ne likhana shuroo kiya vaise hi jaise machhali apane ap tairana sikh leti hai ya bachcha saans lena sikh leta hai." azad mean ek naya gun yah tha ki bahut-si batoan mean vah apani umr se bahut age rahe.

• barah varsh ke hone se pahale hi vah ek pustakalay vachanalay aur dibetig sosaiti chala rahe the.
• jab vah keval pandrah varsh ke the tab vah apane se duguni umr ke vidyarthiyoan ki ek klas ko padhate the.
• terah se atharah sal ki umr ke bich unhoanne bahut-si patrikaoan ka sanpadan kiya aur
• solah sal ki umr mean svayan ek uchch star ki patrika nikali.

in batoan ko dekhate hue neharoo ne kaha tha ki maulana azad sanh 1923 mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke sabase yuva pramukh the .

prasiddh ghatana

urdoo bolane vale logoan ne ek bar 'ek b de vidvan' ko sanh 1904 mean ek rashtriy k aaunphreans mean bhashan dene ke lie amantrit kiya. us 'b de vidvan' ke lekhoan ke ve b de prashansak the, lekin jab maulana varsh ke dubale-patale, bina dadhi ke aur gore rang ke maulana azad rel ki pratham shreni ke dibbe se utare to lahaur steshan par jama hue unake hazaroan prashansakoan ko apani aankhoan par vishvas nahian hua. kuchh logoan ko nirasha bhi huee aur jab us l dake ne koee dhaee ghante tak bina likhit bhashan ke sidhe hi apana bhashan diya to k aaunphreans ke adhyaksh maulana hali, jo svayan s dasath varsh ke mashahoor shayar aur vidvanh the, unako pyar se apani baanhoan mean bharakar bole, "pyare bete, ab maian apani jnaneandriyoan par to bharosa kar raha hooan, lekin abhi bhi mera ashchary bana hua hai."
doosari ghatana

is tarah sanh 1910 ke qarib ek lajjashil yuvak, jo apani tasvir tak prakashit karane ke lie taiyar nahian hota tha, usaka sharir durbal tha, lekin nishchay dridh tha; usake dil mean ag sulagati thi par man shant tha; usaki adatean utkrisht thian kintu nishchay atal tha; usaki buddhi tez thi par svabhav komal tha-desh ko azadi ki or le jane vale mahanh sipahiyoan ke dal mean shamil ho jane ke lie taiyar ho gaya tha. sach kaha jae to maulana kitaboan ki duniya mean rahane vale the. k di sardi, ekaant, sangit aur sabase badhiya chay-inaki pasand the. vah savere jaldi uthate the aur samay ke paband the. kisi bhi kathinaee ko sah lene ke lie aur apane desh aur usake logoan ki khatir kuchh bhi balidan kar dene ke lie taiyar rahate the.

rajaniti mean ane ki bhoomika

azad ne rajaniti mean us samay pravesh kiya jab british shasan ne 1905 mean dharmik adhar par bangal ka vibhajan kar diya tha. muslim madhyam varg ne is vibhajan ko samarthan diya kintu azad is vibhajan ke virodh mean the. azad ne svatatrata andolanoan mean sakriy bhag liya. vah gupt sabhaoan aur kraantikari sangathan mean shamil ho ge. tatpashchath azad arabiand ghosh aur 'shyamasuandar chakravarti' ke sanpark mean ae, aur ve akhand bharat ke nirman mean lag gaye.

unhoanne apani prasidhd pustak 'iandiya vins phridam' mean likha hai ki- 'logoan ko yah salah dena sabase b de dhokhoan mean se ek hoga ki bhaugolik, arthik aur saanskritik roop se bhinn kshetroan ko dharmik sanbandh jo d sakate haian.'

vah joshile bhashan dete, uttejana bhare lekh likhate aur padhe-likhe musalamanoan ke sath sampark badha rahe the. bangal ke kraantikari shyamasundar chakravarti se unhoanne kraannti ke lie prashikshan prapt kiya tha aur usaki hi sahayata se sanh 1905 mean mahanh kraantikari aravind ghosh se unaki mulakat huee thi. musalamanoan ke kuchh gupt mandaloan ki bhi unhoanne sthapana ki thi. maulana ko laga ki kuchh aise karan hai jinako lekar sanh 1857 ki azadi ki l daee ke bad musalaman bahut si batoan mean apane doosare deshavasiyoan se pichhe rah ge haian. bahut se musalaman aisa soch rahe the ki bharat mean hamesha aangrezoan ka hi raj bana rahega aur isalie unako aangrezoan ke viruddh sangharsh karane ki koee avashyakata nahian hai. lekin apane lekhoan dvara maulana ne unhean samajhaya ki videshi sarakar ki gulami se chhutakara pana sirf rashtriy dhyey hi nahian hai balki yah unaka dharmik kartavy bhi hai.

ek bar unhoanne ghoshana ki- "musalamanoan ke lie bichchhoo aur saanp se sulah kar lena, paha d, gupha aur biloan ke bhitar ghoomana aur vahaan jangali janavaroan ke sath chain se rahana asan hai, lekin unake lie aangrezoan ke sath sandhi ke lie hath badhana mumakin nahian hai."

