राम मनोहर लोहिया
ram manohar lohiya
| |
| poora nam | ram manohar lohiya |
| any nam | d aau. lohiya |
| janm | 23 march, 1910 |
| janm bhoomi | kasba akabarapur, phaijabad |
| mrityu | 12 aktoobar, 1967 |
| mrityu sthan | nee dilli |
| abhibhavak | shri hiralal aur shrimati chanda devi |
| nagarikata | bharatiy |
| prasiddhi | rajanitijn, svatantrata senani |
| parti | kaangres soshalist parti |
| shiksha | snatak, pi.ech.di. (arthashastr) |
| vidyalay | vishveshvaranath haee skool, marava di vidyalay, kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay, vidyasagar mahavidyalay, humbolt vishvavidyalay |
| bhasha | hindi, jarmani, aangrezi |
| jel yatra | 20 mee, 1944, gova mukti aandolan |
| andolan | bharat chho do andolan |
| any janakari | d aau. lohiya ki chintan-dhara kabhi desh-kal ki sima ki bandi nahian rahi. vishv ki rachana aur vikas ke bare mean unaki anokhi v advitiy drishti thi. isalie unhoanne sada hi vishv-nagarikata ka sapana dekha tha. |
ram manohar lohiya (aangrezi: Ram Manohar Lohia, janm- 23 march, 1910, qasba akabarapur, phaijabad; mrityu- 12 aktoobar, 1967, nee dilli) bharat ke svatantrata sangram senani, prakhar chintak tatha samajavadi rajaneta the. ram manohar lohiya ko bharat ek ajey yoddha aur mahanh vicharak ke roop mean dekhata hai. desh ki rajaniti mean svatantrata aandolan ke dauran aur svatantrata ke bad aise kee neta hue jinhoanne apane dam par shasan ka rukh badal diya jinamean ek the ramamanohar lohiya. apani prakhar deshabhakti aur belaus tejashvi samajavadi vicharoan ke karan apane samarthakoan ke sath hi d aau. lohiya ne apane virodhiyoan ke madhhy bhi apar samhman hasil kiya. d aau. lohiya sahaj parantu nidar avadhoot rajanitijn the. unamean sant ki santata, phakk dapan, masti, nirliptata aur apoorv tyag ki bhavana thi. d aau. lohiya manav ki sthapana ke pakshadhar samajavadi the. ve samajavadi bhi is arth mean the ki, samaj hi unaka karyakshetr tha aur ve apane karyakshetr ko janamangal ki anubhootiyoan se mahakana chahate the. ve chahate the ki, vyakti-vyakti ke bich koee bhed, koee durav aur koee divar n rahe. sab jan saman hoan. sab jan sabaka mangal chahate hoan. sabamean ve hoan aur unamean sab hoan. ve darshanik vyavahar ke paksh mean nahian the. unaki drishti mean jan ko yatharth aur saty se parichit karaya jana chahie. pratyek jan jane ki kaun unaka mitr hai? kaun shatru hai? janata ko ve janatantr ka nirnayak manate the.
jivan parichay
ram manohar lohiya ka janm krishna chaitr tritiya, 23 march 1910 ki prat: tamasa nadi ke kinare sthit qasba akabarapur, phaijabad mean hua tha. unake pitaji shri hiralal peshe se adhyapak v hriday se sachche rashtrabhakt the. unake pitaji gaandhi ji ke anuyayi the. jab ve gaandhi ji se milane jate to ram manohar ko bhi apane sath le jaya karate the. isake karan gaandhi ji ke virat vyaktitv ka un par gahara asar hua. lohiya ji apane pitaji ke sath 1918 mean ahamadabad kaangres adhiveshan mean pahali bar shamil hue.
shiksha
skooli shiksha
lohiya jab paanch varsh ke hue to pas hi ki tandan pathashala mean unaka nam likha diya gaya. chetana ki dhara ko naya mo d mila. natakhat lohiya vanar sena ka netritv sambhalane lage. shaitaniyaan badhane lagian. dhamachauk di-kal shuroo hua. kabaddi khelate, gulli-danda u date aur dau date-koodate the. ve behad chatul aur shararati the. sharir durbal, parantu man se sudridh the aur buddhi se kushagr the.
