हिंदी
hiandi
| |
| vivaran | 'hiandi' bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. |
| lipi | devanagari |
| adhikarik bhasha | bharat |
| niyamak | keandriy hiandi nideshalay |
| bhasha–parivar | bharopiy bhasha parivar |
| vyutpatti | hiandi shabd ki vyutpatti sanskrit shabd sindhu se mani jati hai. |
| sanbandhit lekh | hindi ki upabhashaean evan boliyaan, athavian anusoochi, hindi divas, vishv hindi divas, hiandi patrakarita divas |
| any janakari | sanh 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. |
hiandi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. sanh 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. sanh 1998 ke poorv, matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan ke jo aank de milate the, unamean hindi ko tisara sthan diya jata tha. sanh 1997 mean bharat ki janaganana ka bharatiy bhashaoan ke vishleshan ka granth prakashit hone tatha sansar ki bhashaoan ki riport taiyar karane ke lie yoonesko dvara sanh 1998 mean bheji gee yoonesko prashnavali ke adhar par unhean bharat sarakar ke kendriy hindi sansthan ke tatkalin nideshak profesar mahavir saran jain dvara bheji gee vistrit riport ke bad ab vishv star par yah svikrit hai ki matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se sansar ki bhashaoan mean chini bhasha ke bad hindi ka doosara sthan hai. chini bhasha ke bolane valoan ki sankhya hindi bhasha se adhik hai kintu chini bhasha ka prayog kshetr hindi ki apeksha simit hai. aangarezi bhasha ka prayog kshetr hindi ki apeksha adhik hai kintu matribhashiyoan ki sankhya aangarezi bhashiyoan se adhik hai. isaki kuchh boliyaan, maithili aur rajasthani alag bhasha hone ka dava karati haian. hiandi ki pramukh boliyoan mean avadhi, bhojapuri, brajabhasha, chhattisagadhi, gadhavali, hariyanavi, kumaanooni, magadhi aur marava di bhasha shamil haian.[1] [[chitr:Hindi-Area.jpg|thumb|250px|bharat mean hiandi bhashi kshetr]]
adhunik hiandi
- hiandi ke adhunik kal tak ate–ate brajabhasha janabhasha se kafi door hat chuki thi aur avadhi ne to bahut pahale se hi sahity se muanh mo d liya tha. 19vian sadi ke madhy tak aangrezi satta ka mahattam vistar bharat mean ho chuka tha. is rajanitik parivartan ka prabhav madhy desh ki bhasha hiandi par bhi p da. navin rajanitik paristhitiyoan ne kh di boli ko protsahan pradan kiya. jab brajabhasha aur avadhi ka sahityik roop janabhasha se door ho gaya tab unaka sthan kh di boli dhire–dhire lene lagi. aangrezi sarakar ne bhi isaka prayog arambh kar diya.
- hiandi ke adhunik kal mean prarambh mean ek or urdoo ka prachar hone aur doosari or kavy ki bhasha brajabhasha hone ke karan kh di boli ko apane astitv ke lie sangharsh karana p da. 19vian sadi tak kavita ki bhasha brajabhasha aur gady ki bhasha kh di boli rahi. 20vian sadi ke ate–ate kh di boli gady–pady donoan ki hi sahityik bhasha ban gee.
- is yug mean kh di boli ko pratishthit karane mean vibhinn dharmik samajik evan rajanitik aandolanoan ne b di sahayata ki. phalatah kh di boli sahity ki sarvapramukh bhasha ban gayi.
kh di boli
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
thumb|pramukh hiandi sahityakaroan ki ek jhalak
bharatendu poorv yug
kh di boli gady ke arambhik rachanakaroan mean fort viliyam k aaulej ke bahar do rachanakaroan— sadasukh lal 'niyaj' (sukhasagar) v iansha alla khaan (rani ketaki ki kahani) tatha fort viliyam k aaulej, kalakatta ke do bhasha muanshiyoan— lalloo lalaji (prem sagar) v sadal mishr (nasiketopakhyan) ke nam ullekhaniy haian. bharatendu poorv yug mean mukhy sangharsh hiandi ki svikriti aur pratishtha ko lekar tha. is yug ke do prasiddh lekhakoan— raja shiv prasad 'sitare hind' v raja lakshman sianh ne hiandi ke svaroop nirdharan ke saval par do simantoan ka anugaman kiya. raja shiv prasad ne hiandi ka ganvarupan door kar use urdoo–e–mualla bana diya to raja lakshman sianh ne vishuddh sanskritanishth hiandi ka samarthan kiya.