apane is sandesh ko phailane ke lie sanh 1912 mean unhoanne apana prasiddh saptahik akhabar 'al-hilal' arambh kiya.

jab kaangresi netaoan ne 1947 ke vibhajan ko svikar kar liya tha kiantu maulana isaka virodh karate rahe. hindoo-muslim ekata par unaka vishvas tha.

ve kahate hai - agar ek devadoot svarg se utarakar qutub minar ki ooanchaee se yah ghoshana karata hai ki hindoo-muslim ekata ko nakar dean to 24 ghante ke bhitar svaraj tumhara ho jaega, to maian is svaraj ko lene se iankar karooanga, lekin apane rukh se ek ianch bhi nahian hatooanga, kyoanki svaraj se iankar sirf bharat ko prabhavit karega lekin hamari ekata ki samapti se hamare samooche manav jagath ko hani hogi.

al-hilal ka prakashan

1912 mean 'al hilal' namak ek urdoo akhabar ka prakashan prarambh kiya. is akhabar mean unhoanne apane pragatishil vichar, kushal tark aur islami janashrutiyaan aur itihas ke prati apane drishtikon ko prakashit kiya. yah akhabar bharat aur videshoan mean itani jaldi prasiddh ho gaya ki aj yah bat ek chamatkar hi lagati hai. kuchh hi dinoan mean 'al-hilal' ki 26,000 pratiyaan bikane lagian. log ikatthe hokar us akhabar ke har shabd ko aise padhate ya sunate jaise vah skool mean padhaya jane vala koee path ho. kuchh hi dinoan mean us akhabar ne n sirf musalamanoan mean balki us samay ke urdoo padhane vale bahut se logoan mean jagriti ki ek lahar utpann kar di.

'bharat ki khoj' mean neharoo ji ne likha hai ki - "maulana ne tarkik drishtikon se dharmagranthoan ki vyakhya ki hai."

akhir sarakar ne 'al-hilal' ki 2,000 rupaye aur 10,000 rupaye ki jamanatean zabt kar lian aur maulana azad ko sarakar ke khilaf likhane ke jurm mean bangal se bahar bhej diya. bad mean vah char sal se bhi zyada samay tak raanchi, bihar mean qaid rahe. gaandhi ji ko maulana ke sashakt lekhoan ke bare mean pata tha. maulana jab raanchi ke jel mean the tab gaandhi ji unase mulakat karana chahate the. lekin sarakar ne isaki svikriti nahian di. usake turant bad janavari sanh 1920 mean riha hone ke bad unaki dilli mean hakim ajamal khaan ke ghar gaandhi ji se bheant huee. us mulaqat ko yad karate hue maulana ne bad mean likha-

"...aj tak...ham jaise ek hi chhat ke niche rahate ae haian.....hamare bich matabhed bhi hue....lekin hamari rahean kabhi alag nahian hueean. jaise-jaise din bitate, vaise-vaise un par mera vishvas aur bhi dridh hota gaya."

doosari or gaandhi ji ne kaha, "mujhe khushi hai ki sanh 1920 se mujhe maulana ke sath kam karane ka mauqa mila hai. jaisi unaki islam mean shrriddha hai vaisa hi dridh unaka desh prem hai. bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke sabase mahanh netaoan mean se vah ek haian. yah bat kisi ko bhi nahian bhoolani chahie......"

jel se chhootakar unhoanne phir se lekhan kary aranbh kar diya.

neharoo ji ne likha hai ki - "vah ek nee bhasha mean likhate haian, yah n sirf vicharoan aur drishtikon mean hi ek nee bhasha hai balki isaki shaili bhi bhinn thi."

'al hilal' ke band hone ke bad azad ne 'al balagh' namak saptahik patrika prarambh ki. 1916 mean azad ke giraphtar hone ke bad yah patrika bhi band ho gee. azad char varshoan tak jel mean rahe. jel se bahar ane par unhean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres mean shamil kiya gaya.

urdoo bhasha ka vikas

farasi prishthabhoomi hone ke karan kabhi-kabhi azad ki shaili aur vicharoan ko samajhana tho da mushkil tha. unhoanne naye vicharoan ke lie ne muhavaroan ka prayog kiya aur nishchit roop se aj ki urdoo bhasha ko akar dene mean unaka bahut b da hath raha hai. purane roodhivadi musalamanoan ne isake lie unake paksh mean pratikriya zahir nahian ki aur azad ki ray evan drishtikon ki alochana ki. maulana madhyakalin darshan, atharahavian sadi ke budhdivad aur adhunik drishtikon ka ek ajab mishran the. purani pidhi mean se 'shilbi' aur aligadh vishvavidyalay ke 'sar saiyyad' jaise kuchh logoan ne azad ke lekhan ko manyata di.

rachanaean

urdoo, pharasi aur arabi ki kitaboan ke maulana the.

• iandiya vins phridam arthath bharat ki azadi ki jit,
• unaki rajanitik atmakatha,
• urdoo se aangrezi mean anuvad ke alava 1977 mean sahity akadami dvara chh: sanskaranoan mean prakashit quran ka arabi se urdoo mean anuvad unake shanadar lekhak ko darshata hai.
• isake bad tarjaman-e-quran ke kee sanskaran nikale haian.
• unaki any pustakoan mean gubare-e-khatir, hijr-o-vasal, khatabat-l-azad, hamari azadi aur tajakara shamil haian.
• unhoanne aanjamane-tariki-e-hind ko bhi ek naya jivan diya.

aanjamane-tariki-e-hind

vibhajan ke dangoan ke samay jab 'aanjamane-tariki-urdoo' ke samane samasya aee to isake sachiv maulavi abdul hak ne aanjaman ki kitaboan ke sath pakistan jane ka nirnay kiya. abdul haq ne kitaboan ko baandh liya kiantu maulana azad ne unhean nikal liya aur is tarah se unhoanne ek rashtriy khazane ko pakistan jane se bachaya. unhoanne shiksha mantralay ki or se aanjaman ko 48,000 roope prati mah ke anudan ki manjoori dekar use phir se chalane mean madad bhi ki. isi tarah unhoanne jamiya miliya islamiya, aur aligadh muslim vishvavidyalay ke vittiy sankat ke samay mean unake anudan mean vriddhi karake madad ki. unhoanne sanrakshit smarakoan ki marammat aur unhean banae rakhane ke bharatiy puratattv sarvekshan ke prayasoan ki or vishesh dhyan diya. apane sanpoorn jivan mean, unhoanne hindoo-musalamanoan aur bharat ki sammilit sanskriti ke bich sauhard banane ka prayas kiya. ve dharmanirapeksh vicharadhara, sarvavyapak charitr aur aantarrashtriy drishtikon vale adhunik bharat ke nirman ke lie date rahe.

rashtriyata ko badhava

yuvavastha mean azad dharm aur darshan par urdoo mean kavitaean likhate the. patrakarita ke karan unhean khyati mili. unhoanne aangrezi shasan ke viruddh likha aur sath hi bharatiy rashtriyata ko badhava diya. aandolan ke neta ke roop mean ve rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ke sanpark mean ae aur gaandhi ji ke ahiansak aandolan 'savinay avajna aandolan' ke samarthak ho ge. unhoanne 1919 ke r aaulet ekt ke virodh mean asahayog aandolan ko sangathit karane mean sakriy bhoomika nibhaee. azad gaandhi ji ke svadeshi vastuoan ke prayog aur svaraj jaise adarshoan ke prabal samarthak the. 1920 mean unhoanne tilak aur gaandhi ji se mulakat ki. gaandhi ji ne devaband vidyalay aur phirangi mahal se khilafat aandolan shuroo kiya, jahaan gaandhi aur azad donoan hi nirantar ate-jate rahate the. lekin muslim lig ne jab gaandhi ji ke satyagrah ki nianda ki to azad ne hamesha ke lie muslim lig ko chho d diya. unaki lokapriyata itani adhik thi ki 35 varsh ki ayu mean 1923 meanvah bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke ab tak ke sabase yuva adhyaksh ban gaye. 1942 mean, bharat chho do andolan ke dauran unhean kaangres ke mukhy pravakta ke taur par chuna gaya. 1946 mean shimala mean, mantrimandal abhiyan batachit mean bhi unhean yah upalabdhi mili.

prabhavashali vakta

jab maulana bolate the to shrota mantramugdh hokar unhean sunate the. unake shabdoan mean jadoo ka-sa prabhav hota tha. unaki bhasha anushasit aur sabhy thi aur unaki bhashan shaili prabhavashali hoti tha. aktoobar, 1947 mean jab hazaroan ki sankhya mean dilli ke musalaman pakistan ja rahe the to ve jama masjid ki prachir se ek prachin dev purush ki bhaanti maulana bole,-

"jama masjid ki ooanchi minarean tumase poochh rahi hai ki ja rahe ho, tumane itihas ke pannoan ko kahaan kho diya. kal tak tum yamuna ke tat par vajoo kiya karate the aur aj tum yahaan rahane se dar rahe ho. yad rakho ki tumhare khoon mean dilli basi hai. tum samay ke is jhatake se dar rahe ho. ve tumhare poorvaj hi the jinhoanne gahare samudr mean chhalaang lagaee, mazaboot chattanoan ko kat dala, kathinaiyoan mean bhi muskurae, asaman ki g dagadahat ka uttar tumhari hansi ke veg se diya, havaoan ki disha badal di aur toofanoan ka rukhamo d diya. yah bhagy ki vidambana hai ki jo log kal tak rajaoan ki niyati ke sath khele unhean aj apane hi bhagy se joojhana p d raha hai aur isalie ve is mamale mean apane parameshvar ko bhi bhool gaye haian jaise ki usaka koee astitv hi n ho. vapas ao yah tumhara ghar hai, tumhara desh.

unake is bhashan ka itana adhik prabhav hua ki jo log pakistan jane ke lie apana saman baandh kar taiyar the ve svatantrata aur deshabhakti ki ek nee bhavana ke sath ghar laut ae aur isake bad yahaan se nahian ge. aantarrashtriy bhashanoan ke itihas mean, jama masjid par die gaye maulana azad ke is bhashan ki tulana keval abraham liankan ke gaitsabarg mean die bhashan se, gaandhi ji ki hatya par neharoo ke birala haoos mean diye gaye bhashan aur martin loothar ke bhashan- 'mera ek sapana hai,' se tulana ki ja sakati hai. thumb|250px|abulakalam azad stamp
Abul Kalam Azad Stamp maulana ka aangrezi bhasha ka jnan uchch koti ka tha . maulana b de nirbhik vakta the . inaki yogyata ko dekh kar ek bar madras ki kaangres kameti ne akhil bharatavarshiy kaangres ka pratinidhi chun kar bheja tha . agara ki 'aryamitr sabha' ke varshikotsav par maulana ke vyakhyanoan ko sun kar raja mahendr pratap b de mugdh huye. raja sahab ne apake pair chhue aur apani kothi par le gaye . us samay ke bad se raja sahab aksar maulana ke upadesh suna karate the.

raja sahab maulana ko apana guru manate the - "itana saf nirbhik bolane vala maianne aj tak nahian dekha . sanh 1913 ee. mean maianne ap ka pahala vyakhyan shahazahaanpur mean suna tha . ary samaj ke varshikotsav par ap padhare the ."

dharasan satyagrah

1931 mean dharasan satyagrah ke pramukh ayojak the. dharmanirapekshata, samajavad aur hindoo-muslim ekata ko unhoanne badhava diya . 1945 mean 'bharat chho do aandolan' mean unhoanne kaangres adhyaksh pad par kary kiya. any netaoan ke sath maulana azad ko tin sal ki jel ki saza huee. svantatr bharat ki aantarim sarakar mean azad shamil the. bharat vibhajan ki hiansa ke samay ve saanpradayik sauhardr badhane ka kary kar rahe the.

ekata ke lie kary

shuroo se hi maulana yah janate the ki agar bharat ke log apas mean milajul kar raheange tabhi ve ek mazaboot rashtr bana sakeange. mahatma gaandhi ki tarah unake lie bhi logoan ki ekata se badhakar kuchh aur pyara nahian tha. jis tarah unake guru ne usi dhyey ke lie apane jivan ka balidan kar diya tha, usi tarah maulana bhi rashtr ki ekata ke lie sab kuchh nyochhavar kar dene ke lie taiyar the.

bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke sanh 1923 ke apane pratham adhyakshiy bhashan mean urdoo ke apane vishesh aandazamean maulana ne kaha tha-

"aj agar asaman se farishta bhi utar ae aur dilli ke qutub minar ki choti par se elan kare ki hindustan agar hindoo-muslim ekata ka khyal chho d de to vah chaubis ghantoan mean azad ho sakata hai, to hindoo-muslim ekata ke bajay desh ki azadi ko maian chho d dooanga-kyoanki agar azadi ane mean der lag bhi jae to isase sirf bharat ka hi nuqasan hoga, lekin hindoo-musalamanoan ke bich ekata agar n rahe to isase duniya ki sari insaniyat ka nuqasan hoga."

badaqismati yah thi ki desh mean kuchh log aise the jo is tarah ki ekata nahian chahate the. svabhavik hi hai ki gaandhi ji ki tarah maulana ke bhi aise hi log zindagi bhar kattar dushman bane rahe. un logoan ne maulana ki hansi u daee, unhean galiyaan dian, unhean tarah-tarah ke nam aur tane diye, unaka mazak u daya. lekin maulana ne in logoan ke sath kabhi samajhauta nahian kiya. maulana azad ne 1935 mean muslim lig, jinna aur kaangres ke sath batachit ki vakalat ki jisase rajanitik adhar ko sudridh kiya ja sake. jab jinna ne virodh kiya to maulana azad ne unaki alochana kar unhean samajhane mean koee kotahi nahian barati. sanh 1938 mean azad ne gaandhi ji ke samarthakoan aur tatkalin kaangres adhyaksh subhashachandr bos ke bich paida hue matabhedoan mean pul ka kam kiya.

1940 mean lahaur mean hue adhiveshan mean pakistan ne jab muslim lig ki maang rakhi, maulana azad us samay kaangres ke ramagadh adhiveshan mean kaangres ke adhyaksh chune ge the. unhoanne jinna ke do rashtr siddhaant ki khoob khabar li. maulana azad ne yah manane se iankar kar diya ki muslim aur hindoo do alag rashtr haian. islam dharm ke is vidvanh ne islam ke adhar par banane vale desh ko asvikar kar diya. unhoanne sabhi musalamanoan se hiandustan mean hi rahane ki bat kahi.

maulana azad ne apane adhyakshiy bhashan mean kaha-

'hiandustan ki dharati par islam ko ae gyarah sadiyaan bit gee haian. aur agar hindoo dharm yahaan ke logoan ka hazaroan barasoan se dharm raha hai to islam ko bhi hazar sal ho ge haian. jis tarah se ek hindoo garv ke sath yah kahata hai ki vah ek bharatiy hai aur hindoo dharm ko manata hai, to usi tarah aur utane hi garv ke sath ham bhi kah sakate haian ki ham bhi bharatiy haian aur islam ko manate haian. isi tarah eesaee bhi yah bat kah sakate haian.'

