अफ़्रीका महाद्वीप

thumb|300px|afrika ka manachitr afrika prithvi par sthit sat mahadvipoan mean se ek mahadvip hai, jo prithvi ke poorvi golardh mean aur eshiya ke dakshin-pashchim mean hai. afrika, eshiya ke bad vishv ka sabase b da mahadvip hai. kshetraphal ki drishti se mahadvipoan mean aphrika ka dvitiy sthan hai. tatavarti dvipasamooh sahit isaka kshetraphal lagabhag 1,16,35,000 varg mil hai. vishuvat rekha is mahadvip ke madhy se jati hai. aphrika dakshin ki apeksha uttar mean adhik chau da hai. aphrika ke poorv mean hiand mahasagar, pashchim mean aandhamahasagar ya atalaantik mahasagar, uttar mean bhoomadhyasagar hai. is mahadvip mean vishal marusthal, atyant ghane van, vistrit ghas ke maidan, b di-b di nadiyaan v jhilean tatha vichitr jangali janavar haian.

sthiti tatha vistar

kshetraphal ki drishti se mahadvipoan mean aphrika ka dvitiy sthan hai. tatavarti dvipasamooh sahit isaka kshetraphal lagabhag 1,16,35,000 varg mil hai. is prakar yah mahadvip kshetraphal mean bharat ganatantr ke nau gune se bhi b da hai. akshaanshiy vistar ki drishti se yah mahadvip advitiy hai: yah uttari tatha dakshini donoan hi golardhoan ke katibandhoan mean lagabhag saman doori tak vistrit hai. 37° 20' u.a. se 34° 51' d.a. tak tatha 17° 20' p.de. 51° 12' poo.de. tak yah phaila hua hai. isaki adhikatam lanbaeean uttar mean rasaben sakka se dakshin mean agulahas aantarip tak, lagabhag 5,000 mil tatha adhikatam chau daee pashchim mean bard aantarip se gvadiphuee aantarip tak, lagabhag 4,500 mil haian. vishuvat rekha is mahadvip ke madhy se jati hai. isalie isaka adhikaansh, lagabhag 90 lakh varg mil, ayanavrittiy katibandh mean p data hai. dakshin ki apeksha yah uttar mean adhik chau da hai. isake kshetraphal ka lagabhag do tihaee bhag uttari golardh mean tatha ek tihaee bhag dakshini golardh ke aantargat ata hai.

sima

aphrika ke poorv mean hiand mahasagar tatha pashchim mean aandh (atalaantik) mahasagar sthit hai. uttar mean bhoomadhyasagar hai, jisaki lanbaeean jibraltar ke muhane se siriya ke tat tak lagabhag 2,300 mil hai. jibraltar ka muhana 15 se 24 mil tak chau da hai. seed bandaragah se svej bandaragah tak lagabhag 107 mil lanbi 650 phut chau di tatha 37 phut gahari svez nahar bhoomadhyasagar ko lalasagar se milati hai. is nahar ka udghatan 1869 ee. mean hua. yuddhakalik tatha arthik drishti se yah nahar b de mahatv ki hai. hal mean misr ne is nahar ka rashtriyakaran kar liya hai. isake nirman ke pashchath‌ bharat se yooropiy bandaragahoan ki doori char-paanch hajar mil kam ho gee hai; jab yah nahian bana tha tab aphrika ke dakshin se hokar jahajoan ko jana p data tha. uttar-poorv mean lalasagar bich mean rahane ke karan aphrika eshiya mahadvip se prithakh‌ ho gaya hai. svej bandaragah se dakshinapoorv ki or lagabhag 1,600 mil ki doori par yah sagar sangirn ho jata hai. yahi sankirn bhag 'babul mandab' ka muhana hai, jisaka arth arabi bhasha ke anusar 'aansoo ka dvar' hai. is sthan par navikoan ko sashank evan savadhan rahana p data hai. isaki chau daee lagabhag 20 mil hai aur perim namak dvip dvara yahaan jalamarg do bhagoan mean vibhakt ho jata hai.

samudratat

aphrika ka samudratat adhik kata-chhanta nahian hai. pashchimi tat par gayana ki kha di ke roop mean ek bahut b da ghumav hai jisake aantargat benin ki kha di sthit hai. aangola rajy mean lobito ki kha di hai. dakshini tat par algojae tatha delagoa ki kh diyaan haian. dakshin-poorv mean mojaanbik ka muhana madagaskar dvip ko aphrika se prithakh‌ karata hai. poorvi tat par ek chau da natodar ghumav hai. is ghumav ke uttar-poorv mean shumalilaiand ka prayadvip hai jise aphrika ka siang bhi kahate haian.

khoj

aphrika ka ghanishth sanbandh bhoomadhyasagariy deshoan ke sath adhik hona svabhavik hai. yah sanbandh vanshanugat, saanskritik tatha vishuddh bhaugolik roop mean milata hai. herodotas ke varnan se jnat hota hai ki misr desh ke raja neko ne yoonani darshanikoan ke is prashn ko hal karane ki cheshta ki ki yah mahadvip dakshin mean sagar dvara ghira hai ya nahian. usane pahale svej sthal damaroomadhy par nahar khudavane ka asaphal prayatn kiya. isake pashchath‌ usane lalasagar mean yuddhapotoan ka ek be da taiyar karaya aur chune hue phinoshiyan navikoan ko is mahadvip ki parikrama kar jibraltar ke marg se vapas lautane ki ajna di. dvitiy shatabdi mean sikandariya mean likhit apani bhoogol ki pustak mean kl aaudias t aaulimi ne is mahadvip ke uttari bhag ka vistrit varnan kiya hai. arab ke pramukh bhoogolavetta idrisi (1100-1165) ne bhi poore mahadvip ka savistar varnan kiya hai, jisamean nil nadi ke udgam sthan tatha samipasth b di jhiloan ka bhi varnan milata hai. 14vian tatha 15vian shatabdiyoan mean purtagal-nivasiyoan ne is mahadvip mean anek anveshan kie aur is mahadvip ki lagabhag thik-thik rooparekha aankit ki. us manachitr mean b di jhilean bhi dikhaee gee haian. adhunik yug mean muangopark, bartan, spek tatha liviangstan sadrish anek sahasi yuvakoan ne paryapt khoj ki hai. kep aantarip (kep aauv gud hop) ke nikat se par hone ka sarvapratham shrey 1487 ee. mean bartholomiu diash ko prapt hua, jinhoanne alagoa ki kha di bhi dekhi thi. isake das varsh pashchath‌ vasko d gama aur age badhe tatha arabasagar par kar bharat pahuanchane mean saphal hue. us samay se 19vian shatabdi tak navikoan dvara mahadvip ke tatavarti bhagoan ki parikrama hoti rahi, kiantu isaka adhikatar bhitari bhag gupt rahasy hi bana raha. isake anek bhaugolik karan the. at: yah mahadvip pichhali shatabdi tak aandh mahadvip kaha jata tha.