tamasa par sthit vishveshvaranath haee skool mean lohiya ko paanchavian kaksha mean pravesh dilaya gaya. tandan pathashala ki apeksha yahaan ki duniya adhik chamatkar poorn v akarshak thi. yahaan unhoanne alagoja bajana sikha tha.
lohiya ko tisara skool mila- marava di vidyalay. d aau. lohiya shahari parivesh se achanak ju d ge, kyoanki bambee ka marava di skool vishveshvaranath haeeskool se kee arthoan mean ati adhunik tha aur usaki ganana achchhe skooloan mean ki jati thi. lohiya shuroo se hi shararati the. isake sath hi ve pratibha sampann tatha medhavi bhi the. usaka phal yah hua ki ve sadaiv hi adhyapakoan ke chahete rahe. marava di vidyalay mean unhoanne vaktritv kala ka achchha parichay diya. vad-vivad mean ve utkrisht vakta siddh hue. aangrezi bhasha par unaka khasa adhikar ho chala tha. ve apane ko medhavi siddh kar rahe the tatha apani pratibha se sabako akrisht kar rahe the.
uchch shiksha
bambee se lohiya varanasi laut ae. kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay mean intar ka adhyayan shuroo kar diya. kashi us samay rashtriy shiksha ka gadh samajha jata tha. sanh 1927 ee. mean vahaan se unhoanne intar ki pariksha uttirn ki. intar pas karane ke bad sanh 1927 mean lohiya kalakatta a ge. unhoanne seant jeviyars tatha skatish charch jaise khyatinama mahavidyalay ko chho dakar vidyasagar mahavidyalay mean pravesh liya tha, jo us samay "bhean doan ki saray" ke nam se jana jata tha. lekin is k aaulej ke prachary rashtriy vicharadhara se sambaddh the aur lohiya rashtriy vicharadhara ke poornat: samarthak the. lohiya ka aangrezi bhasha par khasa adhikar tha. mitroan par kharch karane ke ve b de shauqin the. isase unhean antarik prasannata ki anubhooti prapt hoti thi aur unaka chitt santosh prapt karata tha. doosari taraf unake itihas prem ki parinati sinema dekhana, pustakean kharidana aur upanyas padhane mean ho gee thi.
d aau. lohiya ke man mean svatantr desh ka svabhiman jag utha tha. ve shiksha prapt karane ki apeksha samman ke prati zyada sajag ho uthe the. unamean isake sath apane desh ko azad karane ki bat gahare paithati gee thi. ve desh ki azadi ke pratibaddh ho chuke the. inhian karanoan se lohiya barlin ke lie ravana ho ge. vahaan unhoanne barlin ke humbolt vishvavidyalay mean pravesh le liya. vishvavikhyat arthashastri profesar barnar jombart usi vishvavidyalay mean the. lohiya ne unako hi apana nirdeshak tatha parikshak chuna.
matribhasha ke prati prem
lohiya barlin to a ge, parantu abhi barnar jombart ke samane sakshatkar hetu prastut hona shesh tha. lohiya bina jhijhak unake samane pahuanche aur profesar jombart ke prashnoan ke uttar aangrezi mean dene lage. kuchh der profesar muskarae aur jarman bhasha mean bole ki, ‘unhean aangrezi nahian ati hai.’ vah re, matribhasha prem! vah! lohiya profesar ka apani matribhasha ke prati aisa anany prem dekhakar shraddhanat ho ge aur unhean tin mah bad pun: ane ka ashvasan dekar laut p de. kahana hi hoga ki, yahian se unamean matribhasha prem zor pak d gaya tha aur ve ajivan matribhasha ke himayati rahe.
lohiya ke samane yah khuli chunauti thi aur unhoanne tin mah, rat-din jutakar jarman bhasha mean khasi saphalata prapt kar li. isake sath hi yah sudridh nishchay bhi ho gaya ki jnan tatha abhivyakti ke lie kisi khas bhasha ka jnan hona zaroori nahian hota. matribhasha ko chho dakar jnan v abhivyakti ka doosara sashakt madhyam koee nahian ho sakata. matribhasha aur hindi ke prati unamean atoot shraddha v vishvas hone ka yahi karan tha. ve kalakatta mean, adhyayan karate hue bhi hindi mean batachit karana adhik pasand karate the. adhakachari bhasha ke faishanaparast logoan ko ve khoob a de hathoan lete the. tin mah bad jab ve profesar jombart se mile, tab ve lohiya ke jarman bhasha-jnan ka parichay pakar mugdh ho ge aur lohiya dharati ka namak shirshak se shodh prabandh likhane mean jut ge.