maulana azad ke adhyaksh rahane ke dauran 1942 mean ‘bharat chhodo’ aandolan shuroo hua. unhoanne desh bhar ki yatra ki aur jagah-jagah logoan ko rashtr hone ka arth samajhaya aur azadi ki mashal ko ghar-ghar tak le ge.

san 1924 mean mahatma gaandhi ne hindoo-muslim ekata ke lie amaran anashan shuroo kiya. us vaqt maulana ne din-rat ghoom-ghoom kar sabhi sampradayoan ke logo ko samajhaya aur gaandhi ji se prarthana ki ki vah apana anashan to d dean. usi tarah gaandhi ji ne apani hatya ke kuchh hi din pahale jab akhiri bar janavari 1948 mean anashan kiya to rashtrapita ke jivan ko bachane ke lie maulana usi tarah pagaloan ki tarah ghoome. yah bilkul sach hai ki apane desh aur deshavasiyoan ke prati unake dil mean jo prem aur kartavy ki bhavana thi usi ne vidvanh azad ko unake vistrit sangrahalay se bahar lakar karo doan deshavasiyoan ke bich kh da kar diya.

maulana sachamuch hi ek behatarin iansan the. jis din unhoanne apane sathiyoan ke sath b de hi mahattvapoorn vishayoan par charcha ki ho, desh ke bhavishy ko nishchit karane vale kisi pratinidhimandal ka netritv kiya ho ya dinabhar kaangres ki kisi baithak ke pramukh ke nate karravaee ko sambhala ho, usi din sham ko yahaan tak ki adhi rat mean vah apane ap svadisht chay banakar, gambhir shaikshik kary karate hue ya kuchh behatar sahity ki rachana karate hue ya phir dharm sambandhi koee adhoora lekh poora karate hue dikhaee p date the. maulana ka apane mastishk par poora-poora niyantran tha aur vah apane samay ka istemal bahut hi badhiya tarike se karana janate the.

bharat chho do aandolan

[[chitr:Abul-kalam-azad-Mahatma-Gandhi.jpg|thumb|mahatma gaandhi ke sath abulakalam azad]] 8 agast sanh 1942 ko rat mean akhil bharatiy kaangres kameti (al iandiya kaangres kameti) ki aitihasik baithak mean maulana ki adhyakshata mean aangrez sarakar ko 'bharat chho do' ke nare dvara bharat chho dane ke lie kaha gaya. doosare din b de savere desh ke mahanh neta ek vishesh tren ke dibboan mean pae ge. tren poona steshan par ruki aur usamean se gaandhi ji aur sarojini nayadoo kuchh pulis afasaroan ke sath bahar aye. dopahar ko maulana ko unake sathiyoan ke sath ahamadanagar ke aitihasik qile mean le jaya gaya. vahaan se unhoanne apane ek dost ko likha- "sirf nau mahin pahale hi.....naini sentral jel ke daravaze mere lie khole ge the (meri rihaee ke lie) aur kal 9 agast sanh 1942 ke din ahamadanagar ke purane qile ke ne daravaze mere pichhe band kar die ge."

doosare din unhoanne likha- "yah chhathavaan anubhav hai...pichhali paanch bar mean maianne jeloan mean kul milakar sat sal aur ath mahine ki avadhi bataee hai..... jo meri aj tak ki tirappan sal ki umr ka satavaan hissa hai."

is bar ke karavas ke aant tak (julaee 1945) unhoanne das sal aur paanch mahine jel mean gujare the. ahamadanagar ke qile ki jel ek chhoti aur shant jagah thi. sabha, charcha jaloos aur bhashan bilkul bhi nahian the. maulana ki pyari kitabean bhi vahaan bahut kam thian. ek din dopahar ko, maulana jel ke jis kamare mean the vahaan bahut sari chi diyaan zoroan se chahakati hueean ek kone se doosare kone tak u dane lagian. safed khadi ka kurta pajama pahane mulla ki tarah chhoti-si dadhi vale maulana ek baans uthakar un chi diyoan ko bhagane lage. kuchh hi der mean vah bilkul thak gaye aur haanphate hue ek purane sophe par ja gire. kuchh pal bitane ke bad unhoanne apani ooni topi, sheravani aur tebal par p di hueean kitaboan aur kagazoan par se dhool jha di aur phir palang ke niche jha doo lekar dhool, ghas-phoos aur chi diyoan ki bit buharane lage. jha doo lagate hue vah urdoo ke sher bhi gunagunate rahe. phir man hi man bole, chalo ham dost ban jaean.

ek din dopahar ke sannate mean vah likhane mean bilkul khoye hue thean, tabhi ek chi diya akar hichakichate hue pahale ek sophe par baithi, phir phudak kar unaki kursi par ja baithi aur akhir mean maulana ke kandhe par baith gee. maulana ne baee aankh ke kone se us chi diya ko pyar se dekha aur phir dhire se apani mutthi khol di jisamean bajare ke kuchh dane the. chi diya kood kar unaki hatheli ke kinare par baith gee aur dane chugane lagi. akhir maulana ne chi diya ke sath dosti kar hi li thi.

kuchh mahinoan ke bad jel ke aangrez suparintendat ne, jo fauji afasar tha aur is samay vardi mean tha, daravaze par dhire se dastak di.
"tashariph laiye."
"yah aj ka akhabar hai, "afasar budabudaya. "sahab apake lie isamean khas khabar hai."
"shukriya, "maulana ne usaki or dekhe bina hi namrata se magar bhari avaz mean kaha. "meharabani karake akhabar chho d jaiye."
afasar chala gaya aur bhari qadamoan se chalate hue maulana ne akhabar utha liya. akhabar mean kuchh padha aur dhamm se sophe par baith ge. ab vah gahare soch mean doobe hue aur kuchh udas lag rahe the.

kuchh der bad, maulana javahar lal neharoo ke sath b di gambhirata se bat karate hue dikhaee die. javaharalal ne kuchh kaha aur gahari soch mean kh de hue maulana ne sirf apana sir hila diya. "ab kuchh bhi ho," maulana ne akhir dridh svar mean kaha, " apani patni se milane ki khatir maian desh ke dushmanoan se rihaee ke lie bhikh nahian maangooanga. javahar lal nazarean jhukakar aur udas chehara lie vapas chale ge. maulana bhari qadamoan se kamare mean tahalane lage. kuchh dinoan bad, javaharalal ne hi maulana ko yah khabar di ki unaki patni julaikha ki mrityu ho gee hai. jab javaharalal ne is bat par zor diya ki kuchh haphtoan ke lie hi sahi, maulana ko bahar jana chahie, to maulana ne namrata se lekin dridh svar mean javab diya, "bhaee mere, jo sarakar hamean sahi mayane mean azadi dene se inakar kar rahi hai, usase kuchh haphtoan ke lie azadi maangane ka koee fayada nahian hai." kuchh der tak vah ruke aur bilkul hi apane khyaloan mean khoye hue bole, "ab agar khuda chahe to ham jannat mean mileange."

bad mean unhoanne likha ki vah us ghatana se bilkul hi toot chuke the, phir bhi unhoanne apane par niyantran rakha. kuchh samay bad vah apani svasth aur svabhavik sthiti mean a gaye. vah jel mean hi the ki unaki pyari b di bahan bhi chal basian. tab unhoanne likha- " jel mean zyadatar samay maianne bhari manasik tanav ke bich guzara. isase meri tabiyat par bahut bura asar p da. meri giraphtari ke vaqt mera vajan 170 pauand tha. jab mujhe bangal ke baankura jel mean bhej gaya tab mera vajan kam hokar 130 pauand rah gaya tha. maian b di mushkil se hi kuchh kha pata tha."

chunautiyaan

apani rihaee ke bar mean maulana ne likha,

"hav da steshan par logoan ka samandar um da hua tha. ham abhi chalane hi lage the ki tabhi maianne dekha ki meri kar ke age meri rihaee ki khushi mean baiand bajane laga. mujhe yah achchha nahian laga aur maianne kaha ki yah koee khushi ka mauqa nahian hai....mere hazaroan dost aur sathi abhi jeloan mean haian."

jab tin sal pahale vah kalakatte se chale the us vaqt ki yadean saphar ke dauran unake man mean taja ho gee.

unhoanne likha..."meri patni phatak tak mujhe chho dane ke lie aee thi. ab maian tin sal ke bad laut raha hooan par vah apani qabr mean haian aur mera ghar soona p da hai.....meri kar mean phooloan ke haroan ke dher haian. unamean se ek har uthakar maianne usaki qabr par rakh diya aur "phatiha" (prarthana) padhane laga."

ek bar rajaniti mean a jane ke bad maulana ne sari zimmedariyoan aur chunautiyoan ko svikar kar liya. tin bar vah kaangres ke adhyaksh bane. sanh 1923 mean vah kaangres ke sabase yuva adhyaksh the. isake alava sanh 1940 se sanh 1946 tak pramukh ke nate apane akhiri satr ke dauran unhoanne chhah sal se bhi lambe arse tak kaangres ka netritv kiya. azadi ke pahale ke dinoan mean kaangres ke adhyaksh ke lie yah sabase lambi avadhi thi. yahi nahian, kaangres ke samooche itihas mean yah sabase zyada kathinaiyoan ka samay bhi tha.

maulana ne likha- "maianne socha ki....maian agar phir se inakar kar dooan to maian apane kartavy ka palan nahian karooanga......jab gaandhi ji ne mujhase vinati ki ki maian kaangres ka adhyaksh banooan to maian phauran hi raji ho gaya."

doosara vishvayuddh arambh ho gaya tha aur sabaka aisa khyal tha ki desh azadi ki dahalij par kh da hai. hamare desh ka us samay ka itihas b da hi dilachasp hai.

sanh 1942 mean 'krips mishan' bharat ki azadi aur yuddh mean bharat ke sahayog ke bare mean charcha karane ke lie bharat aya. mishan asaphal raha. "bharat chho do" aandolan 8 agast sanh 1942 ke din chhe da gaya. hazaroan nar-nariyaan aur sabhi b de-b de neta jel ge aur bahut kasht jhele. march sanh 1946 ko british kaibinet mishan bharat aya. us mishan ke ek prastav ke adhar par kaangres ne chunav l da aur kendr mean aur adhikatar rajyoan ki vidhan sabhaoan mean use vijay mili.