prakritik banavat

is mahadvip ki bhoorachana tatha prakritik sanrachana any mahadvipoan ki apeksha adhik spasht evan saral hai. isaka adhikaansh bhag pathari hai, jisapar bhaumik gatiyoan (arth moovameants) ka prabhav bahut kam p da hai. pichhale kee yugoan se yah ek achal bhookhand ke roop mean sthit raha hai. isaki mahadvipiy chhajjae (shelph) evan mahadvipiy dhal (slop) ke kinare pray: isake samudratat ke samaantar haian, jisase jnat hota hai ki isaka nirman prithvi ki bahari parat ke tootane se hua hai. isake dharatal ki lagabhag ek tihaee par kaibriyanapoorv chattanean vartaman haian. is mahadvip ke pashchimottar pradesh tatha dakshin ke aantaripiy bhag ko chho dakar pray: sarvatr mu dane se bane parvatoan ki shreniyoan ka abhav hai. pashchimottar bhag mean aitalas parvat yoorop ke alps parvat ka hi ek badha hua bhag hai. dakshin mean anek chhoti-chhoti shreniyaan haian; udaharanarth r aaugavadabarg, niuvetabarg, sniubarg, drakeansabarg, svartabarg, l aaunjabarg ityadi. aphrika ke pashchimi tat par sthit beangela ko yadi lalasagar ke tat par sthit svakin se ek kalpit rekha dvara milaya jae, to yah rekha is mahadvip ko prakritik banavat ki drishti se do asaman bhagoan mean baant degi. uttari bhag ki ausat uanchaee 3,000 phut se bahut kam tatha dakshini bhag ki ausat uanchaee 3,000 phut se bahut adhik hai. uttari bhag mean anek pathar haian jo kaianbriyan poorv ya agney chattanoan se nirmit haian. inamean ahagar, tasili, tibesti tatha darur pathar mukhy haian. isake atirikt is bhag mean anek uchch pradesh bhi haian jinamean kaango ki ghati ka uttari bhag tatha gayana tat ke prishthabhag mean sthit uchch bhoomi ullekhaniy hai. kaimaroon ki choti (13,350 phut) ek pramukh jvalamukhi shikhar hai. gayana ki kha di mean pharnando po, priansip, saothom adi anek dvip jvalamukhi dvara nirmit haian. is uttari bhag mean kee prakritik droniyaan (besin ) bhi haian jinamean pahuanchakar nadiyoan ka pani ya to sookh jata hai ya usase chhoti tatha chhichhali jhilean ban jati haian. mukhy khat sh aautel jerid, shad jhil, debo jhil, baharel gajal adi haian. dakshini bhag mean bhi gami tatha karoo namak do prakritik droniyaan haian.

poorvi aphrika mean sthit ek lanbi nibhang upatyaka (rift vaili) hai jae mahanh‌ nibhang upatyaka (di gret rift vaili) ke nam se vishvavikhyat hai. yah vishv ki sabase lanbi nibhang upatyaka hai. isaka uttari bhag eshiya mean sthit hai tatha bich ke bhag mean akab ki kha di evan lalasagar hai. aphrika mean poorvi abisiniya ki kh di dhal tatha sumalilaiand ke bich sthit nimn bhoomi, rud aaulph jhil, keniya desh ki naivaska jhil tatha any chhoti jhiloan ki shrankhala, nyas jhil aur shayer nadi ki ghati isi mahanh‌ nibhang upatyaka ke chhijhavashesh haian. is nibhang upatyaka ki ek shakha nyas jhil ke uttari chhor ke pas se nikalati hai, jise pashchimi nibhang upatyaka kahate haian. isamean taiangainyika, kiboo, edavad, albart adi jhilean sthit haian. poorvi aphrika mean pathar ki ooanchaee kee jagah jvalamukhi chattanoan ke jama hone se badh gee hai. pramukh chotiyaan kilimaianjaro (19,590 phut), keniya (17,040 phut), elgan (14,140 phut), tatha ras dashan (15,000 phut) haian. is bhag mean rubeanjari namak ek 16790 phut ooanchi choti hai jo jvalamukhi dvara nirmit nahian hai. pathar ki bahari dhal kh di hai aur vah ek-doosare upakooliy maidan se ghiri haian.

jhianlean

aphrika ki sabase b di jhil viktoriya nyaanjae namak jhil hai jo nil nadi ke udgam sthan ke samip hai. is jhil ka kshetraphal 26,000 varg mil, adhikatam lanbaeean 250 mil, chau daee 200 mil tatha gaharaee 270 phut hai. isake nikat hi albart nyaanjae namak jhil hai jae 100 mil lanbi, 22 mil chau di aur 55 phut gahari hai. teangainyika 450 mil lanbi aur 40 mil chau di jhil hai isaki adhikatam gaharaee 4,708 phut hai. doosari lanbi evan sankari jhil nyasa hai. (350 mil lanbi, 45 mil chau di). kiboo jhil 55 mil lanbi tatha 30 mil chau di hai. yah jhil puratan jvalamukhi pradesh mean sthit hai. abisiniya pathar ke uttari bhag mean 5,690 phut ki uanchaee par sthit tana jhil arthik tatha rajanitik drishti se adhik mahatvapoorn hai. rudolph jhil poorvottar aphrika mean sthit hai. isaki lanbaeean 185 mil tatha chau daee 37 mil hai. rudolph jhil ke poorv mean stephani jhil 40 mil lanbi aur 15 mil chau di hai. pashchimottar madhy aphrika mean chau tatha rodeshiya mean baiangaviooloo namak chhichhali jhilean haian. inake kshetraphal mean rrituoan ke anusar hhras tatha vriddhi hua karati hai. baiangabiooloo jhil ki adhikatam map 60 mil v 40 mil v15 phut hai. chau jhil mean shari nadi girati hai. varsharritu mean is jhil ki gaharaee 24 phut ho jati hai.