bharatendu yug
(1850 ee.–1900 ee.) in donoan ke bich sarvamany hiandi gady ki pratishtha kar gady sahity ki vividh vidhaoan ka aitihasik kary bharatendu yug mean hua. hiandi sahi mayane mean bharatendu ke kal mean 'nee chal mean dhali' aur unake samay mean hi hiandi ke gady ke bahumukhi roop ka sootrapat hua. unhoanne n keval svayan rachana ki balki apana ek lekhak mandal bhi taiyar kiya, jise 'bharatendu mandal' kaha gaya. bharatendu yug ki mahattvapoorn upalabdhi yah rahi ki gady rachana ke lie kh di boli ko madhyam ke roop mean apanakar yuganuroop svasth drishtikon ka parichay diya. lekin pady rachana ke masale mean brajabhasha ya kh di boli ko apanane ke saval par vivad bana raha, jisaka ant dvivedi ke yug mean jakar hua.
dvivedi yug
(1900 ee.–1920 ee.)
kh di boli aur hiandi sahity ke saubhagy se 1903 ee. mean achary mahavir prasad dvivedi ne 'sarasvati' patrika ke sampadan ka bhar sambhala. ve saral aur shuddh bhasha ke prayog ke himayati the. ve lekhakoan ki vartani athava trutiyoan ka sanshodhan svayan karate chalate the. unhoanne hiandi ke parishkar ka bi da uthaya aur use bakhoobi anjam diya. gady to bharatendu yug se hi saphalatapoorvak kh di boli mean likha ja raha tha, ab pady ki vyavaharik bhasha bhi ekamatr kh di boli pratishthit honi lagi. is prakar brajabhasha, jisake sath mean 'bhasha' shabd ju da hua hai, apane kshetr mean simit ho gee arthath 'boli' ban gee. isake muqabale mean kh di boli, jisake sath 'boli' shabd laga hai, 'bhasha ban gee', aur isaka sahi nam hiandi ho gaya. ab kh di boli dilli ke asapas ki merath–janapadiy boli nahian rah gee, apitu yah samast uttari bharat ke sahity ka madhyam ban gee. dvivedi yug mean sahity rachana ki vividh vidhaean vikasit huee.. mahavir prasad dvivedi, shyam sundar das, padm sianh sharma, madhav prasad mishr, poornasianh, chandradhar sharma guleri adi ke avadan visheshatah ullekhaniy haian.
isi dauran varsh 1918 mean indaur mean gaandhi ji ki adhyakshata mean 'hindi sahity sammelan' ayojit hua aur usi mean parit ek prastav ke dvara hindi rashtrabhasha mani gayi. is prastav ke svikrit hone ke bad dakshin bharat mean hindi ke prachar prasar ke liye dakshin bharat hindi prachar sabha ki bhi sthapana huee jisaka mukhyalay madras mean tha.[2]
chhayavad yug
(1920 ee.–1936 ee. evan usake bad) sahityik kh di boli ke vikas mean chhayavad yug ka yogadan kafi mahattvapoorn hai. prasad, pant, nirala, mahadevi varma aur ram kumar adi ne mahati yogadan kiya. inaki rachanaoan ko dekhate hue yah koee nahian kah sakata ki kh di boli sookshm bhavoan ko abhivyakt karane mean brajabhasha se kam samarth hai. hiandi mean anek bhashayi gunoan ka samavesh hua. abhivyajanna ki vividhata, bianboan ki lakshanikata, rasatmak lality chhayavad yug ki bhasha ki anyatam visheshataean haian. hiandi kavy mean chhayavad yug ke bad pragativad yug (1936 ee.–1946 ee.) prayogavad yug (1943) adi ae. is daur mean kh di boli ka kavy bhasha ke roop mean uttarottar vikas hota gaya.