aantarim sarakar banaee gee. kaangres ke adhyaksh hi nahian, balki ek b़ de rashtriy neta hone ke karan maulana ne b de josh ke sath kam kiya aur doosare netaoan ke sath milakar ek b de hi mushkil samay mean desh ka netritv kiya. vasvat mean, kaangres ke log chahate the ki vah agale satr ke lie bhi kaangres ke adhyaksh rahean. lekin unhoanne us pad ke lie javahar lal neharoo ka nam sujhaya.

neharoo ji ke shabdoan mean- "kaangres ke itihas mean aur bharat ke itihas mean bhi bahut kam log yah janate haian ki kaangres ke prastav aur nitiyoan ko banane mean kaangres ke pramukh ke roop mean ya karyakari samiti ke sadasy ke roop mean unhoanne kitana mahattvapoorn kary kiya hai."

kaangres ke netaoan mean maulana ko unaki any mahanh visheshata ke lie bhi yad kiya jata tha. jab kabhi bhi kaangresiyoan ke bich matabhed ho jate the. tab maulana hi unhean phir se ek karate the kyoanki sab log unaka adar karate the.

bahut saloan se maulana yah chah rahe the ki vah apane jivan ke akhiri sal shanti mean bitaean taki vidya ke kshetr mean apana sabase pyara kam kar sakean. ahamadanagar jel se bahar ane par neharoo ji ne bhi maulana se unake pramukh hone ke nate yah prarthana ki ki turant kaangres ki koee mitiang n bulaee jae. kyoanki vah bhi kuchh aram chahate the aur ek kitab likhane ka kam bhi poora karana chahate the. lekin maulana ne likha-

"us vaqt mujhe yah maloom nahian tha ki hamako riha kiya jaega....aur (tab to) shayad hamare jivan ke akhiri pal tak hamako aram ka saval hi nahian uthega."

kuchh hi dinoan ke bad javaharalal neharoo aur maulana ko aitihasik 'shimala k aaunphreans mean bhag lene ke lie dau dana p da. maulana ke daktar ne prarthana ki ki k aaunphreans do haphte tak sthagit kar di jaye. lekin maulana isake lie raji nahian hue. maulana ki halat dekhakar vaisaray l aaurd veval ne inhean vaisarigal istet mean hi ek makan mean thaharaya aur unaki dekhabhal ke lie apane niji staph ke kuchh logoan ko tainat kiya. kartavy poora karane ki nishtha ke bare mean maulana ne ek dost ko likha,

"yadi koee adami fauj mean bharti hone se inkar kar de to yah koee gunah nahian hai. lekin sipahi banane ke bad yuddh ke maidan se bhag nikalana--isake lie to sivay maut ke aur koee saza ho hi nahian sakati hai."

isamean koee shak nahian hai ki maulana hamare svadhinata sangram ke sabase bahadur sipahiyoan mean se ek the.

sadasy

abulakalam azad pahali aur doosari lokasabha ke sadasy rahe.

1. shiksha mantri, 15 agast 1947-13 mee 1952;
2. shiksha aur prakritik sansadhan aur vaijnanik anusandhan mantri, 13 mee 1952-22 faravari 1958

svatantrata prapti

[[chitr:Jawaharlal-Nehru-Mahatma-Gandhi-Abul-Kalam-Azad.jpg|thumb|gaandhiji, neharooji aur maulana azad]]

15 agast sanh 1947 ke din bharat ko azadi mili. gaandhiji, neharooji, saradar patel, maulana azad aur doosare netaoan ne us azadi ka bhari man se svagat kiya kyoanki akhand bharat ka unaka sapana sakar nahian hua tha. desh ka bantavara ho gaya. lekin chain ki saans lie bina ve sab phauran hi adhunik bharat ke nirman ke kam mean jut gaye. karo doan ke pyare neta aur hamare pratham pradhanamantri javaharalala neharoo ne kaha-

"madhyaratri ke thik barah baje......bharat ke jivan ka, usaki azadi ke yug ka arambh hoga......is pavitr kshan mean ham sab yah pratijna karate haian ki bharat aur usaki janata ki seva mean ham apane ko samarpit kar deange......aur isalie apane sapanoan ko vasvatik roop dene ke lie hamean aur mehanat karani hai aur kam karana hai."

kharab svasthy aur kalam aur kitaboan ki duniya mean lautane ki ichchha ke bavajood maulana ne nee zimmedariyaan bhi sambhal lian. bharat sarakar ke shiksha, sabhyata aur kala mantralay ke pratham mantri ki haisiyat se vah shiksha ka is tarah prachar karana chahate the jisase bharat ke logoan mean ek nee manovritti paida ho sake. unhoanne sirf shalaean, k aaulej aur mahavidyalayoan ki hi nahian, balki sahity akadami, sangit natak akadami aur lalit kala akadami jaisi mahanh sansthaoan ki bhi sthapana ki taki bharat ki mahanh sanskriti ko naya jivan mil sake. akhiri din tak vah javaharalal neharoo ke sabase nikatatam mitr aur sathi bane rahe. vah unake sabase vishvaniy salahakar aur samarthak bhi the.