nadiyaan

aphrika mean paanch mukhya nadiyaan haian: nil (4,000 mil), naijar (2,600 mil), kaango (3,000 mil), zabeji (1,600 mil) tatha aaureanj (1,300 mil) hai. inamean nil nadi pramukh hai. sabhyata ke ooshakal (lagabhag 4,000 ee.poo.) se hi is nadi ka aitihasik mahatv prakat hota hai. eesa se lagabhag char shatabdi poorv yoonani darshanik arastoo ne nil nadi ki varshik badh ka sanbandh abisiniya ki grishmakalin varsha evan him ke dravibhoot hone se bataya tha. nil nadi mean chhah prakritik jalaprapat haian. sabase nichala prapat asavan ke samip hai. is nadi par kee baandh banae ge haian jinamean asavan baandh sarvochch aur jagataprasiddh hai. sobat, nili nil tatha atavara nadiyaan nil nadi ki mukhy sahayak haian. kaango nil nadi se lagabhag 1,000 mil chhoti hai, kiantu isamean apekshakrit jalarashi ka vahan atyadhik hota hai. apani sahayak nadiyoan ke sath kaangoan nadi aphrika ke madhy mean yatayat ka uttam sadhan hai. pashchimi aphrika mean najar nadi tatha usaki sahayak benoo ke karan prashast jalamarg upalabdh hai. pashchimi bhag ki chhoti nadiyoan mean senegal tatha gaibiya ullekhaniy haian. zabezi aur araj dakshini aphrika ki mukhy nadiyaan haian. is mahadvip ki adhikaansh nadiyaan vishalakay hote hue bhi yatayat ke lie upayukt nahian haian. kaango nadi ka ellala prapat zabeji ka viktoriya prapat, naijar ka busa prapat tatha nil nadi ke anek prapat avagaman mean badhak hote haian.

jalavayu

aphrika ki jalavayu par samipasth mahasagaroan tatha mahadvipoan ka paryapt prabhav p da hai. eshiya mahadvip ka prabhav isapar apekshakrit adhik p data hai. samudri jaladharaean bhi upakooliy pradeshoan mean apana prabhav dalati haian. pashchimi tat par uttar mean kainari tatha dakshin mean beanguela namak thandi jaladharaean bahati haian. in donoan dharaoan ke madhy gayana tat ke nikat gayana namak ushn jara bahati hai. dakshin poorv mean mozaanbik dhara ullekhaniy hai. is mahadvip ko jalavayu ke vichar se anek bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai. aphrika ki niji visheshata yah hai ki uttari aphrika ki jalavayu ke anuroop hi dakshini aphrika mean bhi jalavayu paee jati hai. mukhyat: p aauch prakar ki jalavayu yahaan paee jati hai---
vishuvatiy jalavayu,
soodan sadrish ushn jalavayu,
ushn marusthaliy jalavayu,
bhoomadhyasagariy jalavayu aur
chin sadrish jalavayu. aphrika mean vishuvatiy jalavayu ke bhi tin prabhed pae jate haian---
madhy aphrika sadrish,
gayana sadrish aur
poorv aphrika sadrish.
madhy aphrika sadrish jalavayu kaango kshetr mean 5° d.a. ke uttar mean paee jati hai. tap varshabhar lagabhag 80° pha. rahata hai. varsha sal bhar hoti rahati hai, par aprail ya aktoobar mean varsha adhik hoti hai. is kshetr ki varsha ka varshik yog 50^² se 60^² hai. apekshik ardrata barahoan mahine ooanchi rahati hai. kaango nadi ke muhane ke samip shit jaladhara tatha sthaliy vayu ke karan varsha lagabhag 30^² hi hoti hai. gayana sadrish jalavayu gayana ke upakooliy bhag tatha usake prishthabhag mean paee jati hai. yah jalavayu pradesh siyera liyon se lekar kaimaroop tak 8° u.a. ke dakshin mean hai. is jalavayu mean kuchh mamooli lakshan pae jate haian. varsh bhar tap 75° se uancha rahata hai. apekshik ardrata bhi uanchi rahati hai. varsha adhik hoti hai. grishmakal mean vayu koolonmukh chalati hai aur shitakal mean isaki gati viparit ho jati hai. phalat: grishmakal mean hi varsha adhik hoti hai. udaharanarth, phrotoun mean poore varsh ki varsha 170^² hai, kiantu disanbar se lekar pharavari tak keval 3^² hi varsha hoti hai. sabase adhik varsha (400^² ) kaimaroon parvat ke pashchimi dhal par hoti hai. shitakal mean bahanevali thandi evan apekshakrit shushk vayu svasthyavardhak hoti hai. poorvi aphrika sadrish jalavayu pathari bhag 3° u.a. se 5° d.a. tak milati hai. pathar ki uanchaee adhik (4,000 phut) hone ke karan tapaman kam rahata hai. varshik tapaantar bhi kam rahata hai. dainik tapaantar adhik hota hai. varsha ka varshik yog lagabhag 45^² hai. prativati dhaloan par varsha 60^² se70 ^² tak hoti hai, kiantu anuvati dhaloan par apekshakrit kam (lagabhag 20^² ) hoti hai. nibhang upatyaka mean varsha 30^² se adhik nahian hoti.