pady ke hi nahian, gady ke sandarbh mean bhi chhayavad yug sahityik kh di boli ke vikas ka svarn yug tha. katha sahity (upanyas v kahani) mean premachand, natak mean jayashankar prasad, alochana mean achary ramachandr shukl ne jo bhasha–shailiyaan aur maryadaean sthapit kian, unaka anusaran aj bhi kiya ja raha hai. gady sahity ke kshetr mean inake mahattv ka aandaza isi bat se lagaya ja sakata hai ki gady–sahity ke vibhinn vidhaoan ke itihas mean kaloan ka namakaran inake nam ko kendr mean rakhakar hi kiya gaya hai. jaise upanyas ke itihas mean premachand– poorv yug, premachand yug, premachandottar yug; natak ke itihas mean prasad– poorv yug, prasad yug, prasadottar yug; alochana ke itihas mean shukl– poorv yug, shukl yug, shuklottar yug.
hiandi ke vibhinn arth
bhasha shastriy arth
nagari lipi mean likhit sanskrit bahul kh di boli.
sanvaidhanik/qanooni arth
sanvidhan ke anusar hiandi bharat sangh ki rajabhasha ya adhikrit bhasha tatha anek rajyoan ki rajabhasha hai.
samany arth
samast hiandi bhashi kshetr ki parinishthit bhasha arthath shasan, shiksha, sahity, vyapar adi ki bhasha.
vyapak arth
adhunik yug mean hiandi ko keval kh di boli mean hi simit nahian kiya ja sakata. hiandi ki sabhi upabhashaean aur boliyaan hiandi ke vyapak arth mean a jati haian.
| hiandi kisi ke mitane se mit nahian sakati. chandrabali pandey |
|
hai bhavy bharat hi hamari matribhoomi hari bhari. |
| jis bhasha mean tulasidas jaise kavi ne kavita ki ho vah avashy hi pavitr hai aur usake samane koee bhasha nahian thahar sakati. mahatma gaandhi |
| hiandi bharatavarsh ke hriday-desh sthit karo doan nar-nariyoan ke hriday aur mastishk ko khurak dene vali bhasha hai. hazariprasad dvivedi |
| hiandi ko ganga nahian balki samudr banana hoga. vinoba bhave |
| hiandi ke virodh ka koee bhi andolan rashtr ki pragati mean badhak hai. subhash chandr basu |
| hiandi ko sanskrit se vichchhinn karake dekhane vale usaki adhikaansh mahima se aparichit haian. hazariprasad dvivedi |
raja ramamohan ray, keshavachandr sen, navin chandr ray, eeshvar chandr vidyasagar, taruni charan mishr, rajendr lal mitr, raj narayan basu, bhoodev mukharji, bankim chandr chaitarji ('hiandi bhasha ki sahayata se bharatavarsh ke vibhinn pradeshoan ke madhy mean jo aikyabandhan sansthapan karane mean samarth hoange vahi sachche bharatabandhu pukare jane yogy haian.)', subhashachandr bos ('agar aj hiandi bhasha man li gee hai to vah isalie nahian ki vah kisi prant vishesh ki bhasha hai, balki isalie ki vah apani saralata, vyapakata tatha kshamata ke karan sare desh ki bhasha ho sakati hai.').
brajabhasha
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- kendr— mathura
- bolane valoan ki sankhya— 3 karo d
- desh ke bahar tajjubekistan mean brajabhasha boli jati hai, jise 'tajjubeki brajabhasha' kaha jata hai.
- sahity— krishna bhakti kavy ki ekamatr bhasha, lagabhag sara ritikal sahity. sahityik drishti se hiandi bhasha ki sabase mahattvapoorn boli. sahityik mahattv ke karan hi ise brajaboli nahian brajabhasha ki sanjna di jati hai. madhyakal mean is bhasha ne akhil bharatiy vistar paya. bangal mean is bhasha se bani bhasha ka nam 'braj buli' p da. adhunik kal tak is bhasha mean sahity srijan hota raha. par paristhitiyaan aisi bani ki brajabhasha sahityik sianhasan se utar di gee aur usaka sthan kh di boli ne le liya.
- rachanakar— bhaktikalin– sooradas, nandadas adi.
ritikal— bihari, matiram, bhooshan, dev adi. adhunik kalin— bharatendu harishchandr, jagannath das 'ratnakar' adi.
- namoona— ek mathura ji ke chaube he (the), jo dilli saihar kau chalai. ga di vare baniya se chaubeji ki bheant hai gee. to ve chaube bole, ar bhiya seth, kahaan jayago. vau bolo, maharaja dilli jaooango. to chaube bole, bhiya hamooan baithalley. baniya bolo, char roopa chaliange bha de ke. chaube bole, achchha bhiya chari diange.
avadhi
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- kendr— ayodhya/avadh
- bolane valoan ki sankhya— 2 karo d
- desh ke bahar phiji mean avadhi bolane vale log haian.
- sahity— soofi kavy, ramabhakti kavy. avadhi mean prabandh kavy parampara visheshatah vikasit huee.
- rachanakar— soofi kavi— mulla daud ('chandayan'), jayasi ('padmavat'), qutban ('mrigavati'), usaman ('chitravali'), ramabhakt kavi— tulasidas ('ramacharitamanas').
- namoona— ek gaanv ma ek ahir raha. oo b da bhoang raha. sabere jab soy ke uthai to pahale apane mahatari ka char tanni dhamakay diye tab kauno kam karat raha. bechari bahut puraniya rahi nahian tau ka mazal raha keoo dehian pai tirin chhuay det.
bhojapuri
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- kendr— bhojapur
- bolane valoan ki sankhya— 3.5 karo d (bolane valoan ki sankhya ki drishti se hiandi pradesh ki boliyoan mean sabase adhik boli jane vali boli).
- is boli ka prasar bharat ke bahar soorinam, phiji, m aaurishas, gayana, trinidad mean hai. is drishti se bhojapuri aantarrashtriy mahattv ki boli hai.
- sahity— bhojapuri mean likhit sahity nahian ke barabar hai. moolatah bhojapuri bhashi sahityakar madhyakal mean brajabhasha v avadhi mean tatha adhunik kal mean hiandi mean lekhan karate rahe haian. lekin ab sthiti mean parivartan a raha hai.
- rachanakar— bhikhari thakur (upanam— 'bhojapuri ka sheksapiyar', 'bhojapuri ka bharatendu').
- sinema— sinema jagat mean bhojapuri hi hiandi ki vah boli hai, jisamean sabase adhik filmean banati haian.
- namoona— kahe das–das panarah–panarah hazar ke bhi d hola ee natak dekhean khatir. maloom hota ki ehi natak mean pabalik ke ras avela.
maithili
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- lipi— tirahuta v devanagari
- kendr— mithila ya videh ya tirahut
- bolane valoan ki sankhya— 1.5 karo d
- sahity— sahity ki drishti se maithili bahut sampann hai.
- rachanakar— vidyapati (padavali)— yadi brajabhasha ko sooradas ne, avadhi ko tulasidas ne charamotkarsh par pahuanchaya to maithili ko vidyapati ne, harimohan jha (upanyas— kanyadan, dviragaman, kahani sangrah—ekadashi, 'khattar kakak tarang'), nagarjun (maithili mean 'yatri' nam se lekhan; upanyas— paro, kavita sangrah— 'kavik svapn', 'patrahin nagn gachh'), rajakamal chaudhari ('svaragangha') adi.
- athavian anusoochi mean sthan— 92vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, 2003 ke dvara sanvidhan ki 8vian anusoochi mean 4 bhashaoan ko sthan diya gaya. maithili hiandi kshetr ki boliyoan mean se 8vian anusoochi mean sthan pane vali ekamatr boli hai.
- namoona— patana kie elah? patana eliai nokari karaile.
bhetalah nokari? nakari kattau ni bhetal. gaan mean kaj ni bheti chhalah? bhetai chhalai, roopaiyabala ni, aanabala. takhan ela kiai? riniyaan tan kelaki, tai. katte rin chhah? chair bis. sood katte li chhah? doo pai mahinabari.
samachar
hiandi sudharane ke lie aangrezi shabdoan ki chhoot
- 13 aktoobar, 2011 guruvar
azadi ke 64 sal bad bhi sarakar hiandi ko rajabhasha se rashtrabhasha nahian bana paee hai, magar ab usane sarakari daftaroan mean istemal hone vali hiandi ko badalane ke prayas avashy tej kar die haian. daftaroan mean istemal hone vale hiandi ke kathin shabdoan ki jagah urdoo, farasi, samany hiandi aur aangrezi ke shabdoan ka upayog karane ke nirdesh die haian. grih mantralay ke rajabhasha vibhag ki sachiv vina upadhyay ne is silasile mean sabhi mantralayoan aur vibhagoan ko disha-nirdesh jari kie haian. nirdeshoan ke mutabik, kamakaj ke dauran sahityik hiandi ka upayog nahian kiya jana chahie. kisi bhi shabd ka hiandi mean upayog bataur anuvad n ho. isase am logoan ko samasya hoti hai. ek had ke bad yahi samasya kisi bhi vyakti ko manasik taur par bhasha ke khilaf kh da karati hai. grih mantralay ke rajabhasha vibhag ki sachiv vina upadhyay ne sabhi mantralayoan aur vibhagoan ko jari kie disha-nirdesh mantralay ke is adesh ke bad pulis, kort, byooro, relave steshan, batan, kot, paiant, signal, lift, phis, qanoon, adalat, muqadama, daftar, efaeear jaise aangrezi, farasi aur turki bhasha ke shabdoan ka chalan jari rahega.