videsh se vapasi
char sal ke bad lohiya jarmani se d aauktar banakar laute. ve apani matribhoomi par laute the- harit shyamala bhoomi par aur vah bhi ek lambe arse ke bad. kitani smritiyoan ne unhean jak d liya tha aur kitana kuchh samane karane ko tha. ve man-hi-man apani pyari dharati maan ko namaskar karake jahaz se utar ae. lohiya ji arthashastr se pi.ech.di. karake laute the. lohiya kalam ke dhani the. pratibha ki dhar aur viddhatta hi unaki pooanji thi. ve sidhe madras se prakashit hone vali aangrezi patr hindoo ke karyalay pahuanche. unhean sampadak to nahian mile, lekin sah-sampadak mile. lohiya ji ne apana parichay diya aur lekh likhakar dene ka karan bataya. unhoanne vahaan baithakar lekh likh dala aur usake lie parishramik svaroop pachchis rupaye prapt kie.
lohiya kalakatta a ge. vahaan apane pita se mile, apane chacha ramakumar ke ghar ge. lohiya ko apane chacha se maloom p da ki, unake pita karobar band kar sara samay kaangres ko dene lage haian. lambi jelayatra bhi kar ae haian. ajakal b da bazar ko unhoanne apana karyakshetr bana rakha hai. charakha samiti bana dali hai. ve hindi pracharak pustakalay mean bhi baithate haian. hindoo-musalaman ke bhedabhav ko door karane ke lie "kaumi balti" rakh chho di hai. unaki drishti mean vah balti hindoo-musalaman ekata ka pratik hai, kyoanki donoan hi usase pani lekar pite the. lohiya ne paya ki kalakatta pahale se bhi adhik garib ho gaya hai. bekari badhi hai. sab kuchh an-badala sa patharakar thahar gaya hai.
unaki aankhoan ke samane ekadam javan hoti bhikharin ke kanpit hoth-sa.
nikhil ka vaibhavamay abhav unake samane thithurata hua khula p da tha, sannata tane.
udhar samooche desh mean rajanitik asthirata thi. satyagrah mean thakavat utar aee thi. jangal ki saany-saany hava tair rahi thi. gaandhi ji golamej sammelan ke asaphal hone par laute hi the ki, giraftar kar liye ge. neharoo ji andar the. saradar patel andar the. khan abdul gaffar khaan barma jel mean the aur tatkalin vaisaray viliangadan ne sankalp le rakha tha ki, ve kaangres ka andolan chhah saptah mean khatm karava deange.
chintan dhara
lohiya ki chintan-dhara kabhi desh-kal ki sima ki bandi nahian rahi. vishv ki rachana aur vikas ke bare mean unaki anokhi v advitiy drishti thi. isalie unhoanne sada hi vishv-nagarikata ka sapana dekha tha. ve manav-matr ko kisi desh ka nahian balki vishv ka nagarik manate the. unaki chah thi ki ek se doosare desh mean ane jane ke lie kisi tarah ki bhi qanooni rukavat n ho aur sampoorn prithvi ke kisi bhi aansh ko apana manakar koee bhi kahian a-ja sakane ke lie poori tarah azad ho.[1]
nirmata
lohiya ek nayi sabhyata aur sanskriti ke drashta aur nirmata the. lekin adhunik yug jahaan unake darshan ki upeksha nahian kar saka, vahian unhean poori tarah atmasat bhi nahian kar saka. apani prakharata, ojasvita, maulikata, vistar aur vyapak gunoan ke karan ve adhikaansh mean logoan ki pak d se bahar rahe. isaka ek karan hai-jo log lohiya ke vicharoan ko oopari satahi dhang se grahan karana chahate haian, unake lie lohiya bahut bhari p date haian. gahari drishti se hi lohiya ke vicharoan, kathanoan aur karmoan ke bhitar ke us sootr ko pak da ja sakata hai, jo sootr lohiya-vichar ki visheshata hai, vahi sootr hi to unaki vichar-paddhati hai.[1]
marksavad aur gaandhivad