soodan sadrish jalavayu vishuvatiy bhag ke uttar mean lagabhag 600 mil chau de katibandh paee jati hai. isaka adhikatam tap lagabhag 90° pha. hai. masik tap ka madhyam man 70° pha. se kam nahian rahata. varshik tapaantar 15° pha. se 20° pha. tatha dainik tapaantar atyadhik hota hai. shitakal mean u.poo. vanijy vayu tatha grishmakal mean d.p. manasooni vayu bahati hai. varsha manasuni vayu se hoti hai. is peti ke dakshini bhag mean varsha 40^² se 50^² tatha uttari bhag mean 8^² se 10^² hoti hai. dakshin se uttar ki or varsha ki matra, avadhi tatha nirbharata ka kramik hhras hota jata hai. shitakal mean haramatan namak shushk vayu bahati hai, jisake parinamasvaroop apekshik ardrata lagabhag 25 pratishat ho jati hai. vashpikaran ki tivrata ke karan paryapt matra mean hone vali varsha ka bhi mooly manushy ke lie ghat jata hai. abisiniya mean uanchaee adhik hone se tap kam rahata hai. varsha, gayana ki kha di tatha hiand mahasagar, donoan se anevali ardr hava se hoti hai, dakshini tatha dakshini pashchimi bhagoan mean 60^² se adhik hoti hai,kiantu uttari tatha poorvi bhagoan ki dasha marubhoomi tuly hai. dakshini aphrika soodan sadrish jalavayu kaango kshetr se dakshin tatha makar rekha se uttar paee jati hai. prayadvipiy bhag ke karan yahaan mahasagariy prabhav adhik hai. ooanchaee ka bhi prabhav p data hai. grishmakal mean ausat tapaman 82° pha. tatha shitakal 60° pha. rahata hai. shitakal mean akash svachchh rahata hai tatha ardrata kam hoti hai. varsha grishmakal mean hoti hai. varsha ki matra poorv se pashchim ki or ghatati jati hai. poovi upakooliy bhag mean mozaanbik jaladhara ka prabhav upekshaniy hai.

ushn marusthaliy jalavayu ka kshetr 18° u.a. ke uttar mean aandh mahasagar se lalasagar tak vistrit hai. isake bhi do vibhag haian_sahara sadrish tatha upakooliy marubhoomi sadrish. sahara sadrish jalavayu samudr se doorasth bhagoan mean paee jati hai. grishmakal ke aparahn mean 120° pha. ho jata hai. shitakal mean ausat tap 60° pha. rahata hai. akash nirbhedy rahane ke karan dainik tapaantar varsh bhar lagabhag 50° pha. rahata hai. apekshik ardrata 30% se 50% tak rahati hai. varsha atyalp hoti hai. upakooliy marubhoomi sadrish jalavayu uttari aphrika ke pashchimi upakooliy bhag mean, dakshin aphrika ke kalahari pradesh mean tatha shoomalilaiand ke upakooliy bhag mean paee jati hai. in pradeshoan mean samudri prabhav ke karan tap ghat jata hai. dainik tapaantar kam tatha apekshik ardrata adhik rahati hai. varsha lagabhag 5² hoti hai.

bhoomadhyasagariy jalavayu pashchimottar aphrika tatha prayadvipiy aphrika ke dakshini chhor par lagabhag 35° a. ke bahar paee jati hai. is jalavayu ki mukhy visheshata yah hai ki varsha shitakal mean hoti hai aur grishmakal shushk hota hai. tap grishm mean lagabhag 75° pha. tatha shitakal mean 45° pha. se oopar harata hai. varsha ki matra sthal ki prakritik banavat par nirbhar rahati hai. chin sadrish jalavayu aphrika ke dakshinapoorv mean paee jati hai. samudri prabhav ke karan jalavayu samoshn bani rahati hai. varshik tapaantar adhik nahian ho pata. parvatiy bhagoan mean tap apekshakrit kam rahata hai. varsha grishmakal mean hoti hai aur usaki matra poorv se pashchim ki or kramash: ghatati jati hai. apekshik ardrata adhik rahati hai.

mitti

aphrika ki mitti ka adhyayan abhi tak paryapt roop se nahian ho paya hai. amarika ke shri si.eph. marbat ne pahale pahal aphrika ki mittiyoan ke prakar tatha unaka vitaran batane ki cheshta ki. 1923 ee. mean unake nishchayoan ka saraansh prakashit hua. aphrika ke ayanavrittiy bhag mean pray: sarvatr lal domat paee jati hai. ushn marusthaliy bhag ki mitti mean jivaansh (hyoomas) kam paya jata hai aur mitti ka rang phika hota hai. kahian-kahian ksharamishrit oosar bhi milata hai. traansaval ki nimnabhoomi tatha dakshini rodeshiya mean charnojnem namak kali matiyar mitti paee jati hai. isamean jivaansh ki matra adhik hoti hai. is mitti ki ek mekhala uttari aphrika ke soodan rajy ke madhy mean bhi milati hai. aaureanj phri stet tatha traansaval ke nikatavarti uchch pradeshoan mean gadhe bhoore rang ki upajaoo mitti paee jati hai. uttar mean soodan ke adhikaansh bhag mean yahi mitti milati hai. shitakalin varshavale kshetroan (kep praant ke pashchimi bhag tatha aitalas parvatiy pradesh) mean bhoore rang ki domat adhik hai. netal tatha kep praant ke poorvi dhaloan par domat paee jati hai. nil nadi ki ghati ki mitti atyadhik upajaoo hai.

prakritik vanaspati

prakritik vanaspatiyoan ki sankhya mean aphrika sansar mean advitiy hai. vishuvatiy pradesh, adhik tap tatha varsha ke karana, sadaharit ghane jangaloan se achchhadit hai. isaka vistar avyavasthit roop mean gaianbiya ke muhane se lekar kaango kshetr tak milata hai. gayana tat ke madhy bhag tatha kaango ki ghati ke nichale bhag mean in vanoan ka abhav ullekhaniy hai. poorvi aphrika ke ayanavrittiy bhag tatha maidagaiskar dvip ke poorvi, upakooliy bhag mean bhi aise van pae jate haian. in vanoan ke vriksh adhik uanche aur ghane hote haian. inake niche chhote-chhote paudhe bhoomi ko poornat: dhak lete haian. mahogani, nariyal tatha rabar mukhy vriksh hai.