samachar ko vibhinn srotoan par padhean
- dainik bhaskar d aaut k aaum
- 'hindustan' dainik samachar patr, dinaank 13 aktoobar, 2011 prishth sankhya- 14
duniya ke 80 karo d log janate haian hiandi
- 20 sitambar, 2012 guruvar
bharat ki rajabhasha hiandi duniya mean doosari sabase adhik boli jane vali bhasha hai. bahubhashi bharat ke hiandi bhashi rajyoan ki abadi 46 karo d se adhik hai. 2011 ki janaganana ke mutabik bharat ki 1.2 arab abadi mean se 41.03 phisadi ki matribhasha hiandi hai. hiandi ko doosari bhasha ke taur par istemal karane vale any bharatiyoan ko mila liya jae to desh ke lagabhag 75 pratishat log hiandi bol sakate haian. bharat ke in 75 pratishat hiandi bhashiyoan sahit poori duniya mean takariban 80 karo d log aise haian jo ise bol ya samajh sakate haian. bharat ke alava ise nepal, m aaurishas, phiji, soorinam, yoogaanda, dakshin aphrika, kairibiyan deshoan, trinidad evan tobego aur kanada adi mean bolane valoan ki achchhi khasi sankhya hai. isake alava ianglaiand, amerika, madhy eshiya mean bhi ise bolane aur samajhane vale achchhe khase log haian.
samachar ko vibhinn srotoan par padhean
aaustreliya ke skooloan mean padhaee jaegi hiandi
thumb|aaustreliyaee pradhanamantri jooliya gilard
- 29 aktoobar, 2012 somavar
aaustreliya ke skooloan mean hiandi aur any pramukh eshiyaee bhashaean padhaee jaeangi. bharat aur any eshiyaee deshoan se sanbandh majaboot banane ke lie yah rananiti tay ki gee hai. aaustreliya ki pradhanamantri jooliya gilard ne nee niti ka pahala khaka rakhate hue kaha, "jis samay aaustreliya badal raha tha usi samay eshiya mean bhi badalav ho raha tha, is sadi mean chahe jo mile, yah nishchit hi eshiya ko netritv mean phir se laega. eshiya ke utthan ko koee nahian rok sakata. yah tej ho raha hai." pradhanamantri jooliya gilard ne eshiyan seanchuri vhait pepar jari karate hue isaki ghoshana ki. gilard ne kaha ki shuruat skooloan, prashikshan keandroan se karana hogi. harek skool eshiya ke kisi skool ke sath ju dega aur ek pramukh eshiyaee bhasha hiandi, mandarin, japani ya iandoneshiyan sikhane ki pahal karega. unhoanne kaha ki bachchoan ko behatar shiksha dilane ki koshish karana hogi. ab pahale jaisa nahian chalega. gilard ne kaha ki is sadi mean eshiya ke b di takat banane ki sanbhavana hai. vishv mean yah kshetr netritv ki bhoomika mean hoga.
samachar ko vibhinn srotoan par padhean
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001 (aangrezi) (ech.ti.em.el) census of india. abhigaman tithi: 15 sitambar, 2012.
- ↑ gaandhiji ki adhyakshata mean hindi sahity sammalen ka 8vaan adhiveshan san 1918 mean (hiandi) sarv seva sangh prakashan vashri madhyabharat hindi sahity samiti, iandaur. abhigaman tithi: 4 joon, 2015.
bahari k diyaan
- bharopiy parivar ki bharatiy bhashaean
- hindi bhasha ke sambandh mean kuchh vichar
- hindi bhasha-kshetr evan hindi ke kshetragat roop
- hindi-urdoo ka advait
- hindi ki antararashtriy bhoomika
sanbandhit lekh