lohiya ne marksavad aur gaandhivad ko mool roop mean samajha aur donoan ko adhoora paya, kyoanki itihas ki gati ne donoan ko chho d diya hai. donoan ka mahattv matr-yugin hai. lohiya ki drishti mean marks pashchim ke tatha gaandhi poorv ke pratik haian aur lohiya pashchim-poorv ki khaee patana chahate the. manavata ke drishtikon se ve poorv-pashchim, kale-gore, amir-garib, chhote-b de rashtr nar-nari ke bich ki doori mitana chahate the.[1]
vichar paddhati
lohiya ki vichar-paddhati rachanatmak hai. ve poornata v samagrata ke lie prayas karate the. lohiya ne likha hai- jaise hi manushy apane prati sachet hota hai, chahe jis star par yah chetana ae aur poorn se apane alagav ke prati santap v du:kh ki bhavana jage, sath hi apane astitv ke prati santosh ka anubhav ho, tab yah vichar-prakriya hoti hai ki vah poorn ke sath apane ko kaise milae, usi samay uddeshy ki khoj shuroo hoti hai.[1]
krantiyaan
lohiya anek siddhantoan, karyakramoan aur kraantiyoan ke janak haian. ve sabhi anyayoan ke viruddh ek sath jehad bolane ke pakshapati the. unhoanne ek sath sat kraantiyoan ka ahvan kiya. ve sat krantiyaan thi.
- nar-nari ki samanata ke lie.
- cham di ke rang par rachi rajakiy, arthik aur dimagi asamanata ke khilaf.
- sanskaragat, janmajat jatipratha ke khilaf aur pichh doan ko vishesh avasar ke lie.
- paradesi gulami ke khilaf aur svatantrata tatha vishv lok-raj ke lie.
- niji pooanji ki vishamataoan ke khilaf aur arthik samanata ke lie tatha yojana dvara paidavar badhane ke lie.
- niji jivan mean anyayi hastakshep ke khilaf aur lokatantri paddhati ke lie.
- astr-shastr ke khilaf aur satyagrah ke liye.
in sat kraantiyoan ke sambandh mean lohiya ne kaha-mote taur se ye haian sat kraanntiyaan. satoan kraantiyaan sansar mean ek sath chal rahi haian. apane desh mean bhi unako ek sath chalane ki koshish karana chahie. jitane logoan ko bhi kraanti pak d mean ayi ho usake pichhe p d jana chahie aur badhana chahie. badhate-badhate shayad aisa sanyog ho jaye ki aj ka insan sab nainsaphiyoan ke khilaf l data-joojhata aise samaj aur aisi duniya ko bana paye ki jisamean antarik shaanti aur bahari ya bhautik bhara-poora samaj ban paye.[1]
d aau. lohiya aur subhash chandr bos
1942 mean mahatma gaandhi ne jab bharat chho do aandolan ki shuruat ki tab kaangres ke sabhi diggaj netaoan ne unhean kaha ki is samay doosare mahayuddh ke dauran hamane aangrezoan ki shakti badhane ki koshish ki to itihas hamean faansivad ka pakshadhar manega. lekin gaandhi ji nahian mane. d aau. lohiya ko gaandhi ji ka yah phaisala pasand aya aur ve bharat chho do aandolan mean kood p de. 'agast kranti' ka chakrapravartan ho chala. d aau. lohiya aangrezoan ko chakama dekar giraftari se bach nikale. apani samajavadi mitr mandali ke sath ve bhoomigat ho gaye. bhoomigat rahate hue bhi unhoanne buletinoan, pustikaoan, vividh prachar samagriyoan ke alava samantar rediyo 'kaangres rediyo' ka sanchalan karate hue deshavasiyoan ko aangrezoan se loha lene ke lie prerit kiya. lekin jab agast kranti ka jan ubal thanda p dane laga tab d aau. lohiya ka dhyan netaji subhash chandr bos ki aguaee mean azad hind fauj dvara chhe de gaye sashastr mukti sangram ki or gaya. us samay bharat ke poorvottar bhag mean netaji ka vijay abhiyan jari tha. d aau. lohiya netaji se milane ki yojana bana hi rahe the ki achanak 20 mee, 1944 ko unhean mumbee mean giraftar kar liya gaya. desh ke durbhagy se agast kranti ke vir senani d aau. lohiya aur azad hind fauj ke senanayak netaji subhashachandr bos ka milan n ho saka.
d aau. lohiya aur mahatma gaandhi
agast kranti ke dauran d aau. lohiya ke kaushal aur sahas se mahatma gaandhi atyant prabhavit hue the. usake pahale bapoo d aau. lohiya ke kee vicharottejak lekh, bebak tippaniyaan adi apane patr 'harijan' mean prakashit bhi kar chuke the. bharat mean aangrezi samrajy ka sooraj doob raha tha. rashtriy netaoan ka yah manana tha ki aangrezoan ke jate hi purtagali bhi gova se svayan kooch kar jayeange isalie vahaan shakti jhoankane ki zaroorat nahian. lekin d aau. lohiya ne vahaan jakar azadi ki l daee ka bigul baja hi diya. unaka sath mahatma gaandhi ko chho dakar aur kisi b de neta ne nahian diya. isase bhi pata chalata hai ki gaandhi lohiya ka kitana samman karate the.
svatantrata ke bad neharoo sarakar ki nitiyaan gaandhi ke vicharoan se pratikool thian. d aau. lohiya ka samajavad gaandhi ki vicharadhara ke atyant nikat tha. neharoo sarakar ki dasha-disha ke karan mahatma gaandhi ka neharoo se mohabhang ho raha tha aur lohiya ki taraph rujhan badh raha tha. azadi ke bad desh sampradayikata ke sankat mean phans gaya to shaanti aur sadbhav qayam karane mean d aau. lohiya ne gaandhi ka sahayog kiya. is prakar ve bapoo ke behad qarib a gaye the. itane qarib ki gaandhi ne jab lohiya se kaha ki jo chiz am adami ke lie upalabdh nahian usaka upabhog tumhean bhi nahian karana chahie aur sigaret tyag dena chahie to lohiya ne turant unaki bat man li.
28 janavari, 1948 ko gaandhi ne lohiya se kaha, mujhe tumase kuchh vishayoan par vistar mean bat karani hai. isaliye aj tum mere shayanakaksh mean so jao. subah t dake ham log batachit kareange. lohiya gaandhi ke bagal mean so gaye. unhoanne socha ki jab bapoo jageange, tab ve jaga leange aur batachit ho jaegi. lekin jab lohiya ki aankh khuli to gaandhi ji bistar par nahian the. bad mean jab d aau. lohiya gaandhi se mile tab gaandhi ne kaha, "tum gahari niand mean the. maianne tumhean jagana thik nahian samajha. khair koee bat nahian. kal sham tum mujhase milo. kal nishchit roop se maian kaangres aur tumhari parti ke bare mean bat karooanga. kal akhiri phaisala hoga."
lohiya 30 janavari, 1948 ko gaandhi se batachit karane ke lie taiksi se bi dala bhavan ki taraph badhe hi the ki tabhi unhean gaandhi ki shahadat ki khabar mili. ek thos yojana ki bhroon hatya ho gayi. bapoo apani shahadat se pahale apane akhiri vasiyataname mean kaangres ko bhang karane ki anivaryata siddh kar chuke the. us samay unhoannean aisa spasht sanket diya tha ki azadi ki l daee ke dauran anekanek uddeshyoan ke nimitt gathit vividh rachanatmak kary sansthaoan ko ekasootr mean pirokar shighr hi ek naya rashtravyapi lok sangathan kh da kiya jayega. d aau. lohiya ki usamean vishesh bhoomika hogi. is prakar banane vale shaktipuanj se bapoo azadi ki adhoori jang ke nirnayak bindu tak pahuanchana chahate the.
d aau. lohiya aur d aau. ambedakar
[[chitr:Ram Manohar Lohia Stamp.jpg|thumb|d aau. lohiya ke samman mean jari dak tikat]] 1956 mean d aau. lohiya aur d aau. bhimarav ambedakar ke bich nikatata badhane lagi thi. kaangres ko sattachyut karane ke liye ve donoan ek manch par ane ke liye raji ho rahe the. desh ke sarvaangin vikas ke liye yah nitant avashyak samajha gaya ki soshalist parti aur aaul indiya baikavard klas esosieshan ka apas mean vilay ho jae. is prakar jo navagathit parti bane, d aau. ambedakar usaka adhayaksh pad svikar karean. donoan partiyoan ke bich siddhantoan, nitiyoan, karyakramoan aur lakshyoan ki drishti se kafi had tak samanata hone ke karan vilay ke asar nazar ane lage the ki tabhi 6 disambar, 1956 ko d aau. ambedakar ka nidhan ho gaya. durbhagy ne yahaan bhi apana rang dikha diya.
d aau. lohiya aur jayaprakash narayan
d aau. ram manohar lohiya logoan ko agah karate a rahe the ki desh ki halat ko sudharane mean kaangres nakam rahi hai. kaangres shasan naye samaj ki rachana mean sabase b da ro da hai. usaka satta mean bane rahana desh ke lie hitakar nahian hai. isalie d aau. lohiya ne nara diya, kaangres hatao, desh bachao. 1967 ke am chunav mean ek b da parivartan hua. desh ke 9 rajyoan pashchim bangal, bihar, u disa, madhy pradesh, tamilanadu, keral, hariyana, panjab aur uttar pradesh mean gair kaangresi sarakarean gathit ho geean. d aau. lohiya is parivartan ke praneta aur sootradhar bane. rajanitik badalav ke is daur mean d aau. lohiya ko svatantrata sangram ke apane purane sahayogi aur priy sakha jayaprakash narayan ki sudhi ho ayi. jepi us samay sarvoday andolan ki agrani hasti the. sitambar, 1967 mean d aau. lohiya patana pahuanche. donoan atmiy janoan ne atishay aantarangata se gahan vichar-vimarsh kiya. d aau. lohiya ne jayaprakash ko rajaniti ki mukhyadhara mean dubara ane ka snehapoorn amantran diya. lohiya ke manane par jepi raji bhi ho gaye. lekin is bar kalachakr ne d aau. lohiya ko hi apana gras bana liya aur 12 aktoobar, 1967 ko unake nidhan ke samachar se desh udas ho gaya.
bharatiy sanskriti se prem
lohiya ko bharatiy sanskriti se n keval agadh prem tha balki desh ki atma ko un jaisa hridayangam karane ka doosara namoona bhi n milega. samajavad ki yooropiy simaoan aur adhyatmikata ki rashtriy simaoan ko to dakar unhoanne ek vishv-drishti vikasit ki. unaka vishvas tha ki pashchimi vijnan aur bharatiy adhyatm ka asali v sachcha mel tabhi ho sakata hai jab donoan ko is prakar sanshodhit kiya jay ki ve ek-doosare ke poorak banane mean samarth ho sakean. bharatamata se lohiya ki maang thi-‘‘he bharatamata ! hamean shiv ka mastishk aur unmukt hriday ke sath-sath jivan ki maryada se racho.’’ vastav mean yah ek sath ek vishv-vyaktitv ki maang hai. isase hi unake mastishk aur hriday ko tatola ja sakata hai.[1]
nidhan
30 sitambar, 1967 ko lohiya ko nee dilli ke viliangdan aspatal, ab jise lohiya aspatal kaha jata hai, mean paurush granthi ke apareshan ke lie bharti kiya gaya jahaan 12 aktoobar 1967 ko unaka dehaant 57 varsh ki ayu mean ho gaya. kashmir samasya ho, garibi, asamanata athava arthik mandi, in tamam muddoan par ram manohar lohiya ka chiantan aur soch spasht thi. kee log ram manohar lohiya ko rajanitijn, dharmaguru, darshanik aur rajanitik karyakarta manate hai. d aau. lohiya ki virasat aur vicharadhara athyant prakhar aur prabhavashali hone ke bavajood aj ke rajanitik daur mean desh ke janajivan par apana apekshit prabhav qayam rakhane mean nakam sabit huee. unake anuyayi unaki tarah vichar aur acharan ke advait ko kadapi qayam nahian rakh sake.
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