vishuvatiy vanasthali ke uttar tatha dakshin mean ghas ka savaina namak vistrit kshetr hai. yahaan adhik varshavale bhag mean labi ghas ke sath-sath, vriksh bhi ug ate haian, kiantu varsha ki kami ke sath vrikshoan ki sankhya bhi ghatane lagati hai. marusthal ke nikat babool tatha any kaantedar jhadiyaan adhik milati haian aur ghas bhi lanbi nahian hoti. savaina mandal mean mukhy vriksh baobab hai. dakshinapoorv aphrika mean ghas ka veld namak samashitoshn maidan paya jata hai. yahaan ghas savaina ghas ki apeksha chhoti hoti hai. abisiniya, maidagaiskar tatha poorvi aphrika ke ooanche patharoan par bhi ghas ke maidan pae jate haian. bhoomadhyasagariy jalavayuvale pradeshoan mean jaitoon (aauliv) aur rasile phaloan ke vriksh tatha kuchh jhadiyaan milati haian. marusthali bhag vanaspati se pray: shoony haian. maroodyanoan mean kuchh kaantedar jha diyaan aur khajoor ke vriksh dikhaee p date haian.

vanajantu

vishuvatiy van ki de mako doan tatha pakshiyoan se bhara hai. brihatkay jantu nadiyoan, daladaloan tatha ghane vanoan ke aanchal mean adhik haian. inamean hathi, dariyaee gho de, gaiande, magar, gh diyal, ityadi mukhy haian. pe d ki daliyoan par vas karanevale baiboon, gorilla, chianpaianji adi nana jati ke bandar yahaan pae jate haian. savaina mandal vany pashuoan ka bhaandar hai. ghas ke is khule maidan mean jiraph, jebara, barahasianga adi tivragami pashu svachchhand vihar karate haian. in ahiansak pashuoan par jinavale sianh, chite, teandue, lak dabagghe, banaile sooar adi shikari jantu bhi pae jate haian. shuturmurg nam ka ek vichitr pakshi bhi milata hai. jangali jivoan se upalabdh honevali vastuoan mean shuturmurg ka par tatha hathidaant mukhy haian. hathidaant ke labhadayak vyapar ke lalach se hi arab ke vyapari idhar adhik akarshit hokar pravisht hue the. jangaloan mean ajagar bhi milate haian. aphrika ka ajagar vishaila hota hai. in jantuoan ke atirikt maleriya tatha pila jvar sadrish bhayanak rog phailanevale machchh d, tasetsi makkhi aur anek prakar ke jaharile ki doan tatha chiantiyoan ke lie aphrika kukhyat hai.

khanij sanpatti

aphrika ke kuchh bhag khanij sanpatti se sanpann haian. yoorop nivasiyoan tatha aphrika ke adivasiyoan ke bich sanbandh sthapit karane mean belajiyan kaango sthit katanga ki baanbevali khan tatha dakshini aphrika ki sone aur hire ki khanoan ka pramukh hath raha hai. sahara marubhoomi mean ooantoan ka lanba karavaan vahaan pae janevale namak ke vyapar ke lie hi jata tha. aphrika mean koyale, petroliyam, sise tatha jaste ki kami hai, kiantu hira, sona, maianganij, ailyuminiyam, plaitinam tatha raanga prachur matra mean prapt hote haian. sansar ka pramukh taanba utpadak kshetraphrika mean hi hai. yah belajiyan kaango se rodeshiya tak, 200 mil lanbi mekhala ke roop mean, phaila hua hai. loha uttari tatha dakshini donoan bhagoan mean paya jata hai. alajiriya, morakko tatha tyoonishiya ki khanean uttari bhag mean lauh ke utpadan ke lie adhik prasiddh haian. maidagaiskar dvip mean koyale ke avikasit kshetr haian. yahaan abhrak, sona tatha ratn bhi nikalate haian. sanyukt rajy (amarika) dvara utpadit lohe ke 18vean bhag ke barabar loha aphrika mean nikala jata hai. sansar ka 20 pratishat maianganij tatha 16 pratishat taanba is mahadvip mean utpann hota hai. maianganiz ki mukhy khan ghana desh ke sikandi bandaragah se 34 mil door sthit hai. poorvi bhag ke netal rajy mean koyale ki khanean haian. aphrika sansar mean kobalt ka sabase b da utpadak hai.

sianchaee

vishuvatiy pradesh tatha usake samipasth savaina mandal ke paryapt vrishtivale bhag ko chho dakar aphrika ke adhikaansh bhag mean sianchaee ki avashyakata p dati hai. jahaan sianchaee ki vyavastha nahian hai, vahaan krishi ka vikas poorn roop se nahian ho paya hai. alp vrishtivale pradeshoan mean pashupalan bhi jal ki sulabhata par hi ashrit hai. nil nadi ki ghati mean sianchaee ka samuchit prabandh kiya gaya hai. asavan tatha senar sadrish vishal baandh isake jvalant praman haian. aianglo eejipshiyan soodan ke prayadvip mean tatha misr desh ke nichale bhag mean sianchaee ke bina ruee ki kheti kadapi sanbhav nahian thi. dakshini aphrika mean bhi sianchaee ki avashyakata adhik thi aur is bat par adhik dhyan diya gaya hai. is bhag mean sthit valabaiank jalashay, jisase lagabhag ek lakh ek d jamin sianchi jati hai, dakshini golardh ka sabase b da sianchaee ka sadhan mana jata hai. pashchimottar aphrika mean phraansisi sarakar ne sianchaee ki vyavastha par adhik dhyan diya hai. alajiriya tatha tyoonishiya ke dakshini bhagoan mean patalato d koopoan ka nirman hua hai. alajiriya ki sheliph nadi ki ghati mean do sianchaee yojanaean bani haian. naijeriya ke uttari bhag mean kuoan se sianchaee hoti hai. naijar tatha volta nadiyoan par banae ge baanjaaian se pashchimi aphrika mean sianchaee ka achchha prabandh ho gaya hai. morakko desh mean is disha mean kuchh vikas hua hai. poorvottar aphrika ke iritriya desh ke aantargat bhi nadiyoan ka pani sianchaee ke kam mean laya jata hai.

krishi

aphrika ke adhikaansh bhag mean krishi prachin dhang se ki jati hai. vahaan ke adivasi apane avashyakatanusar ann upajate haian. makka, jvar tatha bajara unake mukhy khadyajh haian. unake khetoan mean striyaan purushoan ki bhaanti kathor parishram karati haian. ye log krishi ke adhunik dhang se pray: anabhijn haian. ve khetoan mean bajaroo khad ka prayog nahian karate. jahaan videshi bhoomipatiyoan ki dekharekh mean kheti ki jati hai, vahan aphrika ke adivasi majadooroan ke roop mean parishram karate haian. ye bhoomipati labhaprad shasyoan ko upajane par vishesh aur mote ann par apekshakrit kam dhyan dete haian.

aphrika mean paida honevale kuchh paudhe to vahaan anadi kal se pae jate haian, udaharanarth nil, rean di, tatha kahava; kiantu kuchh paudhe videshiyoan dvara bahar se lakar bhi lagae ge haian. kela, katahal, nariyal, khajoor, aanjir, san, jaitoon, jvar, bajara, ganna tatha jan sanbhavat: yahaan eshiya mahadvip se lae ge aur makka, kasava, mooangaphali, shakarakand, aruee, sem, papita tatha amarood vyapariyoan dvara amarika se akar pashchimi aphrika mean lagae ge. tanbakoo bhi amarika se hi laya gaya.

vishuvatiy pradesh mean jugal ko svachchh kar kahian-kahian jan, gajha, aruee, shakarakand, mooangaphali, kela, koko tatha kasava namak kand ki kheti ki jati hai. savaina mandal ki mukhy upajean makka, jvar tatha bajara haian. shitakal mean gehooan tatha au ki kheti hoti hai. isake atirikt kahian-kahian mooangaphali aur ruee bhi upajaeee jati hai. veldavale bhag mean makka, tanbakoo, gehooan, jau tatha jee ki kheti hoti hai. sianchaee ki sahayata se rasadar phaloan ke vriksh bhi lagae jate haian. marusthaliy bhagoan mean bina sianchaee ke kuchh bhi paida nahian hota. maroodyanoan ki mukhy upaj khajoor tatha gehooan hai. nil nadi ki ghati ruee ki kheti ke lie vishvavikhyat hai. bhoomadhyasagariy pradeshoan mean gehooan ki kheti hoti hai aur aangoor, sataloo, santara sadrish rasadar phal tatha jaitoon ke vriksh lagae jate haian.

pashupalan

misr deshavasiyoan ko sanbhavat: 3,500 eesavi poorv se hi ooantoan ki janakari hai, kiantu lagabhag 325 eesavi poorv tak ve ooantoan ka vyavahar nahian karate the. parantu gho doan ka vyavahar ve lagabhag dhaee hajar eesavi poorv se janate haian. jangal tatha marusthal ke madhyasth khule bhagoan mean gho doan ka vyavahar l daee ke kam mean kiya jata tha. gopalan doodh, maans aur cham de ke utpadan ke lie tatha kahian-kahian dharmik vichar se adhik mahatvapoorn hai. uttari tatha pashchimottar aphrika mean khachcharoan ka vyavahar adhik hata hai. musalamanoan ko chho dakar any sabhi dharmavalanbi sooar palate haian. bakariyaan pray: sabhi gaanvoan mean paee jati haian. bhe dean visheshakar dakshini aphrika mean pali jati haian. beljiyan kaango mean api ke pas jangaloan mean kam karane ke lie hathi pale ge haian.

savaina mandal, veld kshetr tatha uchch pathari ghas ke maidan pashupalan ke lie upayukt haian. kahian-kahian jal ki samasya utpann hoti hai, kiantu koooan tatha kritrim jalashayoan ka nirman karake yah samasya adhikaansh bhag mean hal ki ja chuki hai. marusthaloan ke aanchaliy bhagoan me abhi yah samasya vartaman hai aur vyavasayik pashupalan mean badhak siddh hoti hai. marusthaliy bhagoan mean ooant, uttar ke savaina mandal mean gay aur gho de tatha poorvi, dakshini aur pashchimottar aphrika mean bhe d tatha bakariyaan mukhy palit pashu haian.

udyog-dhandhe

udyog dhandhoan ki drishti se aphrika pichh da hua mahadvip hai. adhunik yug ke udyogoan ka vikas abhi yahaan nahian ho paya hai. isake mukhy karan haian avagaman ke sadhanoan ki asuvijae, kushal karigaroan ki kami tatha koyala jaise eedhann ka asaman vitaran. is mahadvip mean jalavidyuth‌ ki sanbhavana bahut adhik hai (sansar ki lagabhag 40 pratishat), kiantu isaka vikas paryapt roop se nahian ho paya hai. ab dhire-dhire aphrika ke vibhijh bhagoan mean kal-karakhane khul rahe haian aur is disha mean vishesh dhyan diya ja raha hai.

