श्रावस्ती

भारत डिस्कवरी प्रस्तुति
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thumb|250px|prachin jain mandir ke avashesh, shravasti bharat ke uttar pradesh rajy ke goanda-baharaich ziloan ki sima par yah bauddh tirth sthan hai. goanda-balaramapur se 12 mil pashchim mean adhunik sahet-mahet gaanv hi shravasti hai. pahale yah kaushal desh ki doosari rajadhani thi, bhagavan ram ke putr lav ne ise apani rajadhani banaya tha, shravasti bauddh jain donoan ka tirth sthan hai, tathagat shravasti mean rahe the, yahaan ke shreshthi anathapindik ne bhagavan buddh ke liye jetavan bihar banavaya tha, ajakal yahaan bauddh dharmashala, math aur mandir hai.

prachin nagar

yah kosal-janapad ka ek pramukh nagar tha. vahaan ka doosara prasiddh nagar ayodhya tha. shravasti nagar achiravati nadi ke tat par basa tha, jisaki pahachan adhunik rapti nadi se ki jati hai. is sarita ke tat par sthit aj ka sahet-mahet prachin shravasti ka pratinidhi hai. is nagar ka yah nam kyoan p da, is sanbandh mean kee tarah ke varnan milate haian. bauddh dharm -granthoan ke anusar is samriddh nagar mean dainik jivan mean kam ane vali sabhi chhoti-b di chijean bahutayat mean b di suvidha se mil jati thian, atev isaka yah nam p d gaya tha.

sthiti

prachin shravasti ke avashesh adhunik ‘sahet’-‘mahet’ namak sthanoan par prapt hue haian.[1] yah nagar 27°31’ uttari akshaansh aur 82°1’ poorvi deshaantar par sthir tha.[2] ‘sahet’ ka samikaran ‘jetavan’ se tatha ‘mahet’ ka prachin shravasti nagar se kiya gaya hai. prachin tila evan bhagnavashesh goanda evan baharaich zilo ki sima par bikhare p de haian, jahaan balaramapur steshan se pahuancha ja sakata hai. baharaich evan balaramapur se isaki doori kramash: 26 evan 10 mil hai.[3] ajakal ‘sahet’ (jetavan) ka bhag baharaich zile mean aur ‘mahet’ goanda jile mean p data hai. balaramapur-baharaich marg par s dak se 800 phut ki doori par ‘sahet’ sthit hai jabaki ‘mahet’ 1/3 mil ki doori par sthit hai.[4]vianseant smith ne sarvapratham shravasti ka samikaran charada se kiya tha jo ‘sahet-mahet’ se 40 mil uttar-pashchim mean sthit hai.[5] lekin jetavan ke utkhanan se goviand chand gah daval ke 1128 ee. ke ek abhilekh ki prapti se isaka samikaran ‘sahet-mahet’ se nishchit ho gaya hai.[6]

prachin shravasti nagar achiravati nadi (adhunik rapti) ke tat par sthit tha.[7] yah nadi nagar ke samip hi bahati thi. bauddh yug mean yah nadi nagar ko gher kar bahati thi.[8] bauddh sahity mean shravasti ka varnan koshal janapad ki rajadhani aur rajagrih se dakshin-pashchim mean kalak aur assak tak jane vale rajamarg par savatthi namak do mahattvapoorn p davoan ke roop mean milata hai.[9][10] thumb|250px|left|jetavan, shravasti
Jetavana, Sravasti

nam ki utpatti

shravasti koshal ka ek pramukh nagar tha. bhagavan buddh ke jivan kal mean yah koshal desh ki rajadhani thi.[11] ise buddhakalin bharat ke 6 mahanagaroan (chanpa, rajagrih, shravasti, saket, koshaanbi aur varanasi) mean ek mana jata tha.[12] isake nam ki vyutpatti ke sanbandh mean kee mat pratipadit hai. savatthi, sanskrit shravasti ka pali aur arddhamagadhi roop hai.[10] bauddh granthoan mean is nagar ke nam ki utpatti ke vishay mean ek any ullekh bhi milata hai. inake anusar savatth (shravast) namak ek rrishi yahaan par rahate the, jinaki b di ooanchi pratishtha thi. inhian ke nam ke adhar par is nagar ka nam shravasti p d gaya tha. panini ne, jinaka samay aj se nahian kuchh to chaubis ya pachis sau sal pahale tha, apane prasiddh vyakaran-granth 'ashtadhyayi' mean saph likha hai ki sthanoan ke nam vahaan rahane vale kisi vishesh vyakti ke nam ke adhar par p d jate the. mahabharat ke anusar shravasti ke nam ki utpatti ka karan kuchh doosara hi tha. brahman sahity, mahakavyoan evan puranoan ke anusar shravasti ka namakaran shravast ya shravastak ke nam ke adhar par hua tha. shravastak yuvanashv ka putr tha aur prithu ki chhathi pidhi mean utpann hua tha. [13][10] vahi is nagar ke janmadata the aur unhian ke nam ke adhar par isaka nam shravasti p d gaya tha. puranoan mean shravastak nam ke sthan par shravast nam milata hai. mahabharat mean ullikhit yah parampara uparyukt any paramparaoan se kahian adhik prachin hai. atev usi ko pramanik manana uchit bat hogi. matsy evan brahmapuranoan mean is nagar ke sansthapak ka nam shravastak ke sthan par shravast milata hai. [14][10]bad mean chal kar kosal ki rajadhani, ayodhya se hatakar shravasti la di gee thi aur yahi nagar kosal ka sabase pramukh nagar ban gaya. ek bauddh granth ke anusar vahaan 57 hazar kul rahate the aur kosal-nareshoan ki amadani sabase zyada isi nagar se hua karati thi. gautam buddh ke samay mean bharatavarsh ke 6 b de nagaroan mean shravasti ki ganana hua karati thi. yah chau di aur gahari khaee se ghira hua tha. isake atirikt isake ird-gird ek suraksha-dival bhi thi, jisamean har disha mean daravaje bane huye the. hamari prachin kala mean shravasti ke daravajoan ka aankan hua hai. usase jnat hota hai ki ve kafi chau de the aur unase kee b di savariyaan ek hi sath bahar nikal sakati thian. kosal ke naresh bahut saj-dhaj kar b di hathiyoan ki pith par kase huye chaandi ya sone ke haudoan mean baith kar b de hi shan ke sath bahar nikala karate the. chini yatri phahiyan aur huyenasaang ne bhi shravasti ke daravajoan ka ullekh kiya hai. shravasti ek samriddh, janakirn aur vyaparik mahattv vali nagari bhi. yahaan manushyoan ke upabhog-paribhog ki sabhi vastuean sulabhi thian at: ise savatthi (sabb atthi) kaha jata tha.[15] pahale yah keval ek dharmik sthan tha, kiantu kalaantar mean is nagar ka samutkarsh hua. jain sahity mean isake lie chandrapuri[16] tatha chandrikapuri nam bhi milate haian. mahakavyoan evan puranoan mean shravasti ko ram ke putr lav ki rajadhani bataya gaya hai. kalidas[17] ne ise ‘saravati’ nam se abhihit kiya hai. uchcharan sanbandhi samanata ke adhar par ‘shravasti’ aur ‘saravati’ donoan ek hi pratit hote haian aur ek nishchit sthan ki taraph iangit bhi karate haian.

shravasti n keval bauddh aur jain dharmoan ka ek mahattvapoorn keandr tha apitu yah brahman dharm evan ved vidya ka bhi ek mahatvapoorn keandr tha. yahaan vaidik shiksha keandr ke kulapati ke roop mean janussoni ka namollekh milata hai.[18] kalaantar mean buddh ke jivan-kal se sanbandhit tatha pramukh vyaparik margoan se ju de hone ke karan shravasti ki bhautik samriddhi mean vriddhi huee.[10]

nagar ka vikas

thumb|250px|stoop, jetavan, shravasti hamare kuchh purane granthoan ke anusar kosal ka yah pradhan nagar sarvada ramanik, darshaniy, manoram aur dhanadhany se sanpann tha. isamean sabhi tarah ke upakaran maujood the. isako dekhane se lagata tha, manoan devapuri akalananda hi sakshat dharatal par utar aee ho. nagar ki s dakean chau di thian aur in par b di savariyaan bhali bhaanti a sakati thian nagarik shrriangar-premi the. ve hathi, gho de aur palaki par savar hokar rajamargoan par nikala karate the. isamean rajakiy koshthagar (kothar) bane huye the jinamean ghi, tel aur khane-pine ki chijean prabhoot matra mean ekatr kar li gee thian. vahaan ke nagarik gautam buddh ke bahut b de bhakt the. 'milindaprashn' namak granth mean chadhav-badhav ke sath kaha gaya hai ki isamean bhikshuoan ki sankhya 5 karo d thi. isake alava vahaan ke tin lakh sattavan hazar grihasth bauddh dharm ko manate the. is nagar mean jetavan nam ka ek udyan tha jise vahaan ke jet namak rajakumar ne aropit kiya tha. is nagar ka anathapindik namak seth jo buddh ka priy shishy tha, is udyan ke shantimay vatavaran se b da prabhavit tha. usane ise kharid kar bauddh sangh ko dan kar diya tha. bauddh granthoan mean katha ati hai ki is pooanjipati ne jetavan ko utani hi mudraoan mean kharidi thian jitani ki bichhane par isaki poori pharsh ko bhali prakar dhak deti thian. usane isake bhitar ek math bhi banava diya jo ki shravasti ane par buddh ka vishramagrih hua karata tha. ise log 'kosal mandir' bhi kahate the. anathapiandik ne jetavan ke bhitar kuchh aur bhi math banava diye jinamean bhikshu log rahate the. inamean pratyek ke nirman mean ek lakh mudrayean kharch huee thian. isake atirikt usane kooean, talab aur chabootare adi ka bhi vahaan nirman kara diya tha. bauddh granthoan mean varnan milata hai ki jetavan mean rahane vale bhikshu subah aur sham rapti nadi mean nahane ke liye ate the. lagata hai ki yah udyan isake tat ke samip hi kahian sthit tha. anathapiandik ne apane jivan ki sari kamaee bauddh sangh ke hit mean laga di thi. usake ghar par shramanoan ko bahusankhya mean prati din yathesht bhojan karaya jata tha. gautam buddh ke prati shraddha ke karan shravasti nareshoan ne is nagar mean danagrih banava rakha tha, jahaan par bhikshuoan ko bhojan milata tha. thumb|250px|left|jetavan, shravasti
Jetavana, Sravasti

mahakavyoan tatha puranoan mean varnit shravasti

mahakavyoan mean shravasti ka vishad varnan milata hai. vayu puran[19] aur ramayan[20] mean do koshal nagaroan ki charcha hai:-

  • uttar koshal jisaki rajadhani shravasti thi,
  • dakshin koshal jisaki rajadhani kushavati thi.

ram ke shasan kal mean in donoan rajadhaniyoan ka varnan milata hai. ram ne apane putr lav ko shravasti ka aur kush ko kushavati ka raja banaya tha.[21] vartaman samay mean shravasti balaramapur se 10 mil, ayodhya se 58 mil tatha rajagir se 720 mil door sthit hai.[22] matsy, liang aur koorm puranoan mean shravasti ko gauda mean sthit batalaya gaya hai, jisaka samikaran kaniangham ne adhunik goanda se kiya hai.[23] shravasti ki sansthapana shravastak ne ki thi. vayu puran ke anusar shravastak ke pita ka nam aandh tha.[24] matsy[25] aur brahm puranoan[26] mean shravast (shravastak) ko yuvanashv ka putr aur adr ka pautr kaha gaya hai (vayupuran ke anusar yah aandhr tatha bhagavat puran ke anusar chandr tha).[27] mahabharat mean inase alag soochana milati hai. isamean shravastak ko shrav ka putr tatha yuvanashv ka pautr kaha gaya hai.[28] kuchh puranoan mean shravastak (shravastak) ko yuvanashv ka putr aur adr ka pautr kaha gaya hai.[29]

jatakoan mean varnit shravasti

jatakoan mean shravasti ka vishad varnan milata hai. inake anusar shravasti ka dharmik vayumandal bauddh dharm se adhik prabhavat tha. is nagar mean gautam buddh ke anek vyakhyan hue the, jinase prabhavit hokar samast vargoan ke anek vyaktiyoan ne is dharm ko apana liya tha. nagar-shreshthi anathapiandak buddh ka param bhakt tha. usake ghar mean paanch sau bhikshuoan ke nimitt pratidin bhojan taiyar karaya jata tha.[30] kaha jata hai ki anathapiandak ne apane dvara banavae hue sabhi bhavanoan ko bauddh sangh ko samarpit kar diya tha. samarpan ki yah kriya b de samaroh ke sath sanpadit hue thi. isamean usane 18 karo d mudraean vyay ki thian.[31] in nivas grihoan mean gandhakuti, karerikuti tatha kosanbakuti ullekhaniy haian. kosanbakuti evan karerikuti ka namakaran usake samip kareri aur kosanb vrikshoan ke nam ke adhar par hua.[32] gandhakuti jetavan ke madhy bani huee thi.[33] patikaram namak ek any vihar bhi shravasti ke hi samip tha. jab sunakshatr lichchhavi putr bhikshu sangh ko chho dakar gaya, tab bhagavanh is vihar mean hi nivas kar rahe the.[34] ek any vihar rajakaram tha jo pasenadi (prasenajit) dvara banavaya gaya tha. yah nagar ke dakshin-pashchim sthit tha.[35] yahian par amravanoan ke bich ek b da talab tha jise jetavan pokkharani ke nam se jana jata tha. isake charoan taraph upavan itane ghane the ki yah ek jangal ke saman pratit hota tha.[36] shravastivasiyoan ne buddh pramukh bhikshu sangh ko atithy satkar ki ichda se dan diya. unhoanne vihar mean ek dharmaghosh[37] namak bhikshu ko niyukt kiya.[38] shravasti se vyapar ka bhi ullekh jatakoan mean aya hai. vyapariyoan dvara ek purane jalashay ko khodane se loha, jasta, shisha, ratn, sona, mukta aur billaur adi dhatuean prapt huee thian.[39] kuanbh jatak mean shravasti mean samoohik sura-utsav manane ka ullekh milata hai.[40]

bauddh sahity mean shravasti

buddh kal mean koshal jaise samriddhashali janapad ki rajadhani hone ke karan shravasti ka ooancha sthan tha. sath hi bauddh dharm ke prachar ka pramukh keandr hone ke karan bauddh sahity mean is nagar ka vishad varnan milata hai. lalitavistar[41] ke anusar shravasti koshal janapad ki rajadhani thi. yah rajaoan, rajakumaroan, mantriyoan, sabhasadoan tatha unake samarthakoan-kshatriyoan, brahmanoan evan grihasvamiyoan se bhari huee thi.[42] is nagar ke nagarik tathagat ke b de prashansak the. bauddh dharm ke prachar ki or sanket karate hue miliandapanhoan mean bhikshuoan ki sankhya 5 karo d batalayi gee hai[43], jo nishchay hi atiranjana hai. buddhaghosh ke anusar us samay shravasti mean 57 hajar parivar nivas karate the. [44] isi granth mean yahaan ki janasankhya 18 karoan d bataee gee hai, jo spashtat: atiranjit hai.[45]

vyapar ka keandr

shravasti ki bhautik samriddhi ka pramukh karan yah tha ki yahaan par tin pramukh vyaparik path milate the jisase yah vyapar ka ek mahan keandr ban gaya tha. yah nagar poorv mean rajagrih se, uttar-pashchim mean takshashila se aur dakshin mean pratishthan se ju da hua tha.[46] rajagrih se 45 yojan door akar buddh (shasta) ne shravasti mean vihar kiya tha.[47] shravasti se rajagrih ka rasta vaishali hokar gujarata tha. yah marg setavy, kapilavastu, kushinara ([48]), pava, bhoganagar aur vaishali se hokar jata tha.[49] pratishthan ko jane vala marg saket, koshaanbi, vidisha, gonadha aur ujjain se hokar gujarata tha. is nagar ka sanbandh varanasi se bhi tha.[50] in donoan ke madhy kotagiri namak sthan p data tha.[51] shravasti se takshashiksha ka marg soreyy (soroan) hote hue jata tha. is marg mean sarth nirantar chalate rahate the.[52] is prakar ham dekhate haian ki shravasti ka bauddh kal mean bharat ke sabhi pramukh nagaroan se ghanisht vyaparik sanbandh tha.

pali sahity mean shravasti

pali sahity mean vibhinn nagaroan se shravasti ki doori di huee hai, jisase usaka vyaparik mahattv prakat hota hai. shravasti se takshashila 192 yojan[53], sankashy (sankisa) se 30 yojan[54], saket 6 yojan, rajagrih 60 yojan, machchhikasand 30 yojan[55] ugranagar 120 yojan tatha chandrabhaga nadi (chenav) 120 yojan[56] par thi. prachin bharat mean ‘yojan’ ki map nishchit n hone ke karan shravasti se in sthanoan ki vastavik doori nishchit karana kathin hai.

shravasti se bhagavan buddh ke jivan aur karyoan ka vishesh sanbandh tha. ullekhy hai ki buddh ne apane jivan ke aantim pachchis varshoan ke varshavas shravasti mean hi vyatit kie the. bauddh dharm ke prachar ki drishti se bhi shravasti ka mahattvapoorn sthan tha. bhagavanh buddh ne pratham nikayoan ke 871 suttoan ka upadesh shravasti mean diya tha, jinamean 844 jetavan mean, 23 pubbaram mean aur 4 shravasti ke as-pas ke any sthanoan mean upadisht kie ge.[57] bauddh dharm prachar keandr ke roop mean shravasti ki khyati ka jnan yahaan upadisht sootroan ke adhar par nishchit ho jata hai.

jetavan

buddh ke jivan-kal mean shravasti ke dakshin mean sthit jetavan evan pubbaram do prasiddh vaiharik adhishthan evan bauddhamat ke prabhavashali keandr the. bauddh granthoan ke anusar jetavan ka aropan, sanvardhan tatha paripalan jet namak ek rajakumar dvara kiya gaya tha.[58] rajagrih me venuvan aur vaishali ke mahavan ke hi bhaanti jetavan ka bhi vishesh mahattv tha.[59] is nagar mean nivas karane vale anathapiandak ne jetavan mean vihar (bhikshu vishram sthal), pariven (aanganayukt ghar), upasthan shalaean (sabhagrih), kapiy kuti (bhandar), chankram (tahalane ke sthan), pushkaraniyaan aur mandap banavae.[60] anathapiandak ke nimantran par bhagavan buddh shravasti sthit jetavan pahuanche. anathapindak ne unhean khady bhojy apane hathoan se arpit kar jetavan ko bauddh sangh kodan kar diya. isamean anath piandak ko 18 karo d mudraoan ko vyay karana p da tha. ullekhaniy hai ki is ghatana ka aankan bharahut kala mean bhi hua hai.[61] tathagat ne jetavan mean pratham varshavas bodhi ke chaudahavean varsh mean kiya tha. isase yah nishchit hota hai ki jetavan ka nirman isi varsh (514-513 ee. varsh poorv) mean hua hoga. ullekhaniy hai ki jetavan ke nirman ke pashchath anathapindak ne tathagat ko nimantrit kiya tha.

pubbaram

jetavan ke pashchat doosara mahattvapoorn sthan pubbaram (poorvaram) tha. isaka nirman nagar ke ek pramukh dhanik seth migar (mrigadhar) ki putravadhoo vishakha ne karaya tha. yah nagar ke poorvi dvar ke pas sthit tha.[62] sanbhavat: isilie isaka nam poorvaram p da. isake nirman tatha samarpan mean lagabhag 27 karo d mudraoan ka vyay karana p da tha. yah lak di (rukkh) tatha patthar dvara nirmit tha, jisamean do manjilean thian.[63] poorvaram vihar ki adhunik sthiti sahat-mahet ke pas unake poorv ka hanumanava sthan hai.

nagar ka varnan

isake atirikt bauddh sahity mean mallikaram ka nirman prasenajit ki maharani mallika dvara kiya gaya tha. yah ek paribrajakaram tha; jahaan vibhinn sampradayoan ke madhy shastrarth hota tha. tirthakaram ek b da aram tha jisamean 700 se 3000 tak paribrajak nivas kar sakate the. is nagar ki parikha, prakar evan nagar dvar ke vishay mean prachin granthoan mean ullekh milate haian. us samay bhavan nirman mean mukhyat: lak di ka upayog hota tha. nagar ke charoan or mitti ke prakar bane the. nagar ke dvar evan rajamarg paryapt chau de the. sanyukt-nikay mean ullekh hai ki yahaan ke nagarik hathi (hatthikhandamh bharoheyy) rajamargoan par nikalate the.[64] shravasti mean mookhyat: char daravaje the, jinamean tin to uttar-poorv evan dakshin daravajoan ke nam se prasiddh the. inamean se jetavan se nagar mean ane ka pravesh dvar dakshin dvar tha. poorvaram poorv daravaje ke samane tha. inake atirikt pashchim daravaje ka hona bhi svabhavik hai tathapi isaka varnan tripitak ya atthakatha mean nahian milata. ullekhaniy hai in pravesh-dvaroan ke atirikt utkhanan se kee any pravesh dvaroan ka bhi pata chala hai lekin ye daravaje vastavik nahian the. balki samay-samay par prakaroan ke bir jane ke karan suvidhanusar prayog mean lae ge sthanapann daravaje the.[65]

any prasiddh sthan

is nagar ke any prasiddh sthanoan mean poorvaram aur mallikaram ullekhaniy haian. poorvaram ka nirman nagar ke dhanik seth mrigadhar ki putravadhu vishakha ke dvara karaya gaya tha. yah nagar ke poorvi daravaje ke pas bana tha. sanbhavat: isiliye isaka nam poorvaram (arthat poorabi math) p da. yah do manzila bhavan tha, jisamean majabooti lane ke liye pattharoan ki chunaee ki gee thi. lagata hai ki mallikaram isase b da vishram-bhavan tha, jisamean oopar aur niche kee kamare the. isaka nirman shravasti ki mallika nam ki samrajni ke dvara karaya gaya tha. nagaroan mean ane vale bauddh paribrajak, nirgranth, jain sadhu-sannyasi aur nana dharmoan ke anuyayiyoan ke vishram tatha bhojan-vastr ki poori sukh-suvidha thi. gautam buddh ke priy shishy anand, sariputr, maudgalyayan tatha mahakashyap adi ne bhi vahaan ke nagarikoan ko apane sadupadeshoan se prabhavit kiya tha. unaki asthiyoan ke oopar yahaan stoop bane huye the. ashok dharm-yatra ke prasang mean shravasti aya hua tha. usane in stoopoan par bhi pooja chadhaee thi.

jain dharm

thumb|250px|jetavan, shravasti
Jetavana, Sravasti is nagar mean jain matavalanbi bhi rahate the. is dharm ke pravartak mahavir svami vahaan kee bar a chuke the. nagarikoan ne unaka dil khol kar svagat kiya aur anek unake anuyayi ban gaye. vahaan par brahman matavalanbi bhi maujood the. vedoan ka path aur yajnoan ka anushthan adi is nagar mean chalata rahata tha. mallikaram mean saik doan brahman sadhu dharmik vishayoan par vadavivad mean sanlagn raha karate the. visheshata yah thi ki vahaan ke vibhinn dharmanuyayiyoan mean kisi tarah ke saanpradayik jhag de nahian the.

lagata hai ki jaise-jaise kosal-samrajy ka adh:patan hone laga, vaise-vaise shravasti ki bhi samriddhi ghatane lagi. jis samay chini yatri phahiyan vahaan pahuancha, us samay vahaan ke nagarikoan ki sankhya pahale ki samata mean kam rah gee thi. ab kul mila kar keval do sau parivar hi vahaan rah gaye the. poorvaram, mallikaram aur jetavan ke math khandahar ko prapt hone lage the. unaki dasha ko dekhakar vah dukhi ho gaya. usane likha hai ki shravasti mean jo nagarik rah gaye the, ve b de hi atithi-parayan aur dani the. huyenasaang ke agaman ke samay yah nagar uj d chuka tha. charoan or khandahar hi dikhaee de rahe the. vah likhata hai ki yah nagar samriddhikal mean tin mil ke ghere mean basa hua tha. aj bhi agar ap ko goanda zile mean sthit sahet-mahet jane ka avasar mile, to vahaan shravasti ke vishal khandaharoan ko dekh kar isake poorvakalin aishvary ka anuman ap laga sakate haian.


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ drashtavy arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya riportas , bhag 1, prishth 330; tatraiv, bhag 11, prishth 78 aur age.
  2. ↑ em. veanktarammaiya, shravasti, (arkiyolajikalh sarve aph iandiya, dilli 1981), prishth 1
  3. ↑ vimalacharan laha, prachin bharat ka aitihasik bhoogol (uttar pradesh hindi granth akadami, lakhanoo, 1972), prishth 210
  4. ↑ di memayars aph di arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, bhag 50 (dilli 1935) mean uddhrit vimalacharan laha ka lekh ‘shravasti in iandiyan litarechar’, prishth 1
  5. ↑ jarnal aauf di rayal eshiyatik sosaiti, 1900, prishth 9
  6. ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas 1907-08, prishth 131-132; tulaniy, vishuddhanand pathak, histri aauf koshal, (motilal banarasidas, varanasi, 1963 ee.) prishth 63
  7. ↑ vinay mahavagg, prishth 191-192; paramatthajotika, prishth 511
  8. ↑ rahul saankrityayan, puratattv nibandhavali (ilahabad, 1958), prishth 24
  9. ↑ 9- vimalacharan laha, prachin bharat ka aitihasik bhoogol, (uttar pradesh hindi granth akadami, lakhanoo, pratham sanskaran, 1972), prishth 211
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 sianh, d aau. ashok kumar uttar pradesh ke prachinatam nagar (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vani prakashan, 98-124.
  11. ↑ bharat sianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol (hindi sahity sammelan, prayag, sanvath 2018), prishth 236, didhanikay, prishth 152; rakhil, di laiph aph di buddh lijeand eand histri prishth 136
  12. ↑ didhanikay, prishth 152; rakhil, di laiph aph di buddh lijeand eand histri, prishth 136
  13. ↑ vishvagashva pritho: putr putrastasmadardashchajajnivanh. ardrattu yuvanashvastu shravastasy tu chatmaj: ॥ tasy shravastako jney shravasti yen nirmit:. shravatasy tu dayado vrihadashvo mahabal: ॥mahabharat, adiparv, adhyay 201, shlok 3-4;
  14. ↑ shravastashch mahateja vatsakastatsutoabhavath nirmita yen shravasti gaudadeshe dvijottamh॥ matsyapuran, adhyay 12, shlok 29 ;
  15. ↑ ‘yan kian ch manussan upabhog- paribhogan sabban etth atthiti savattho.’ ek kianvadanti ke anusar ek bar kaphile valoan ne akar yahaan poochha ki yahaan kya saman hai? (kian bhandan atthi) isake uttar mean unase kaha gaya ‘sab kuchh hai.’ (sabban atthiti) ‘sabban atiti vachanamupaday savatthi’ papanchasoodani, bhag 1, prishth 59-60
  16. ↑ jain harivanshapuran, prishth 717; dekhean, vishuddhanand pathak, histri aph koshal prishth 61
  17. ↑ kalidas, raghuvansh, adhyay 15, shlok 97; dekhean, vishuddhanand pathak, histri aph koshal, (molilal banarasidas, varanasi, 1963), prishth 59
  18. ↑ dighanikay, (pali tekst sosayati, landan), bhag 1, prishth 235; sumangalavilasini, bhag 2, prishth 399; machjhimanikay, bhag 1, prishth 16
  19. ↑ kushasy koshalo rajyan puri vapi kushasthali. ramya nirmita ten viandhyaparvat sanushu॥ uttar koshale rajye lavasy ch mahatman:. shravasti lokavikhyata kushavashan nibodhat॥ vayu puran, adhyay 88, 197-98
  20. ↑ koshalesh kushamh viramh uttareshu lavan tatha. abhishijy mahatmanavubhau ram: kushilavau॥ kushasy nagari ramya viandhyaparvat rodhasi. kushavatiti namna sa krita ramen dhimata ॥ shravastiti puri ramya shravita ch lavasy ch. ayodhyaan vijana kritva radhavo bharastada॥ ramayan, uttarakaand, sarg 1, 20-22
  21. ↑ memayars aaufh di arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, bhag 50, prishth 7
  22. ↑ ramayan, uttarakaand, adhyay 121; nandoolal de, di jyographikal dikshanari aph aianshyeant eand midival iandiya, prishth 197
  23. ↑ e. eniangham, di aianshyeant jyographi aph iandiya, prishth 343
  24. ↑ vayupuran, adhyay 88, prishth 24-26; drashtavy, vishnupuran, adhyay 4, prishth 2-12
  25. ↑ matsyapuran, adhyay 12, prishth 29-30
  26. ↑ brahmapuran, adhyay 7, prishth 53; drashtavy, memayars aph arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, sankhya 50. prishth 6
  27. ↑ bhagavatapuran, adhyay 9, prishth 20-21
  28. ↑ mahabharat, vanaparv, 20/3-4; 11/21-22
  29. ↑ brahmapuran, 6, 53; matsyapuran, 12 29-30 26- matsyapuran, adhyay 12, prishth 29-30
  30. ↑ jatak, bhag 4, prishth 91 (bhadant anand kausalyayan sanskaran)
  31. ↑ tatraiv, bhag 1, prishth 92
  32. ↑ ‘karerimandapo tassa kutikay dvarethito tasma karerikutikay dvarethito tasm karerikutika ti vuchchati’ ‘kosanbarukkhass dvare thittata kosanbakutika ti’ suganlabilasini, bhag 2, prishth 407
  33. ↑ tatraiv, bhag 1, prishth 92 (so majjhe gandhakutian karesi)
  34. ↑ tatraiv, bhag 1, prishth 389
  35. ↑ tatraiv, bhag 2, prishth 15
  36. ↑ jatak, bhag 4, prishth 228
  37. ↑ vah bhikshu jo dharmopadesh ki ghoshana kiya karata tha.
  38. ↑ jatak, (bhadant anand kausalyayan sanskaran), khand tritiy, prishth 15
  39. ↑ tatraiv, prishth 24 ‘jarudapanan khanamana, vanija udakatthaka ajajhagansoo ayolohan, tipusisanchi vanija. ratanan jataroopanch mukta bekuriya bahu॥
  40. ↑ tatraiv, bhag 5, prishth 98
  41. ↑ lalitavistar adhyay 1
  42. ↑ vimalacharan laha, shravasti in iandiyan litarechar, di memayars aph di arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya bhag 50, prishth 20
  43. ↑ ‘nagare maharaj panchakotimatta ariyasavaka bhagavati upasak-upasikayo sattanna sahasani tojhi satahasasani anagami phale patitthita ne sabbeapi gihi n pachchajita.’ miliandapanho, prishth 349
  44. ↑ paramatthajotika, bhag 1, prishth 371; samantapasadika, bhag 3, prishth 636
  45. ↑ 46- bharatasianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol (hindi sahity sammelan, prayag, sanvath 2018), prishth 237
  46. ↑ vishuddhanand pathak, histri aph koshal, (motilal banarasidas, varanasi 1963), prishth 59
  47. ↑ ‘rajaganh kapilavasthuto dooran satthi yojanani, savatthi pan panchadash. sattha rajagahato panchatalisayojanan agantya savatthiyan viharati.’ machjhimanikay, atthakatha, 1/3/4
  48. ↑ kushinagar
  49. ↑ pavamotichandr, sarthavah, (bihar rashtr-bhasha parishad, patana, 1953), prishth 17
  50. ↑ suttanipat (saranath sanskaran), prishth 212-13
  51. ↑ machjhimanikay, (pali teksth sosayati, landan), bhag 1, prishth 473; motichandr, sarthavah, prishth 17
  52. ↑ bharatasianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol, prishth 239
  53. ↑ ‘vukkasati nam kulaputro (takkasalato) atth hi unakani yojanasatani gato jetavanadvarakothakasth par samipe gachchhatto’ machjhimanikay, atkakatha, 3/4/10
  54. ↑ ‘savatthito sankasy nagaran tisayojanani’ dhammapad atthakatha, 14/2
  55. ↑ rahul saankrityayan, puratattv nibandhavali, prishth 20
  56. ↑ ‘visan yojanasatan pachchuggatva chandrabhagay nadiyatore’ dhammapad atthakatha 6/4
  57. ↑ bharatasianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol, prishth 237
  58. ↑ tanhi jeten rajakumaren ropitan sanvarddhiant paripalit. so ch tassi sami ahosi, tasma, jetavane ti vuchchati॥ papanchasoodani, bhag 1, prishth 60
  59. ↑ udayanarayan ray, prachin bharat mean nagar tatha nagar jivan, prishth 118
  60. ↑ vinayapitak (hindi anuvad), prishth 462; buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol, prishth 240; tul. vishuddhanand pathak, histri aph koshal, (motilal banarasidas, varanasi, 1963), prishth 61
  61. ↑ barua, bharahut, bhag 2, prishth 31
  62. ↑ dhammapadatika, bhag 1, prishth 384; aanguttaranikay, pratham bhag (hindi anuvad, bhadant anand kausalyayan, mahabodhi sabha, kalakatta 1957, prishth 212 memayars adi di arkiyolajik sarve aph iandiya bhag 50, prishth 25
  63. ↑ rahul saankrityayan, puratatv nibandhavali, prishth 79
  64. ↑ majjhimanikay, bhag 2, prishth 22
  65. ↑ dekhean, arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 84

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