svatantr bharat ke shiksha mantri

vah svatantr bharat ke pahale shiksha mantri the aur unhoanne gyarah varsho tak rashtr ki niti ka margadarshan kiya. bharat ke pahale shiksha mantri banane par unhoanne ni:shulk shiksha, bharatiy shiksha paddhati, uchch shiksha sansthanoan ki sthapana mean atyadhik ke sath kary kiya. maulana azad ko hi 'bharatiy praudyogiki sansthan' arthath 'aee.aee.ti. aur 'vishvavidyalay anudan ayog' ki sthapana ka shrey hai.

ve sanpoorn bharat mean 10+2+3 ki saman shiksha sanrachana ke pakshadhar rahe. yadi maulana abul kalam aj zianda hote to ve ni:shulk shiksha ke adhikar vidheyak ko sansad ki svikriti ke lie di jane vali mantrimandaliy manjoori ko dekhakar behad prasann hote. shiksha ka adhikar vidheyak ke aantargat ni:shulk aur anivary shiksha ek maulik adhikar hai.

• unhoanne shiksha aur sanskriti ko vikasit karane ke lie utkrisht sansthanoan ki sthapana ki.
• unhoanne sangit natak akadami (1953),
• sahity akadami (1954) aur
• lalit kala akadami (1954) ki sthapana ki.
• 1950 se pahale unake dvara 'bharatiy saanskritik sanbandh parishad' ki sthapana ki gee.
• kendriy salahakar shiksha bord ke adhyaksh hone par sarakar se kendr aur rajyoan donoan ke atirikt vishvavidyalayoan mean sarvabhaumik prathamik shiksha, 14 varsh tak ki ayu ke sabhi bachchoan ke lie ni:shulk aur anivary shiksha, kanyaoan ki shiksha, vyavasayik prashikshan, krishi shiksha aur takaniki shiksha jaise sudharoan ki vakalat ki.
• 1956 mean unhoanne anudanoan ke vitaran aur bharatiy vishvavidyalayoan mean manakoan ke anurakshan ke lie sansad ke ek adhiniyam ke dvara 'vishvavidyalay anudan ayog' (yoojisi) ki sthapana ki.
• takaniki shiksha ke mamale mean, 1951 mean akhil bharatiy takaniki shiksha parishad, kh dagapur ki sthapana ki gee aur isake bad shrriankhalabadhd roop mean mumbee, chennee, kanapur aur dilli mean aee.aee.ti. ki sthapana ki gee.
• skool aauph planiang aur vastukala vidyalay ki sthapana dilli mean 1955 mean huee.

mrityu

22 faravari sanh 1958 ko hamare rashtriy neta ka nidhan ho gaya. bhinn-bhinn-dharmik neta, lekhak, patrakar, kavi, vyakhyata, rajaniti aur prashasan mean kam karane vale bharat ke is mahanh sapoot ko apane-apane dhang se yad karate raheange. in sabase badhakar maulana azad dharmik vritti ke vyakti hote hue bhi sahi arthoan mean bharat ki dharmanirapeksh sabhyata ke pratinidhi the.

bharat ratn

varsh 1992 mean maranoparant maulana ko bharat ratn se sammanit kiya gaya. ek iansan ke roop mean maulana mahanh the, unhoanne hamesha sadagi ka jivan pasand kiya. unamean kathinaiyoan se joojhane ke lie apar sahas aur ek sant jaisi manavata thi. unaki mrityu ke samay unake pas koee sanpatti nahian thi aur n hi koee baiank khata tha. unaki niji alamari mean kuchh sooti achakan, ek darjan khadi ke kurte payajamean, do jo di saidal, ek purana draisiang gaoon aur ek upayog kiya hua brush mila kiantu vahaan anek durlabh pustakean thi jo ab rashtr ki sampatti haian.

maulana azad jaise vyaktitv kabhi-kabhi hi janm lete haian. apane sanpoorn jivan mean ve bharat aur isaki sammilit saanskritik ekata ke lie prayasarat rahe. vah apane varishth sathi 'khan abdulagaffar khaan' aur apane kanishth 'ashafakulla' ke sath rahe.

iqabal ke shabdoan mean, "hazaroan sal naragis apani benoori par roti hai, b di mushkil se hota hai chaman mean didavar paida."

rashtriy shiksha divas

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maulana abul kalam azad ke janmadivas 11 navambar ko 'rashtriy shiksha divas' ghoshit kiya gaya hai. unaki aguvaee mean hi 1950 ke shuruati dashak mean 'sangit natak akadami', 'sahity akadami' aur 'lalit kala akadami' ka gathan hua tha. isase pahale vah 1950 mean hi 'bharatiy saanskritik sanbandh parishad' bana chuke the. haidarabad mean unhian ke nam par 'maulana azad neshanal urdoo yunivarsiti' sthapit kar rashtr ki or se ek svatantrata senani, krantikari, patrakar, samajasudharak, shiksha visheshajn aur abhootapoorv shiksha mantri ko shrriddhaanjali di gayi hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - The Builder of Modern India
• The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• Abul Kalam Azad (1888- 1958)
• Introduction to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• Those who said no to top awards

sanbandhit lekh

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