misr desh mean sooti-vastr udyog ka vikas hua hai. yahaan soot katane tatha sooti kap de bunane ke anek karakhane haian. isake atirikt ata, tel, chini, sigaret, simeant tatha cham de ke bhi kee karakhane haian. khajoor ka phal dabboan mean band karake bahar bhejana yahaan ka ek mukhy dhanjae hai. dakshini aphrika mean eedhann sasta hai. yahaan audyogik vikas any bhagoan ki apeksha adhik hua hai. pritoriya mean loha tatha ispat ka ek adhunik karakhana hai. dakshini aphrika mean simeant, sabun, sigaret, vastr, rel sanbandhi samagri tatha visphotak padarth banane ke anek karakhanean haian. is bhag ke bandaragahoan mean machhali marane ka udyog bhi ullekhaniy hai. yugaanda mean oven-prapat-baandh ke udghatan ke sath hi us desh ke audyogik vikas ka marg khul gaya. vastr tatha simeant ke udyog aranbh ho ge haian. beljiyan kaango mean bhi audyogik vikas ho raha hai. vahaan nariyal ke tel ke anek karakhane haian. inake atirikt vastr, sabun, chini tatha joote banane ke karakhane bhi khule haian. is audyogik vikas ka mukhy karan us kshetr mean jalavidyuth‌ ka vikas hai. vishuvatiy pradesh mean lak di chirane ka udyog tivrata se badh raha hai.

parivahan ke sadhan

aphrika mean parivahan ke sugam sadhanoan ka pray: abhav hai. kuchh hi bhagoan mean inaka vikas ho paya hai. adhikaansh mean saman dhone ke prachin sadhanoan ka hi vyavahar hota raha hai. nil nadi mean nav, madhy aphrika mean doangi tatha majadoor, marusthaloan mean ooant, aitalas pradesh mean khachchar tatha dakshini aphrika mean bailaga di se bojh dhone ka kam liya jata hai. in sadhanoan se vartaman yug ki avashyakataean poori nahian hoti. at: pakki s dakean tatha relamarg banane par vishesh dhyan diya jane laga hai. relamarg banane mean is mahadvip mean anek prakritik badhaean upasthit hoti haian. ab tak aphrika mean relamarg ka kramahin dhaancha matr kh da hua hai, anyany deshoan ki bhaanti isaka jael nahian bichh paya hai. dakshini tatha pashchimottar aphrika, vishuvatiy pradesh tatha nil nadi ki nichali ghati mean rel ki kee lainean bichh gee haian. sabase adhik vikas dakshini aphrika mean hua hai. kep aauv gud hop se jae lain poorvi pathari pradesh ko par karati huee uttar ki or badh gee hai vah kep-kairo-lain ke nam se vikhyat hai, kiantu misr tatha soodan ki madhyasth sima ke pas vichchhijh hone ke karan isaka nam sarthak nahian hai. b di nadiyaan, jinamean saik doan mil tak chhote jahaj chalate haian, is mahadvip ke bhitari bhagoan ke lie sugam jalamarg haian. aantararashtriy vyapar mean svej nahar ka advitiy mahatv hai. upakooliy bhagoan mean samudri marg se vyapar hota hai. aphrika ke samudri kool par kuchh mahatvapoorn bandaragah sthit haian, jinamean port seed, sikandariya, tripoli, aljiyars, dakar, aka, mosameds, kepataun, portailijaeveth, daraban, l aaureanso marks, janjibar, moanbasa, svej ityadi mukhy haian. is mahadvip mean vayumarg ki vyavastha achchhi hai. lanbi doori tatha any sugam sadhanoan ke abhav ke karan hi isaka itana vikas hua hai. kairo, khartoom, nairobi, jaehansabarg, elijaebethavil, liyopolsadavil, kano, dakar, aljiyars ityadi vayumarg ke mukhy keandr haian.

vyapar

aphrika ka aantararashtriy vyapar mukhyat: yoorop ke audyogik deshoan ke sath hai. pichhali shatabdiyoan mean yah mahadvip gulamoan ki bikri ke lie prasiddh tha. isake gulamoan ka mukhy grahak sanyukt rajy (amarika) tha. is samay aphrika visheshakar kachcha padarth vibhinn deshoan niryat karata tatha videshoan mean nirmit padarthean ka ayat karata hai. yahaan se niryat honevale padarthoan mean sona, maianganij, kobalt, taanba, nikal, ph aausphet, rabar, koko, nariyal ka tel, kapas, phal, goand, oon, hathidaant, shuturmurg ke par ityadi mukhy haian. videshoan se kal purje, motar gadiyaan, rel ke ianjan, davaean, kritrim khad, chhote jahaj, vayuyan, l daee ke hathiyar ityadi ayat kie jate haian.

is mahadvip ki kul anumit janasankhya lagabhag 27 karo d aur janasankhya ghanatv 23 vyakti prati vargamil hai.

nivasi

aphrika ke nivasiyoan mean pramukh sthan yahaan ke adivasiyoan ka hai. inamean habashi, hamait, shami (semait), baune, bushamen, h aauteant aaut tatha masani mukhy jatiyaan haian. sharirik banavat tatha mukhakriti ki drishti se habashiyoan ki kee upajatiyaan mani jati haian, kiantu pashchimi aphrika ka habashi poore samuday ka pratiroop mana jata hai. usaka sharir bharakam, kad sadharan ya ooancha, sir lanba, nak chau di, hoanth mote, nichala jab da kuchh age nikala hua, rang gadha bhoora (karib-karib kala) aur bal kala tatha ghuangharala hota hai. madhyakaango kshetr ke habashi ka kad sadharan ya chhota tatha sir chau da hota hai. nil nadi ke udgam ke asapas basanevale nilotik habashi leanbe kad (lagabhag 6' 6)ke hote haian. hamait jati ke logoan ka sharir durbal, rang halka, bal sidhe ya ghuangharale, nak patali tatha hoanth patale hote haian. is jati ke log sahara tatha poorvottar aphrika mean pae jate haian. jahaan inaka sanbandh habashiyoan ke sath ho gaya vahaan habashi jati ke kuchh lakshan inamean bhi spasht dikhaee p date haian.

aphrika ke uttari tatha poorvi bhag mean rahanevale log shami jati ke haian. inaka rang halka bhoora, hamaitoan ki tarah hi nak aur hoanth patale hote haian. saanvale rang ke atirikt inake any sabhi lakshan kakeshas ki gori jati ke saman hi haian. hamait tatha shami donoan jatiyoan ke manushy habashi gulamoan ko bechane ka vyapar karate the.

beljiyan

beljiyan kaango kshetr ke poorvottar pradesh mean baune nivas karate haian. inaka sharir sugathit hota hai aur ye chatur shikari hote haian. inaka sir b da, gardan chhoti, dh d lanba, pair chhote tatha hath paanv patale hote haian. inaki chal mean dagamagahat rahati hai. inaki ausat ooanchaee 4 6 hoti hai. striyaan isase bhi chhoti hoti haian. inaki nak adhik chau di hoti hai. ye chaukanne dikhaee p date haian. inaka rang habashiyoan ki tarah kala nahian hota, balki pilapan lie hue kuchh bhoora hota hai.

bushamen

bushamen dakshini aphrika mean kalahari mean rahate haian. inaka kad chhota aur sharir ki banavat habashiyoan se bhinn hoti hai. inaka sir lanba, hath pair gh d ki apeksha chhote tatha bat ghuangharale hote haian. h aauteant aaut ke sharir ki banavat bhi bushamain ki tarah hoti hai kiantu bushamain ki apeksha inaki ooanchaee adhik, sir lanba aur sir ke oopari bhag ka chapatapan kam hota hai. inake jab de age ki or adhik nikale hote haian. poorvi aphrika ke pathari pradesh mean masabi log pashupalan dvara apani jivika arjit karate haian. uparyukt nivasiyoan ke atirakti bharatiy log tatha kee svarthasadhak videshi bhi yahaan adhik sankhya mean a base haian.

aphrika ke desh

aphrika ka rajanitik manachitr rangabiranga dikhaee p data hai. deshoan ki itani adhik sankhya kisi any mahadvip mean nahian milati. isaka mukhy karan hai yooropiy rashtroan ki svarthaparata, jinhoanne apani svarthasiddhi ke lie is mahadesh ke tuk de kar apas mean baant liya hai aur isaki prakritik sanpatti ka upayog kar svayan samriddhishali ban ge haian. aphrika ke deshoan ki soochi nimnalikhit hai:

morakko, spainish morakko, aljiriya, tayunishiya, spainish sahara, mauritaniya, mali, naijr, senegal, gayana, aivari kost, aparavolta, togo, dahomi, pigaianya, purtagij gayana, siyara liyon, laiberiya, ghana, naijeriy, chad (shad), kairoon, madhy aphrika ganatantr, kaango, spainish gayana, libiya, sanyukt arab ganarajy, soodan, ithiopiya, phreanch shoomali laiand, shumali ganatantr, jaire (kaango ya kinshasa), yoogaanda, keniya, tanjaniya, aangola, dakshin pashchimi aphrika, jaanbiya, rodeshiya, botsvana, dakshin aphrika ganatantr , mojaanbik, malagasi ganatantr, malavi, lesotho, svajilaiand, ityadi.

videshi adhipaty

yah mahadvip apaniveshavad ka jvalant udaharan tha. yahaan mistr, ithiopiya, laiberiya aur ghana ko chho dakar any deshoan par pratyaksh ya aprantyaksh roop se kisi n kisi videshi sarakar ka adhipaty tha. aphrika ke vibhinn deshoan par apana adhipaty jamaneval rashtroan mean yoorop ke briten, phraans, itali, purtagal, spen, tatha beljiyam mukhy rashtr the. dvitiy vishv mahayuddh ke bad se eshiya ke logoan ki bhaanti aphriki janata bhi apaniveshavad k viruddh jagrit huee hai aur vahaan svatantrata ke nare buland kie ge. ab dakshini arphika mean prachalit samrajyadiyoan ki rang-bhed-niti ke viruddh janata sakriyaandolan kar rahian hai.

sanh‌ 1956 me lard heli ke is bayan se ki yah aphrika ka hi ek matr bhagy hai ki isake itane deshoan par ek nek yooropiy shakti ka adhipatay athava niyantran bana hua haian, vahaan kraantikari parivartan hue haian. sanh‌ 1961 tak 23 rajy, jo pahale phreanch athava british shasan ke adhin the, svatantr ho ge . aphriki ekata sangathan ki sthapana 30 aphrika deshoan ke shasanadhyakshoan ne 25 mee, 1963 ee. ko adis abaga mean ayojit sammelan mean ek rajalekh par hastakshar karake ki.

ukt sangathan ke pramukh uddeshy haian aphriki ekata tatha sangathan mean nirantar vriddhi karana: rajanitik, arthik, saanskritik, svasthy, vaijnanik tatha suraksha sanbandhi nitiyoan mean talamel sthapit karana: aphrika se upanivesh vad samapt karana aur aphriki ekata sangathan ke sadasy rashtroan ki svadhinata ki raksha hetu ek sammilit raksha vyavastha ka gathan karana.

sangathan k pramukh aang
(1) rajyadhyakshoan athava shasanadhyakshoan ki parishad;
(2) videshamantriyoan ki parishadh;:
(3) mahasachivalay tatha
(4) madhyasthata, virodhashaman aur panchaphaisale ke lie ek ayog haian. aphriki bhashaoan ke atirikt is sangathan ne phreanch tatha aangeji bhashaoan ko bhi adhikrit bhasha ke roop mean manyata di hai.

aphrika ka siang

aphrika ke pashchimi tat par gayana ki kha di ke roop mean ek bahut b da ghumav hai jisake aantargat benin ki kha di sthit hai. aangola rajy mean lobito ki kha di aur dakshini tat par algojae aur delagoa ki kh diyaan haian. dakshin-poorv mean mojaanbik ka muhana medagaskar dvip ko aphrika se alag karata hai. poorvi tat par ek chau da noankadar ghumav hai. is ghumav ke uttar-poorv mean shumalilaiand prayadvip hai jise 'aphrika ka siang' bhi kahate haian.

aphrika ki bhashaean

aphriki mahadvip mean kuchh 1500 bhashaean boli jati haian jinhean char parivaroan mean baanta gaya hai -

1. aphriki-eshiyaee
2. naijiriyaee-koangoli
3. nil-sahariyaee
4. khoisan

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh