क़ुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक

kutubuddin aibak (1206-1210 ee.) ek turk janajati ka vyakti tha. aibak ek turki shabd hai, jisaka arth hota hai- “chandrama ka devata”. kutubuddin ka janm turkistan mean hua tha. bachapan mean hi vah apane parivar se bichhu d gaya aur use ek vyapari dvara nishapur ke bazar mean le jaya gaya, jahaan 'qazi fakharuddin ajiz koofi' (jo imam aboo hanif ke vanshaj the) ne use kharid liya. qazi ne apane putr ki bhaanti aibak ki paravarish ki tatha usake lie dhanurvidya aur ghu dasavari ki suvidhaean upalabdh karaeean. kutubuddin aibak balyakal se hi pratibha ka dhani tha. usane shighr hi sabhi kalaoan mean kushalata prapt kar li. usane atyant surile svar mean quran padhana sikh liya, isalie vah 'quran khaan' (quran ka path karane vala) ke nam se prasiddh ho gaya. kuchh samay bad qazi ki bhi mrityu ho gayi. usake putroan ne use ek vyapari ke hathoan bech diya, jo use gazani le gaya, jahaan use muhammad gori ne kharid liya aur yahian se usaki jivanacharcha ka ek naya adhyay arambh hua, jisane ant mean use dilli ke sianhasan par baithaya.

buddhiman aur svamibhakt

apani eemanadari, buddhimani aur svamibhakti ke bal par kutubuddin ne muhammad gori ka vishvas prapt kar liya. gori ne usake samast prashansaniy gunoan se prabhavit hokar use 'amir-e-akhoor' (astabaloan ka pradhan) niyukt kiya, jo us samay ek mahattvapoorn pad tha. is pad par rahate hue aibak ne gor, bamiyan aur gazani ke yuddhoan mean sultan ki seva ki. 1192 ee. mean aibak ne tarain ke yuddh mean kushalatapoorvak bhag liya. tarain ke dvitiy yuddh ke bad muhammad gori ne aibak ko bharat ke pradeshoan ka soobedar niyukt kar diya. gori ke vapas jane ke bad aibak ne ajamer, merath adi sthanoan ke vidrohoan ko dabaya. 1194 mean muhammad gori aur kannauj ke shasak jayachandr ke bich hue yuddh mean aibak ne apane svami ki or se mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee. 1197 ee. mean aibak ne gujarat ki rajadhani anhilava d ko loota tatha vahaan ke shasak bhimadev ko dandit kiya. 1202 ee. mean usane bundelakhand ke raja paramardidev ko parast kiya tatha kalianjar, mahoba aur khajuraho par adhikar kar liya. 1205 ee. usane khokkhar ke viruddh muhammad gori ka hath bantaya. is prakar aibak ne muhammad gori ki sainik yojanaoan ko ek moortaroop diya. isalie bharatiy turk adhikariyoan ne use apana pradhan svikar kiya.

das jivan se mukti

muhammad gori ki mutyu ke bad chooanki usaka koee putr nahian tha, isalie lahaur ki janata ne muhammad gori ke pratinidhi kutubuddin aibak ko lahaur par shasan karane ka nimantran diya. aibak ne lahaur pahuanch kar joon, 1206 ee mean apana rajyabhishek karavaya. sihaansanaroodh hone ke samay aibak ne apane ko ‘malik evan sipahasalar’ ki padavi se santushth rakha. usane apane nam se n to koee sikka jari karavaya aur n kabhi 'khutaba' (upadesh ya prashansatmak rachana) padhavaya. kuchh samay bad muhammad gori ke uttaradhikari gayasuddin balaban ne aibak ko sultan svikar kar liya. aibak ko 1208 ee. mean dasata se mukti mil gee.

shasak ka pad

sianhasan par baithane ke samay aibak ko muhammad gori ke any uttaradhikari 'gayasuddin muhammad', 'tajuddin eldauj' evan 'nasiruddin kubacha' ke vidroh ka samana karana p da. in vidrohiyoan ko shaant karane ke lie aibak ne vaivahik sambandhoan ko adhar banaya. usane tajuddin eldauj (gazani ka shasak) ki putri se apana vivah, nasiruddin kubacha (multan evan siandh ka shasak ) se apani bahan ka vivah tatha iltutamish se apani putri ka vivah kiya. in vaivahik sambandhoan ke karan eldauj tatha kubacha ki or se vidroh ka khatara kam ho gaya. kalantar mean gori ke uttaradhikari gayasuddin ne aibak ko sultan ke roop mean svikar karate hue 1208 ee. mean sianhasan, chhatr, rajakiy pataka evan nakkara bheant kiya. is tarah aibak ek svatantr shasak ke roop mean turki rajy ka sansthapak bana.

shasan kal vibhajan

kutubuddin aibak ke shasan kal ko tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-

• 1191 se 1206 ee. ki avadhi ko sainik gatidhiyoan ki avadhi kaha ja sakata hai. is samay aibak ne uttari bharat mean gori dvara vijit pradeshoan par shasan kiya.
• 1206 se 1208 ee. tak ki avadhi, jise usake rajanitik karyoan ki avadhi mana ja sakata hai, mean aibak ne gori ke bharatiy saltanat mean malik evan sipahasalar, ki haisiyat se kary kiya.
• 1208 se 1210 ee. ki avadhi mean usaka adhikaansh samay ‘dilli saltanat’ ki rooparekha banane mean bita.

aibak ne gori ki mutyu ke bad svatantr hue badayooan ko punah jita aur iltutamish ko vahaan ka prashasak niyukt kiya. aibak apani asamayik mrityu ke karan kalianjar aur gvaliyar ko punah apane adhikar mean nahian la saka. is samay usane svatantr bharatiy pradesh par svatantr shasak ke roop mean shasan kiya.

danashil vyakti

aibak ko apani udarata evan dani pravriti ke karan ‘lalabakhsh’ (lakhoan ka dani) kaha gaya hai. itihasakar 'minahaj' ne usaki danashilata ke karan hi use 'hatim dvitiy' ki sanjna di haian. farishta (yatri) ke anusar us samay keval kisi danashil vyakti ko hi aibak ki upadhi di jati thi. bachapan mean hi aibak ne quran ke adhyayoan ko kanthasth kar liya tha aur atyant surile svar mean isaka uchcharan karata tha is karan aibak ko 'quran khaan' kaha jata tha. sahity evan sthapaty kala mean bhi aibak ki dilachaspi thi. usake darabar mean vidvan hasan nizami evan fakhr-e-mudabbir ko sanrakshan prapt tha. hasan nizami ne 'taj-ul-masir' ki rachana ki thi.

nirman kary

fakhr-e-aibak ne dilli mean 'kuvvat-ul-islam' (vishnu mandir ke sthan par) tatha ajamer mean 'dhaee din ka jhop da' (sanskrit vidyalay ke sthan par) nam masjidoan ka nirman karavaya. kutubaminar, jise ‘shekh khvaja kutubuddin bakhtiyar kaki’ ki smriti mean banaya gaya hai, ke nirman kary ko prarambh karavane ka shrey kutubuddin aibak ko jata hai. ek manyata ke anusar kaha jata hai ki, aibak ke shasakal mean bakari aur sher ek hi ghat par pani pite the.

mrityu

apane shasan ke 4 varsh bad 1210 ee. mean lahaur mean chaugan (polo) khelate samay gho de se girane ke karan aibak ki mrityu ho gee. kutubuddin aibak ka maqabara lahaur mean hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh